EM NOME DA ORDEM : O papel dos agentes da religião católica institucionalizada durante o movimento e guerra do Contestado entre 1912-1916

Esta tese analisa o papel dos líderes da Igreja católica institucionalizada antes e durante o movimento e guerra do Contestado de 1912 a 1916. Movimento classificado como messiânico-milenarista ocorrido no sul do Brasil numa área litigiosa pleiteada pelos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. Aponta o contexto sócio-econômico-político e religioso que criou condições para que o movimento pudesse emergir. Analisa a formação do catolicismo rústico popular brasileiro e suas expressões na região do Contestado, destacando-se o papel dos monges. Aprofunda a compreensão do catolicismo oficial em processo de romanização e do papel dos frades franciscanos, de suas concepções e práticas na tentativa de enquadrar a religião cabocla dentro dos princípios da reforma. Analisa a reação cabocla diante das mudanças implantadas na região e a explosão da irmandade, denominada Terra Santa , que buscava efetivar uma nova ordem . Aprofunda especialmente o papel dos frades representantes da Igreja católica, tendo em vista dispersar e pacificar o caboclo rebelde e a aliança, que estabeleceram com as forças repressoras, para implantar a ordem e a paz na região contestada, com a conseqüente eliminação radical da irmandade cabocla e de seus redutos .(AU)

OS IMPACTOS DO BALANÇO EMOCIONAL, OTIMISMO E PERCEPÇÕES DE SUPORTES SOBRE BEM-ESTAR NO TRABALHO DE AGENTES COMUNITÁRIOS DE SAÚDE

Nas décadas de 60 e 70, os olhares de muitos estudiosos se voltaram para os aspectos positivos da vida. Diversos autores ofereceram sustentação para fortalecer uma nova perspectiva de campo científico, a Psicologia Positiva. Tendo como base teórica o conhecimento de Psicologia Positiva e Psicologia da Saúde, pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas para investigar simultaneamente variáveis oriundas destes domínios. Um dos temas colocado sob analise são as emoções, investigadas em diferentes contextos e no ambiente organizacional. Importante salientar a existência de outras variáveis no contexto organizacional que têm sido investigadas à luz da Psicologia Positiva, tais como otimismo, percepções de suporte social no trabalho e percepções de suporte organizacional, algumas delas reunidas para compor modelos preditivos de bem-estar no trabalho (BET), construto multidimensional composto por dois vínculos afetivos positivos com o trabalho (satisfação no trabalho e envolvimento com o trabalho) e um com a organização (comprometimento organizacional afetivo). O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a capacidade de predição do balanço emocional (afetos positivos/negativos), do otimismo e de percepções de suporte (social no trabalho e organizacional) sobre as três dimensões de BET. Participaram do estudo 110 agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), prestadores de serviço de uma prefeitura municipal paulista, com idade média de 38,84 anos, sendo o grupo constituído, em sua maioria, por mulheres e por pessoas casadas. Para a coleta de dados, foi aplicado um questionário contendo sete escalas autoaplicáveis que aferiram as variáveis do estudo. A análise dos dados, todos de natureza numérica, foi desenvolvida utilizando-se subprogramas do SPSS, versão 17.0 para Windows, para cálculos de estatísticas descritivas (médias, desvios padrão e correlações) e estatísticas multivariadas (análises de regressão linear múltipla stepwise). Os resultados do estudo, no que concerne ao seu objetivo principal, que consistiu em submeter a análise um modelo preditivo para BET, demonstraram que os níveis das três dimensões de BET poderiam variar sob o impacto de três preditores: percepção de suporte organizacional, afetos positivos e percepção de suporte instrumental. Como análise geral dos três modelos de regressão calculados, seria possível afirmar que o estado geral de bem-estar dos ACS no contexto de trabalho pode ser fortalecido ou enfraquecido pela atuação de fatores cognitivos que se desenvolvem a partir de percepções da dinâmica social presente no ambiente de trabalho (percepções de suporte social e organizacional) e de um fator de cunho estritamente pessoal contido na estrutura emocional do indivíduo sob a forma de experiências afetivas e aqui referidas com afetos positivos.(AU)

Estudo da participação das espécies fortemente oxidantes produzidas durante a oxidação eletroquímica de corantes usando eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro: função das propriedades eletroquímicas do eletrodo e condições experimentais

The textile industry is one of the most polluting in the world (AHMEDCHEKKAT et al. 2011), generating wastewater with high organic loading. Among the pollutants present in these effluents are dyes, substances with complex structures, toxic and carcinogenic characteristics, besides having a strong staining. Improper disposal of these substances to the environment, without performing a pre-treatment can cause major environmental impacts. The objective this thesis to use a technique of electrochemical oxidation of boron doped diamond anode, BDD, for the treatment of a synthetic dye and a textile real effluent. In addition to studying the behavior of different electrolytes (HClO4, H3PO4, NaCl and Na2SO4) and current densities (15, 60, 90 and 120 mA.cm-2 ), and compare the methods with Rhodamine B (RhB) photolysis, electrolysis and photoelectrocatalytic using H3PO4 and Na2SO4. Electrochemical oxidation studies were performed in different ratio sp3 /sp2 of BDD with solution of RhB. To achieve these objectives, analysis of pH, conductivity, UV-visible, TOC, HPLC and GC-MS were developed. Based on the results with the Rhodamine B, it was observed that in all cases occurred at mineralization, independent of electrolyte and current density, but these parameters affect the speed and efficiency of mineralization. The radiation of light was favorable during the electrolysis of RhB with phosphate and sulfate. Regarding the oxidation in BDD anode with different ratio sp3 /sp2 (165, 176, 206, 220, 262 e 329), with lower carbon-sp3 had a longer favoring the electrochemical conversion of RhB, instead of combustion. The greater the carbon content on the anodes BDD took the biggest favor of direct electrochemical oxidation

Cartografia do trabalho de agentes penitenciários: reflexão sobre o “dispositivo prisão”

The Brazilian prison system is going through a serious crisis, not only due to the growth in the number of prisoners and the consequent overcrowding of prisons, but also for the violation of human rights, institutionalization and difficulty in social rehabilitation of inmates. Furthermore, the harmful effects of the prison system affect their workers, who generally are not prioritized by researchers, health programs and government policies. The literature pointing to some consequences of work in prison, among them, the mental illness, stress, alcohol abuse, etc., but little is known about this profession, their problems, the difficulties of their work routine, so as subjective processes involved. So, what are the effects of this work in the prison in the lives of correctional officers? What strategies developed to address the work in prison? This research aims to analyze the effects of this work in the prison in the lives of correctional officers from the state prison in Parnamirim, located in the metropolitan region of Natal-RN. Within the theoretical and methodological perspective of institutional analysis and cartography were carried conversation circles, interviews, in addition to participant observation of the correctional officers work’s routine. The results point to a working routine marked by the performance of procedures that involve risk to the worker, generating situations of tension and stress. Besides, the culture of violence (which is implemented in jail everyday) as well as the training and initial learning of the profession, are responsible for the militarization process of the subjectivities of the correctional officers, producing hard subject, disciplined, stiff, likely to violent practices and other rights violations. Other mapped effects relate to the acquisition of knowledge about the human (“psy” knowledge) responsible for forging the conception of the criminal as "dangerous subject", which, in turn, acts as subjectivity vector in the daily life of prison guards by setting up a way of life crossed by fear and insecurity outside the work environment. Produces a control in the open about their lives and their families, limiting them with regard to family and community life and the realization of leisure activities in public spaces. In this sense, it appears that the arrest acts producing “bad meetings” (from Espinosa's perspective), once it produces sad affections responsible for weakening the conatus, limiting the possibilities of action of these subjects. Although agents develop some strategies to deal with the difficulties of working in prison (among which stand out the development of other professional or leisure activities, spirituality / religiosity and the ability to separate the labor moments from those of their the personal lives, is advocated that such strategies do not offer significant resistance, since they do not question the contemporary legal-criminal logic. The thesis presented supports the proposals of penal abolitionism to present other conceptions of crime and justice through the invention of other practical and conceptual strategies.

Remoção de corantes utilizando tensoativos: extração por ponto de nuvem e floculação iônica

The textile sector is one of the main contributors to the generation of industrial wastewaters due to the use of large volumes of water, which has a high organic load content. In these, it is observed to the presence of dyes, surfactants, starch, alcohols, acetic acid and other constituents, from the various processing steps of the textiles. Hence, the treatment of textile wastewater becomes fundamental before releasing it into water bodies, where they can cause disastrous physical-chemical changes for the environment. Surfactants are substances widely used in separation processes and their use for treating textile wastewaters was evaluated in this research by applying the cloud point extraction and the ionic flocculation. In the cloud point extraction was used as surfactant nonylphenol with 9.5 ethoxylation degree to remove reactive dye. The process evaluation was performed in terms of temperature, surfactant and dye concentrations. The dye removal reached 91%. The ionic flocculation occurs due to the presence of calcium, which reacts with anionic surfactant to form insoluble surfactants capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work the ionic flocculation using base soap was applied to the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing dyes belonging to three classes: direct, reactive, and disperse. It was evaluated by the influence of the following parameters: surfactant and electrolyte concentrations, stirring speed, equilibrium time, temperature, and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant was carried out in two ways: forming the floc in the effluent itself and forming the floc before mixing it to the effluent. Removal of reactive and direct dye, when the floc is formed into textile effluent was 97% and 87%, respectively. In the case where the floc is formed prior to adding it to the effluent, the removal to direct and disperse dye reached 92% and 87%, respectively. These results show the efficience of the evaluated processes for dye removal from textile wastewaters.

Síntese de zeólitas utilizando cátions orgânicos a base de um anel imidazólio como agentes direcionadores de estruturas em meio fluorídrico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Remoção de corantes têxteis em solução aquosa utilizando bentonita natural e organofílica

Searches using organoclays have been the subject of great interest due to its wide application in industry and removal of environmental pollutants. The organoclays were obtained using bentonite (BEN) and cationic surfactants: hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) and trimethyloctadecyl ammonium bromide (TMOA-Br) in ratios of 50 and 100 % of its ion exchange capacity. The materials were characterized by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (DRX), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray fluorescence (FRX), thermal analysis (TA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bentonite and organobentonite were used on the adsorption of dyes, Remazol Blue RR (AZ) and Remazol Red RR (VM) in aqueous solution. The adsorption models of Langmuir and Freundlich were used for mathematical description of sorption equilibrium data and obtain the constants of the isotherms. The Freundlich model fit to the data for adsorption equilibrium of bentonite, on the other hand both the model fit to the Langmuir adsorption test of organoclays. The adsorption processes using adsorbents with both dyes interspersed with HDTMA-Br show endothermic and exothermic nature, respectively.

Aplicação de agentes remineralizantes sobre o esmalte clareado: eficácia contra o manchamento por café

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of remineralizing agents on the susceptibility of enamel cleared by the coffee pigmentation during office bleaching. Fifty bovine incisors were selected and randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 10) on the basis of remineralizing agents: G1 gel hydrogen peroxide to 35% (control group); G2, hydrogen peroxide gel and a 35% gel 2% neutral fluorine; G3, hydrogen peroxide gel and a 35% nanostructured calcium phosphate gel, G4, hydrogen peroxide gel and a 35% casein fosfoptídia-phosphate and amorphous calcium folder; G5 hydrogen peroxide gel to 35% without mineralizing agent. All groups exception G1 (control group) were subjected to pigmentation soluble coffee according to the manufacturer's guidelines. The samples were immersed in coffee at temperature of 55° C, 1 time a day for 4 minutes. Color changes were performed by Easyshade spectrophotometer at CIE Lab method before and after 3 whitening sessions. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance ANOVA. The results showed statistically significant differences between the remineralizing substances for the parameters L *, a *, b * ΔE (p <0.0001). The L * values for the group G5, and the b * for G2 and G5 groups differed from the control group. After the 3rd whitening session, Fluor's group (G2) and that without mineralizing agent (G5) showed ΔE values less than the control group that did not undergo pigmentation. It was concluded that only the nanoclusters remineralizing agents Phosphopeptides Casein-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Amorphous phosphate were able to reduce the coffee interference whitening efficacy of hydrogen peroxide.

Aplicação da oxidação eletroquímica no tratamento de efluentes contendo corantes reativos utilizando Ti/Pt e Ti/Pt-SnSb

The textile effluents are a complex mixture of many pollutants that contain high organic loads, severe color and toxic compounds. The high concentration of the textile effluent may cause increased chemical demand (COD) and biochemical (BOD) of oxygen, elevated temperature, acidity or alkalinity, causing damage and environmental problems. In addition to representing a serious threat to human health such effluent is also quite toxic to most aquatic organisms. And for this reason, one must meet the concentration limits for emission sources and sewage system. This study aimed to investigate the performance of electrochemical treatment of a textile effluent for the removal of color, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved organic matter by investigating the influence of experimental parameters such as the electrocatalyst materials (Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt-SnSb) and current density in order to compare their efficiency, energy consumption and cost. The dye Novacron Blue CD (NB) was employed in synthetic solution, while the dyes Remazol Yellow 3RS (RY 3RS) Remazol Red RR Gran (RR-RR Gran) and Navy Blue CL-R (NB CL-R) were used to generate simulated textile effluent laboratory. The results showed that the application of electrochemical oxidation process favors the elimination of color effectively independent the electrocatalytic material and current used, as well as treated effluent. However, the influence of electrocatalytic material was crucial to reduction of the organic matter in all cases.

Estudo comparativo dos processos eletroquímicos oxidativos avançados (PEOAs) no tratamento de efluentes contendo corantes orgânicos de difícil degradação

Organic dyes have been widely used in various branches of dyeing industries. These compounds are known to be very toxic, mutagenic, cancinogenic only cause aesthetic pollution and irreversible damage to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Are recalcitrant contaminants due to its high stability and resistance to photobleaching and bio. Given this context, the search for technologies that can minimize the effects of such pollutants is required. In recent decades the Electrochemical Oxidation Process Advanced (PEOAs) based on the generation of strongly oxidizing species (radicals ●OH) offer promising approaches for the prevention of problems caused by industrial effluents. This study analyzed the degradation and mineralization of textile dyes and the study of a real effluent in order to assess the feasibility of PEOAs: Electro-Fenton (EF), Photo Electro-Fenton (PEF) and anodic oxidation (AO), and these methods still was studied the Solar Fotoelectro-Fenton (SPEF) in a pre-pilot plant, in order to study the electrochemical treatment on an industrial scale. In the study has compared the effect of PEOAs in the removal of color, TOC and decay kinetics of degradation of the compounds, and also for using the Congo Red (CR) SPEF studies were performed mineralization current efficiency (MCE). The best results are given to the treatment of the PEF for all the studied dyes. From the results it was possible to choose the PEF as the most effective and promising for application of treatment when compared to other methods of treatment, and prove from SPEF that the process can be used in industrial scales, since this method PEF has been improved and solar irradiation replaced the UVA lamp.

Estudo comparativo dos processos eletroquímicos oxidativos avançados (PEOAs) no tratamento de efluentes contendo corantes orgânicos de difícil degradação

Organic dyes have been widely used in various branches of dyeing industries. These compounds are known to be very toxic, mutagenic, cancinogenic only cause aesthetic pollution and irreversible damage to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Are recalcitrant contaminants due to its high stability and resistance to photobleaching and bio. Given this context, the search for technologies that can minimize the effects of such pollutants is required. In recent decades the Electrochemical Oxidation Process Advanced (PEOAs) based on the generation of strongly oxidizing species (radicals ●OH) offer promising approaches for the prevention of problems caused by industrial effluents. This study analyzed the degradation and mineralization of textile dyes and the study of a real effluent in order to assess the feasibility of PEOAs: Electro-Fenton (EF), Photo Electro-Fenton (PEF) and anodic oxidation (AO), and these methods still was studied the Solar Fotoelectro-Fenton (SPEF) in a pre-pilot plant, in order to study the electrochemical treatment on an industrial scale. In the study has compared the effect of PEOAs in the removal of color, TOC and decay kinetics of degradation of the compounds, and also for using the Congo Red (CR) SPEF studies were performed mineralization current efficiency (MCE). The best results are given to the treatment of the PEF for all the studied dyes. From the results it was possible to choose the PEF as the most effective and promising for application of treatment when compared to other methods of treatment, and prove from SPEF that the process can be used in industrial scales, since this method PEF has been improved and solar irradiation replaced the UVA lamp.

Potencialidade do tratamento eletroquímico oxidativo associado à adsorção para remediação de corantes têxteis

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oxidative electrochemical treatment coupled with adsorption process using expanded perlite as adsorbent in the removal of textile dyes, Red Remazol and Novacron Blue on synthetic effluent. Dyes and perlite were characterized by thermogravimetry techniques (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Spectroscopy infrared (IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Electrochemical treatments used as anodes, Ti/Pt and Pb/PbO2 under different conditions: 60 minutes, current density 20, 40 e 60 mAcm-2, pH 1, 4.5 e 8 and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC. In the case of adsorption tests, contact time of 30 minutes for the Remazol Red dye and 20 minutes for Novacron Blue were established, while pH 1, 4.5 e 8, 500 mg adsorbent and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC were used for both treatments. The results indicated that both treatments, electroxidation/adsorption and the adsorption/electroxidation, were effective for removing color from synthetic solutions. The consumption of electricity allowed to evaluate the applicability of the electrochemical process, providing very acceptable values, which allowed us to estimate the cost. Total organic carbon (TOC) and Gas Chromatography linked mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyzes were performed, showing that the better combination for removing organic matter is by Pb/PbO2 and perlite. Meanwhile, GC-MS indicated that the by-products formed are benzoic acid, phthalic acid, thiocarbamic acid, benzene, chlorobenzene, phenol-2-ethyl and naphthalene when Remazol Red was degraded. Conversely, aniline, phthalic acid, 1, 6 - dimethylnaphthalene, naphthalene and ion hidroxobenzenosulfonat was detected when Novacron Blue was studied. Analyses obtained through atomic absorption spectrometry showed that there was release of lead in the electrochemical oxidation of analyzes that were performed with the anode Pb/PbO2, but these values are reduced by subjecting the effluent to adsorption analysis. According to these results, sequential techniques electroxidation/adsorption and adsorption/electroxidation are to treat solutions containing dyes.

Potencialidade do tratamento eletroquímico oxidativo associado à adsorção para remediação de corantes têxteis

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oxidative electrochemical treatment coupled with adsorption process using expanded perlite as adsorbent in the removal of textile dyes, Red Remazol and Novacron Blue on synthetic effluent. Dyes and perlite were characterized by thermogravimetry techniques (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Spectroscopy infrared (IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Electrochemical treatments used as anodes, Ti/Pt and Pb/PbO2 under different conditions: 60 minutes, current density 20, 40 e 60 mAcm-2, pH 1, 4.5 e 8 and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC. In the case of adsorption tests, contact time of 30 minutes for the Remazol Red dye and 20 minutes for Novacron Blue were established, while pH 1, 4.5 e 8, 500 mg adsorbent and temperature variation 20, 40 e 60 ºC were used for both treatments. The results indicated that both treatments, electroxidation/adsorption and the adsorption/electroxidation, were effective for removing color from synthetic solutions. The consumption of electricity allowed to evaluate the applicability of the electrochemical process, providing very acceptable values, which allowed us to estimate the cost. Total organic carbon (TOC) and Gas Chromatography linked mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyzes were performed, showing that the better combination for removing organic matter is by Pb/PbO2 and perlite. Meanwhile, GC-MS indicated that the by-products formed are benzoic acid, phthalic acid, thiocarbamic acid, benzene, chlorobenzene, phenol-2-ethyl and naphthalene when Remazol Red was degraded. Conversely, aniline, phthalic acid, 1, 6 - dimethylnaphthalene, naphthalene and ion hidroxobenzenosulfonat was detected when Novacron Blue was studied. Analyses obtained through atomic absorption spectrometry showed that there was release of lead in the electrochemical oxidation of analyzes that were performed with the anode Pb/PbO2, but these values are reduced by subjecting the effluent to adsorption analysis. According to these results, sequential techniques electroxidation/adsorption and adsorption/electroxidation are to treat solutions containing dyes.

Papel do educador e do professor do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico : conceções dos diferentes agentes envolvidos no processo educativo

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Santarém para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação pré-escolar e ensino do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico

aiTutor : um etutor de agentes inteligentes

Relatório de estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação e Comunicação Multimédia