Molecular regulation of secondary gorwth: searching for SHORT-ROOT function in cork formation

The analysis of molecular regulators involved in controlling the maintenance and function of plant meristems has been the subject of many studies. Some master regulators of these processes have been identified in Arabidopsis benefiting from the array of tools available for genetic and molecular analysis in this model plant. However, aspects such as secondary growth that are more extensively observed in woody plants, have been less studied. Secondary growth is responsible for the enlargement of the plant stems and roots and results from the activity of the lateral (secondary) meristems, vascular cambium and cork cambium (phellogen), which produce two important renewable natural resources, wood and cork, respectively.(...)

Biosynthetic production of curcuminoids

Curcuminoids are natural phenylpropanoids from plants that have been reported as potential cancer-fighting drugs. Nevertheless, these compounds present a poor bioavailability. Cellular uptake is low and curcuminoids are quickly metabolized once inside the cell, requiring repetitive oral doses to achieve an effective concentration for therapeutic activity [1]. Herein, we report an engineered artificial pathway for the production of curcuminoids in Escherichia coli. Arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase and Curcuma longa diketide-CoA synthase (DCS) and curcumin synthase (CURS1) were used and 188 µM (70 mg/L) of curcumin was obtained from ferulic acid [2]. Bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin were also produced, but in lower concentrations, by feeding p-coumaric acid or a mixture of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, respectively. Additionally, curcuminoids were produced from tyrosine through the caffeic acid pathway. To produce caffeic acid, tyrosine ammonia lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis and 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase from Saccharothrix espanaensis were used [3]. Caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyl-transferase from Medicago sativa was used to convert caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA. Using caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid or tyrosine as a substrate, 3.9, 0.3, and 0.2 µM of curcumin were produced, respectively. This is the first report on the use of DCS and CURS1 in vivo to produce curcuminoids. In addition, curcumin, the most studied curcuminoid for therapeutic purposes and considered in many studies as the most potent and active, was produced by feeding tyrosine using a pathway involving caffeic acid. We anticipate that by using a tyrosine overproducing strain, curcumin can be produced in E. coli without the need of adding expensive precursors to the medium, thus decreasing the production cost. Therefore, this alternative pathway represents a step forward in the heterologous production of curcumin using E. coli. Aiming at greater production titers and yields, the construction of this pathway in another model organism such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being considered.

Molecular regulation of flowering induction in Quercus suber

Dissertação de mestrado em Plant Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioentrepeneurship

RNA-seq analysis of the Quercus suber root response to drought

Dissertação de mestrado em Plant Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioentrepreneurship

Study of grapevine solute transporters involved in berry quality. A biochemical and molecular approach

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia de Plantas

Evolution of the gene regulatory network controlling flower dorsoventral asymmetry

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia de Plantas.

Synthetic biology approaches to engineer new pathways for the production of plant secondary metabolites

Secondary metabolites from plants are important sources of high-value chemicals, many of them being pharmacologically active. These metabolites are commonly isolated through inefficient extractions from natural biological sources and are often difficult to synthesize chemically. Therefore, their production using engineered organisms has lately attracted an increased attention. Curcuminoids, an example of such metabolites, are produced in Curcuma longa and exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein we report the construction of an artificial biosynthetic pathway for the curcuminoids production in Escherichia coli. Different 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligases (4CL) and polyketide synthases (diketide-CoA synthase (DCS), curcumin synthase (CURS) and curcuminoid synthase) were tested. The highest curcumin production (70 mg/L) was obtained by feeding ferulic acid and with the Arabidopsis thaliana 4CL1 and C. longa DCS and CURS enzymes. Other curcuminoids (bisdemethoxy- and demethoxycurcumin) were also produced by feeding coumaric acid or a mixture of coumaric and ferulic acids, respectively. Curcuminoids, including curcumin, were also produced from tyrosine through the caffeic acid pathway. To produce caffeic acid, tyrosine ammonia lyase and 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase were used. Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase was used to convert caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA. This pathway represents an improvement of the curcuminoids heterologous production. The construction of this pathway in another model organism is being considered, as well as the introduction of alternative enzymes.

Fitohormonas como intermediarios entre señal ambiental y morfogénesis, y en la relación planta/microorganismo

Se estudia el rol de las hormonas como intermediarios en los procesos de dormición de yemas florales y crecimiento caulinar de especies arbóreas frutales ( Prunus spp., Pyrus malus normal y mutante enana) y herbáceas (lechuga, cebada, Arabidopsis ) por parte de factores ambientales y en el efecto benéfico de rizobacterias sobre el crecimiento de cereales. Abarca tres subproyectos: Subproyecto 1. Dormición en yemas florales de duraznero. Estudia el efecto de diferentes giberelinas en aplicaciones exógenas en laboratorio y a campo, sobre la fenología y morfología ( al microscopio) de yemas florales de duraznero. Se intenta establecer el papel de GAs como mediadores entre señal ambiental y los procesos de diferenciación de los verticilos florales. Objetivos: Estudiar el efecto de aplicaciones exógenas de GA3, GA5, dihidro-GA5 y dihidro-GA4 sobre la fenología y morfología de yemas florales de: i) plantas a campo y ii) estacas aisladas. Subproyecto 2. Fitohormonas como intermediarios entre calidad de luz y alargamiento caulinar en Prunus spp. Estudia cuali-cuantitativamente IAA, ABA y giberelinas de especies arbóreas frutales ( Prunus spp., Pyrus malus normal y mutante enana) y herbáceas (lechuga, cebada, Arabidopsis ) sometidas a diferentes calidades de luz (sistema fito y criptocromo). Las hormonas se analizan por HPLC, bioensayo y GC-SIMILAR. Intenta establecer la posible correlación entre señal ambiental, sistema fotorreceptor, metabolismo de hormonas y respuesta morfogénica. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto de luz azul (sistema criptocromo) y rojo/rojo lejano (sistema fitocromo) sobre los niveles de giberelinas, ABA y AIA en plantas de Prunus avium, Pyrus malus (normal y enano), Latuca sativa, Hordeum vulgare (normal y enano) y Arabidopsis thaliana . Subproyecto 3. Producción de GAs por Azospirillum spp. Estudia la producción de giberelinas y su metabolismo por Azospirillum spp. y sus efectos sobre crecimiento y desarrollo de cereales. La identificación y cuantificación de giberelinas se realiza como en el Subproyecto 2. Estudios de metabolismo incluyen alimentación con giberelinas deuteradas o sus conjugados. Semillas pre-germinadas de cereales se inoculan con distintas cepas y/o concentraciones de GA3, evaluándose diversos parámetros de crecimiento radical. Los resultados de laboratorio se probarán a campo. Objetivos: Estudiar la producción de GAs o factores que regulan su metabolismo (relación C/N, calidad de luz, pH y tiempo de incubación) por A. spp., en cultivo aislado y con la asociación diazotrofo/sistema radical de gramíneas y los efectos de la batería sobre el crecimiento de dichas especies.

Estudios básicos y aplicados acerca el rol de fitohormonas como intermediarios entre ambiente y morfogénesis

Resultados previos obtenidos por nuestro grupo de trabajo, nos llevaron a proponer a las fitohormonas como mensajeros entre señal ambiental (abiótica y biótica) y morfogénesis. El presente proyecto abarca dos temas: Tema 1. Alargamiento caulinar y brotación en lechuga, arabidopsis y yerba mate. La finalidad es regular brotación en yerba mate (aumentar producción) y tener información básica respecto del control del alargamiento caulinar. Tema 2. Actividad hidrolasa de bacterias endofíticas y acumulación de sacarosa en zorgo azucarado. La finalidad es aumentar la producción de azúcares en cultivos destinados a forraje fresco o ensilado así como eventual producción de alcohol, o clonar genes que puedan ser incorporados para incrementar productividad (por ejemplo aumento del contenido de sacarosa en sorgo). Objetivo General: Estudiar el papel de Gas, AIA, ABA, etileno y Brs como intermediarios entre señal ambiental (calidad y cantidad de luz) y morfogénesis (alargamiento caulinar, brotación de yemas vegetativas) en arabidopsis, lechuga y yerba mate, y el de Gas y AIA como intermediarios entre microorganismos endofíticos y la acumulación de sacarosa en sorgo azucarado.

Peroxisomal beta-oxidation--a metabolic pathway with multiple functions.

Fatty acid degradation in most organisms occurs primarily via the beta-oxidation cycle. In mammals, beta-oxidation occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes, whereas plants and most fungi harbor the beta-oxidation cycle only in the peroxisomes. Although several of the enzymes participating in this pathway in both organelles are similar, some distinct physiological roles have been uncovered. Recent advances in the structural elucidation of numerous mammalian and yeast enzymes involved in beta-oxidation have shed light on the basis of the substrate specificity for several of them. Of particular interest is the structural organization and function of the type 1 and 2 multifunctional enzyme (MFE-1 and MFE-2), two enzymes evolutionarily distant yet catalyzing the same overall enzymatic reactions but via opposite stereochemistry. New data on the physiological roles of the various enzymes participating in beta-oxidation have been gathered through the analysis of knockout mutants in plants, yeast and animals, as well as by the use of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis from beta-oxidation intermediates as a tool to study carbon flux through the pathway. In plants, both forward and reverse genetics performed on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed novel roles for beta-oxidation in the germination process that is independent of the generation of carbohydrates for growth, as well as in embryo and flower development, and the generation of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid and the signal molecule jasmonic acid.

PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE4 modulates phytochrome-mediated control of hypocotyl growth orientation

Gravity and light are major factors shaping plant growth. Light perceived by phytochromes leads to seedling deetiolation, which includes the deviation from vertical hypocotyl growth and promotes hypocotyl phototropism. These light responses enhance survival of young seedlings during their emergence from the soil. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) family is composed of four members in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): PKS1 to PKS4. Here we show that PKS4 is a negative regulator of both phytochrome A- and B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl growth and promotion of cotyledon unfolding. Most prominently, pks4 mutants show abnormal phytochrome-modulated hypocotyl growth orientation. In dark-grown seedlings hypocotyls change from the original orientation defined by seed position to the upright orientation defined by gravity and light reduces the magnitude of this shift. In older seedlings with the hypocotyls already oriented by gravity, light promotes the deviation from vertical orientation. Based on the characterization of pks4 mutants we propose that PKS4 inhibits changes in growth orientation under red or far-red light. Our data suggest that in these light conditions PKS4 acts as an inhibitor of asymmetric growth. This hypothesis is supported by the phenotype of PKS4 overexpressers. Together with previous findings, these results indicate that the PKS family plays important functions during light-regulated tropic growth responses

Importance of sequences adjacent to the terminal tripeptide in the import of a peroxisomal Candida tropicalis protein in plant peroxisomes.

The peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) required for import of the rat acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX; EC 1.3.3.6) and the Candida tropicalis multifunctional protein (MFP) in plant peroxisomes was assessed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The native rat AOX accumulated in peroxisomes in A. thaliana cotyledons and targeting was dependent on the presence of the C-terminal tripeptide S-K-L. In contrast, the native C. tropicalis MFP, containing the consensus PTS sequence A-K-I was not targeted to plant peroxisomes. Modification of the carboxy terminus to the S-K-L tripeptide also failed to deliver the MFP to peroxisomes while addition of the last 34 amino acids of the Brassica napus isocitrate lyase, containing the terminal tripeptide S-R-M, enabled import of the fusion protein into peroxisomes. These results underline the influence of the amino acids adjacent to the terminal tripeptide of the C. tropicalis MFP on peroxisomal targeting, even in the context of a protein having a consensus PTS sequence S-K-L.

PKS2: A link between phototropin signalling and auxin transport - a study on how plants sense and respond to light.

The blue light photoreceptors phototropins (phot1 and phot2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)) carry out various light responses of great adaptive value that optimize plant growth. These processes include phototropism (the bending of an organ induced by unequal light distribution), chloroplast movements, stomatal opening, leaf flattening and solar tracking. The biochemical pathways controlling these important blue light responses are just starting to be elucidated. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS1-4) proteins - the subject of this research - have recently been identified as novel phototropism signalling components. PKS1 (the founding member of this family) interacts in a same complex in vivo with phot1 and the important phot1 signalling element NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3). This suggested that the PKS may act as early components of phot signalling. This work further investigates the role of this protein family during phototropin signalling Genetic experiments clearly showed that the PKS do not control chloroplast movements or stomatal opening. However, PKS2 plays a critical role with NPH3 during leaf flattening and solar tracking. Epistasis data indicated that both proteins act in phot1 and phot2 pathways, which is consistent with their in vivo interaction with both phototropins. Because phototropism, leaf flattening and solar tracking are developmental processes regulated by the hormone auxin, the role of PKS2 and NPH3 during auxin homeostasis was also investigated. Interestingly, PKS2 loss-of-function restores leaf flattening in the auxin transporter mutant aux1. Moreover, PKS2 and NPH3 are found in a same complex with AUX1 in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that PKS2 may act with NPH3 as a connecting point between phot signalling and auxin transport. Further experiments were performed to explore the molecular mode of action of PKS2 and NPH3 in this process. The significance of these results is discussed.