Um currículo de física para as primeiras séries do ensino fundamental

A presente dissertação oferece o relato de um programa desenvolvido para crianças de idades entre sete e dez anos, às quais foi oferecida a oportunidade de aprender Física através de atividades experimentais do tipo mão-na-massa (hands-on) como parte de um ensino baseado em pesquisa (inquiry-based). Este programa foi desenvolvido na Escola Panamericana de Porto Alegre, além de ter incluído, em 2003, uma série de oficinas de Física com uma turma de quarta série do Colégio Bom Conselho, também de Porto Alegre. O referencial teórico que dá suporte a esse trabalho é o Construtivismo, com destaque aos estágios de desenvolvimento de Piaget, a importância da interação social de Vygotsky e os Campos Conceituais de Vergnaud. Os resultados colhidos ao longo desse período de quatro anos mostram, além do entusiasmo da maioria das crianças, um claro desenvolvimento em suas capacidades de observar fenômenos, propor teorias baseadas em suas observações e analisar criticamente essas teorias à luz de novas situações e novos dados observados. Também tem sido observada uma atitude continuamente mais independente por parte dessas crianças, que passaram a tomar a iniciativa de desenvolver projetos de pesquisa, construir modelos e propor testes experimentais às suas próprias teorias. Também são discutidas opções para o desenvolvimento de programas semelhantes em outras escolas.

Compressibilidade da matéria nuclear em estrelas de nêutrons

Neste trabalho, são discutidos modelos da hadrodinâmica quântica com aproximação de campo médio aplicados a estrelas de nêutrons. O modelo de Walecka define o ponto de partida para desenvolver o modelo de acoplamento derivativo ajustável. A presente dissertação visa a um estudo detalhado sobre a influência dos parâmetros do modelo ajustável no sistema, analisando seus limites, inclusive quando os parâmetros são iguais a zero ou infinito (modelo exponencial). Esta análise tem o propósito de estabelecer um conjunto de parâmetros que defina um modelo que esteja de acordo com as propriedades fenomenológicas tais como módulo de compressão da matéria nuclear, massa efetiva na saturação da matéria nuclear e também algumas propriedades estáticas globais das estrelas de nêutrons como, por exemplo, massa e raio. Estabelecido o modelo a ser considerado, a autora dessa dissertação introduz, como inovação, a compressibilidade hadrônica como função da densidade. Tradicionalmente, determinam-se propriedades da matéria apenas para a densidade de saturação.

Estabilidade não linear de um feixe de partículas carregadas sujeito a um campo magnético focalizador

Uma análise da estabilidade não-linear de feixes com seção transversal circular considerando perturbações sem simetria axial é executada. Mostra-se que as oscilações simétricas oficialmente circulares de um feixe podem induzir oscilações não-lineares do tipo anti-simétrica(elípticas), com um conseqüente aumento do tamanho do feixe ao logo de uma direção preferencial. O mecanismo da instabilidade e sua relevância às perdas de partícula no feixe são discutidos.

Modelos mentais e resolução de problemas em física

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar como fazer os alunos modelarem mentalmente os enunciados de problemas de papel-e-lápis a fim de entendê-los e resolvê-los baseados em procedimentos analíticos e não buscando uma “fórmula”. Foram realizados cinco estudos empíricos com alunos universitários dos cursos de Engenharia e Física da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, cursando a disciplina de Mecânica Geral. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa baseada em depoimentos verbais (durante aulas exclusivas de problemas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas) e escritos (em testes e exames) durante o período de 1998 e 2004. O trabalho está subsidiado teoricamente pelas teorias dos modelos mentais de Johnson-Laird e dos campos conceituais de Vergnaud, tendo como teoria educacional subjacente, a teoria educacional da aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel. Resultados da pesquisa parecem dar suporte para a hipótese da autora, segundo a qual a representação mental dos enunciados dos problemas, apresentados acompanhados ou não por uma representação pictórica, podem ser facilitados pelo ensino explícito da modelagem física das situações envolvidas. Os conhecimentos-em-ação que os estudantes usam, como se pode inferir de suas soluções verbais e escritas, identificaram algumas características em seus desempenhos que pode ajudar com que os professores entendam os processos que eles usam durante as atividades de resolução de problemas, com possíveis conseqüências para os procedimentos usados pelos professores com relação ao ensino.

Modelo unidimensional do atrito em escala atômica : um estudo por dinâmica molecular

o trabalho de Krim e Windom [Phys. Rev B 38, 12184(1988)], que revelou a natureza viscosa do atrito em escala atômica, gerou uma intensa atividade tanto teórica quanto experimental. Contudo, questões fundamentais ainda se matém em aberto com opor exemplo a relação entre o coeficiente de atrito viscoso e a topologia do substrato assim como a dependência com a temperatura do substrato. Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados, obtidos usando dinâmica molecular, para um modelo unidimensional de um sistema adsorvato/substrato. Pesquisamos diferentes relações de comensuração entre o adsorvato e o substrato assim como também a dependência do coeficiente de atrito fonônico, Nph, com a temperatura. Para todas as configurações estudadas obtivemos que o coeficiente de atrito fonônico depende quadráticamente da amplitude de corrugação do substrato, mas tem uma dependência não trivial com a razão de comensuração adsorvato/substrato. O resultado mais impressionante é que para relações de comensuração entre 0.65 e 0.9 o atrito fonônico é muito fraco. Nosso resultados podem explicar as diferencias encontradas na literatura em relação à magnitude do atrito de origem eletrônico e o de origem fonônico.

Voleibol brasileiro : parâmetros fenotípicos e genotípicos na seleção de atletas

Objective: Identify phenotype and genotype parameters of female volleyball players at different performance levels to help in player selection. Methods: We identified characteristics of phenotype and genotype using the somatotype method (Heath Carter); anthropometry (weight, height and fat percentage); dermatoglyphics (Cummins and Midlo s method) as well as applying physical quality tests (Shuttle Run to assess agility and the Sargent Jump Test adapted for spike and block reach). The sample was composed of 179 players (54 from national teams and 125 from state teams). Results: Somatotype was similar among the performance levels in the mesomorphic component. The Height and ectomorphic component were greater in national team players as was spike and block reach. The vertical jump height for the spike was similar between the national under-17 team and the state teams observed, but in the block jump the lower level players were better. The dermatoglyphics characteristics identified were similar among the groups studied. Conclusions: The results of the variables studied show that somatotype, height, spike reach and block reach are fundamental parameters in player selection and in the specific characteristics of each game position of this sport. This paper proposes a multidisciplinary approach applicable in the fields of physical education, medicine and nutrition

Voleibol infanto-juvenil brasileiro: Somatotipia, qualidades físicas e marcadores genéticos dos atletas em diferentes níveis de qualificação esportiva

The elaboration of profiles with characteristics that can be parameters in the different categories of sports modalities and the investment in scientific studies have revealed a significant importance in the development of new generations of athletes. Based in the exposed, the purpose of this study was to identify and compare the somatotype characteristics, physical qualities and genetic markers of Brazilian male volleyball players in the 14-17 category playing at different levels (international, national and regional). We used a scale, stadiometer, pachymeter, and adipometer to evaluate somatotype, attack and block reach test, medicine ball toss, 30-meter agility test , the AAHPER -30 test to evaluate basic physical qualities and the dermatoglyphic method to identify genetic markers. The results show the superiority of the national team over the other squads in the somatotype component (ectomorphy), and in the level of basic physical qualities. We found no significant difference in genetic markers among the teams studied. We conclude that Brazilian volleyball players at different performance levels have characteristics peculiar to the sport, with height and physical qualities being significantly different among these teams. The results confirm de necessity of knowing the athletes specific characteristics when dealing with high performance teams using nutrition, medicine, physiology and genetics specific knowledges to achieve a better sportive development

Marcas dermatoglíficas, Antropometria e as qualidades físicas básicas dos escolares da rede municipal da cidade de Manaus

The objective of this study of comparative descriptive character went aimed at to analyze the characteristics dermatoglyphics, anthropometrics and the basic physical qualities, in 180 selected scholars in a stratified way, distributed like this: 10 year-old boys = 32; 09 years = 32; 08 years = 32; 10 year-old girls = 28; 09 years = 28; 08 years = 28), studying the fundamental teaching of the School Good Municipal Hope, located in the area east, in the Neighborhood of the Crowned, in the city of Manaus, Amazon. For identification of the dermatoglyphics characteristics collected, was the fingerprints; for evaluation of the corporal mass, height and IMC, they were used a digital scale with an estadiometer of the mark Filizola. The tests: to sit down and to reach flexibility); Horizontal Impulse or I jump in distance stopped (force of inferior members); Flex and extension of the trunk (it Forces abdominal); Flexion and extension of the arms in suspension in the bar (Force of superior members); 30 meters (Speed) and 9 minutes (Resistance applied aerobic) was to evaluate the basic physical qualities. The results demonstrated that differences didn't exist among the goods, in most of the studied variables, and the existent differences among the ages of 8, 9 and 10 years, they demonstrate a normality tendency in the infantile development

Marcadores genéticos, antropometria e qualidades físicas básicas nos estágios maturacionais de nadadores paraibanos

The aim of this research was to analyse genetic markers, anthropometry and basic physical qualities in the differret stages of sexual maturation in swimmers in Paraíba. It is characterised as a descriptive cross sectional study. The sample was composed of 119 swimmers (males) that were divided among the stages of sexual maturation, from 7 to 17,9 years of age. They were associated to a local federation, the Confederação Brasileira de Desportes Aquáticos. The tests used were: genetic markers dermatoglyphics; Anthropometry body mass, stature, arm span, fat percentage and somatotype; physical qualities speed tests (25 meters crawl), strength (vertical jump) to inferior limbs, verarm throwing arremesso of a 2kg medicineball to superior limbs and abdominal), resistence (12 minutes to swimming), agility (he multistage 20-meter shuttle run test), flexibility (sit and reach test ) and coodination (stroke index); power of swimming (mean velocity in 25 meters mutiplied by body mass) and the self assessment of the sexual maturation supervised by a pediatric specialist. In the analyses we used the test normality of Shapiro-Wilk, then, we used ANOVA- one way followed by Post-Hoc test of Scheffé. The data showed in dermatogliphics a genetic tendence to velocity (L>W) with a predominance of the meso-ectomorphic somatotype profile; in relation to the physical qualities there was an evolution of the results in every stage due to the antropometric variables, except in the coordination tests. There were no significative differences between the stages. We conclude that swimming in Paraíba is composed of a signicative number of velocists with a mesomorph somatotype profile and low fat percentage, and that made it posssible to us to recomend that the trainings must be individual and according to personal characteristics of each athlete, and that the used variables must be specific for every region of the country. This dissertation presents a relation of multidiciplinar interface and its content has an application in Physical Education and Medicine

Prevalência e fatores associados à dor em professores de educação física em academias de ginástica da cidade do Salvador-BA

Physical Education professionals are usually exposed to excessive physical workloads that evolve into painful symptomatology and muscle and bone disorders that originate from the work-related exercises. Purposo: The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with pain painful symptomatology in teachers in gymnastics academies. An analytical transversal cut study was performed involving 163 gymnastics teachers working in the main gyms in the city of Salvador-BA. For evaluation of pain, validated versions in Portuguese of the McGill Protocol and the Wisconsin Pain Inventory were used. For obtain results of descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data was performed, followed by TStudent, and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests to verify possible correlations between the presence of pain and other variables which were considered independent. Finally, for the identification of potential risk factors associated with pain, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed. For all statistical analysis, we cnsidered p< 0.05. Results: The painful symptoms was reported by 88.3% of the subjects surveyed. High pain levels were observed in 63.8% of the interviewed professionals, where the intensity varied from moderate to severe. Pain in the lumbar region was present in 55.2% of subjects. Positive correlations were found between the level of pain intensity and the variables related with the workload activity and daily life of the teachers in almost all body joints analyzed. Some factors had been verified associates to the painful sintomatologia as the age of the professionals, the daily hours load of labor work, and the lack of interval of rest between the lessons. Conclusions: We found a high prevalence in gym teachers working in the city of Salvador-BA, which interfered in various daily activities of their home and professional lives. The most affected region was the lumbar region, followed by the knees, neck, shoulders, ankles, hands, hips, feet, elbows and forearms. The factors associated with development of painful symptomatology were the age of the professionals, daily hours of work and the lack of rest intervals between lessons. The high prevalence of pain in Physical Education teachers can be regarded as a serious occupational health problem, which would demand the urgent deployment of preventive intervention programs to minimize the impact of pain among these professionals

Corpo e saúde: reflexões sobre o quadro "Medida Certa"

The present scenario is permeated by different comprehensions about the body and health. These are the result of a historical process experienced by men in different times and social contexts through which were being built. Faced this scenario, we emphasize the media as a powerful means of information and training ideas regarding the body and health of theses. The media also as a means of mediating information we present characteristics of the social scenario where is inserted. In our research we bring reflects about the comprehensions, knowledge and practices propagated by the way the body and health under "Medida Certa" of the program Fantastico the broadcaster Globo Telecommunications, in order to identify how Physical Education, has contributed the construction of knowledge disseminated. Therefore, we focus our analysis to the table "Medida Certa" exhibited by Fantastico in the months of April, May and June of 2011.The data for analysis were collected through the videos shown live in Fantastic and the information provided in the blog that table. Thus, we had 14 videos shown live, 16 videos posted on the blog, 97 posts in blog. As technique of analysis of the datas used of content analysis of the Bardin (2011). About body obtained as analytical categories: body as operating system; biological body; fragmented body exterior to the subject; body trailer quantified to patterns; subject body. How to health we analyze the categories of health existential: health existential based in biological indices of normality; health existential associated with weight loss and aesthetic patterns; health existential associated with physical activity and nutritional control; and finally we propose a comprehension of health existential. Therefore, from the analysis of the data evidenced a predominance of comprehensions, knowledge and practices about the body and health guided the biological constituents of the body, quantification and classification in medium and normal patterns on pervasive forms of care, in the linear association among physical activity and nutritional control with health, evidenced that Physical Education has contributed to these constructions, through some of his discourses with emphasis on biological aspects. Thus, in our study we advocate an understanding of not only the body as object, but also as a subject clipped by organic, cultural, historical and social elements, a living body, feeling, desire and above all expresses itself, and health viewed as something body, interlaced through the biological, cultural, historical and emotional aspects of this body that coexist in this society

Predição da maturação puberal de indivíduos do sexo masculino a partir de variáveis antropométricas

The methods of analysis of the selection system sports talent sometimes do not consider the biological age of the athletes, since that the assessment of maturational moment have several limitations The aim of this work is to develop a predictive equation of pubertal assessment in male subjects, based on anthropometric measurements. We evaluated 206 young boys, aged between eight and 18 years, and studing in public and private schools in Natal, Brazil. The sample selection was done randomly, being used the anthropometric measurements and pubertal maturation evaluation according to the Tanner stages. Statistical analysis followed the presentation of central tendency measures and their derivatives. The inferential analysis was performed according to the ANOVA test, multivariate discriminant analysis and weighted Kappa. The advancement of pubertal stages was accompanied by significant changes in anthropometric variables, demonstrating the relationship presented in both. For this purpose, discriminant analysis selected eight variables with the highest prediction of pubertal maturation, and created an equation with a significance level of 75%. and concordance level of 0.840, considered as excellent. This shows that the prediction of pubertal maturation from anthropometric variables presented as a valid method, being used as a practical tool in sports talents selection