Distribution of deep-sea foraminifera in surface sediments east of New Zealand

Paleobathymetric assessments of fossil foraminiferal faunas play a significant role in the analysis of the paleogeographic, sedimentary, and tectonic histories of New Zealand's Neogene marine sedimentary basins. At depths >100 m, these assessments often have large uncertainties. This study, aimed at improving the precision of paleodepth assessments, documents the present-day distribution of deep-sea foraminifera (>63 µm) in 66 samples of seafloor sediment at 90-700 m water depth (outer shelf to mid-abyssal), east of New Zealand. One hundred and thirty-nine of the 465 recorded species of benthic foraminifera are new records for the New Zealand region. Characters of the foraminiferal faunas which appear to provide the most useful information for estimating paleobathymetry are, in decreasing order of reliability: relative abundance of common benthic species; benthic species associations; upper depth limits of key benthic species; and relative abundance of planktic foraminifera. R mode cluster analysis on the quantitative census data of the 58 most abundant species of benthic foraminifera produced six species associations within three higher level clusters: (1) calcareous species most abundant at mid-bathyal to outer shelf depths (<1000 m); (2) calcareous species most abundant at mid-bathyal and greater depths (>600 m); (3) agglutinated species mostly occurring at deep abyssal depths (>3000 m). A detrended correspondence analysis ordination plot exhibits a strong relationship between these species associations and bathymetry. This is manifest in the bathymetric ranges of the relative abundance peaks of many of the common benthic species (e.g., Abditodentrix pseudothalmanni 500-2800 m, Bolivina robusta 200-650 m, Bulimina marginata f. marginata 20-600 m, B. marginata f. aculeata 400-3000 m, Cassidulina norvangi 1000-4500 m, Epistominella exigua 1000-4700 m, and Trifarina angulosa 10-650 m), which should prove useful in paleobathymetric estimates. The upper depth limits of 28 benthic foraminiferal species (e.g., Fursenkoina complanata 200 m, Bulimina truncana 450 m, Melonis affinis 550 m, Eggerella bradyi 750 m, and Cassidulina norvangi 1000 m) have potential to improve the precision of paleobathymetric estimates based initially on the total faunal composition. The planktic percentage of foraminiferal tests increases from outer shelf to upper abyssal depths followed by a rapid decline within the foraminiferal lysocline (below c. 3600 m). A planktic percentage <50% is suggestive of shelf depths, and >50% is suggestive of bathyal or abyssal depths above the CCD. In the abyssal zone there is dramatic taphonomic loss of most agglutinated tests (except some textulariids) at burial depths of 0.1-0.2 m, which negates the potential usefulness of these taxa in paleobathymetric assessments.

Benthic foraminifers, isotopes and varimax factors at DSDP Holes 72-517 and 72-518

Pliocene changes in the vertical water mass structure of the western South Atlantic are inferred from changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages and stable isotopes from DSDP Holes 516A, 517, and 518. Factor analysis of 34 samples from Site 518 reveals three distinct benthic foraminiferal assemblages that have been associated with specific subsurface water masses in the modern ocean. These include a Nuttalides umbonifera assemblage (Factor 1) associated with Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), a Globocassidulina subglobosa-Uvigerina peregrina assemblage (Factor 2) associated with Circumpolar Deep Water (CPDW), and an Oridorsalis umbonatus-Epistominella exigua assemblage associated with North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Bathymetric gradients in d13C between Holes 516A (1313 m), 517 (2963 m), and 518 (3944 m) are calculated whenever possible to monitor the degree of similarity and/or difference in the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) of water masses located at these depths during the Pliocene. Changes in bathymetric d13C gradients coupled with benthic foraminiferal assemblages record fundamental changes in the vertical water mass structure of the Vema Channel during the Pliocene from 4.1 to 2.7 Ma. At Site 518, the interval from 4.1 to 3.6 Ma is dominated by the N. umbonifera (Factor 1) and O. umbonatus-E. exigua (Factor 3) assemblages. The d13C gradient between Holes 518 (3944 m) and 516A (1313 m) undergoes rapid oscillations during this interval though no permanent increase in the gradient is observed. However, d13C values at Site 518 are clearly lighter during this interval. These conditions may be related to increased bottom water activity associated with the re-establishment of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the late Gilbert Chron (-4.2 to 3.6 Ma) (Osborn et al., 1982). The interval from 3.6 to 3.2 Ma is marked by a dominance of the G. subglobosa-U. peregrina (Factor 2) assemblage and lack of a strong d13C gradient between Holes 518 (3944 m) and 516A (1313 m). We suggest that shallow circumpolar waters expanded to depths of a least 3944 m (Site 518) during this time. The most profound faunal and isotopic change occurs at 3.2 Ma, and is marked by dominance of the N. umbonifera (Factor 1) and O. umbonatus-E. exigua (Factor 3) assemblages, a 1.1 per mil enrichment in d18O, and a large negative increase in the d13C gradient between Holes 518 and 516A. These changes at Site 518 record the vertical displacement of circumpolar waters by AABW and NADW. This change in vertical water mass structure at 3.2 Ma was probably related to a global cooling event and/or final closure of the Central American seaway. A comparison of the present-day d13C structure of the Vema Channel with a reconstruction between 3.2 and 2.7 Ma indicates that circulation patterns during this late Pliocene interval were similar to those of the modern western South Atlantic.

Mg/Ca-temperature proxy in benthic foraminifera from the Florida Strait

Over the past decade, the ratio of Mg to Ca in foraminiferal tests has emerged as a valuable paleotemperature proxy. However, large uncertainties remain in the relationships between benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and temperature. Mg/Ca was measured in benthic foraminifera from 31 high-quality multicore tops collected in the Florida Straits, spanning a temperature range of 5.8° to 18.6°C. New calibrations are presented for Uvigerina peregrina, Planulina ariminensis, Planulina foveolata, and Hoeglundina elegans. The Mg/Ca values and temperature sensitivities vary among species, but all species exhibit a positive correlation that decreases in slope at higher temperatures. The decrease in the sensitivity of Mg/Ca to temperature may potentially be explained by Mg/Ca suppression at high carbonate ion concentrations. It is suggested that a carbonate ion influence on Mg/Ca may be adjusted for by dividing Mg/Ca by Li/Ca. The Mg/Li ratio displays stronger correlations to temperature, with up to 90% of variance explained, than Mg/Ca alone. These new calibrations are tested on several Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples from the Florida Straits. LGM temperatures reconstructed from Mg/Ca and Mg/Li are generally more scattered than core top measurements and may be contaminated by high-Mg overgrowths. The potential for Mg/Ca and Mg/Li as temperature proxies warrants further testing.

Radiolarians from the Southwest Pacific

Radiolarians are very rare in all Leg 90 sites. They are relatively more frequent only in Neogene sediments from Sites 586 and 594, and in Eocene sediments at Site 592. In this chapter radiolarian abundances are recorded as comparative percentages for 92 Neogene morphotypes at Site 586B. Relative abundances only are estimated at Sites 592 and 594, where preservation is poor to moderate. A tentative correlation of radiolarian events at Hole 586B and Site 594 shows that only a few species can be found in both tropical and subantarctic areas. New evolutionary lineages are proposed. 1. Middle Miocene eucyrtids like Eucyrtidium teuscheri group evolved into a widespread species (E. teuscheri teuscheri) ranging from middle Miocene to Holocene and a temperate species (E. teuscheri orthoporus) ranging from middle Miocene to early Pleistocene. 2. Phormostichoartus pitomorphus appears to be a temperate descendant of the cosmopolitan P. fistula and disappears in early Pleistocene time. 3. The discovery of Lamprocyrtis daniellae n.sp. calls into question the lineage L. heteroporos -> L. nigriniae. 4. The evolution of Lamprocyclas maritalis from an ancestor group (L. aff. maritalis) is located in the early part of the Pterocanium prismatium Zone.

Quaternary radiolarian counts from Site 181-1123

In the present work Quaternary radiolarian assemblages from the Southwest Pacific were investigated due to their importance for correlation and identification of climatic changes. The studied Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1123 (Leg 181) is situated on the northern flanks of the Chatham Rise, 1100 kilometres offshore eastern New Zealand and in a water depth o f 3290 metres. It is situated just north of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in temperate climatic conditions, influenced by the cold deep Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) and by the subtropical East Cape Current (ECC) in shallow water depths. A continuous record of 79 sediment samples from this site with a temporal resolution of ~15,000 years provided a medium-resolution record of radiolarian assemblages through the Quaternary. This allowed investigations on how radiolarian assemblages are influenced by climatic variations at obliquity and eccentricity bandwidth, with periodic variations of 40,000, 100,000 and 400,000 years, respectively. Emphasis was given to changes in radiolarian assemblages through the Mid-Pleistocene climate transition (MPT) that marks a fundamental reorganisation in Earth's climate system by change from 40,000 to 100,000 year cycles. Glacial and interglacial variations in oceanography were investigated. Especially the influence of the DWBC was examined due to its input of deep and cold waters to the Pacific Ocean, which plays an important role in Earth's climate system. 167 radiolarian counting groups were examined concerning variations in radiolarian abundance, preservation, diversity, the relative abundance of orders, families, and selected species in order to detect influences of past climatic variations in the Southwest Pacific. No significant changes in radiolarian assemblages were found in coincidence with the onset of the MPT. Investigations led to the recognition of four characteristic phases within the last 1.2 million years. Within one of these phases (Phase Ill), about 160,000 years after the onset of the MPT, fundamental changes in radiolarian assemblages occurred. Investigations yielded highest diversity and highest numbers of nassellarians in abundant samples, whereas sparse samples were mostly poorly preserved and were dominated by spumellarians. Abundance of certain radiolarian families in interglacials or glacials indicated their usefulness as indicators for climatic conditions at Site 1123. Trends o f selected taxa within these families supported the significance of warm- or cool-water preference of these families. Use of 67 radiolarian species as climate indicators showed abundance of warm-water assemblages within interglacials, whereas abundance of cool-water species was increased within glacials. Depth distributional patterns of 52 radiolarian species indicated a strong influence of shallow waters, possibly the EEC, within interglacials and increased influence of deep and intermediate waters, possibly of southern-sourced character and the DWBC in glacial stages.