济阳坳陷高青-平南断裂带两类气藏的地球化学特征及成因

根据对高青-平南断裂带两侧的气藏进行气体组分及碳同位素地球化学分析发现：两侧分布的是不同的气体类型，南侧主要是以甲烷为主的烃类气藏，其CH4含量在88.83%-99.26%之间，碳同位素值为-55.17‰～ -35.00‰之间，结合该地区的地质特征认为该区CH4气藏为混合气藏，其来源主要有3种：油型伴生气、幔源岩浆脱气以及CO2还原气。而北侧主要是以CO2为主的非烃类气藏，其CO2含量在60.72%-99.99%之间，碳同位素值为：9.8‰-3.41‰，3He/4He值主要在4.45×10^-6～6.35×10^-6之间，主要是幔源-岩石化学成因的混合气。通过分析两侧气体组分及碳同位素特征，初步判断高青-平南断裂带两侧烃类气体形成于同一时期，主要可能是早期强烈的岩浆喷发后形成，而高青地区的二氧化碳气藏主要是由后期的岩浆脱气形成。两类气藏组分差异的最主要原因是由后期的岩浆活动影响造成.

喀斯特流域硫同位素地球化学与碳酸盐岩侵蚀

贵州的乌江流域属典型的喀斯特地貌，也是我国严重的酸雨区之一。酸沉降可以导致土壤中盐基离子的流失并释放出具有植物毒性的元素，对植被和生态造成破坏。即使在酸沉降停止后，土壤的退化也会持续，pH值仍可继续降低。因此，加强乌江流域的酸沉降对土壤及生态系统破坏的研究十分必要。乌江中上游地区广泛分布高硫煤和矿床硫化物，煤中的还原态硫化物（主要是黄铁矿）和矿床硫化物经过氧化风化会产生大量的溶解态金属和H2SO4，在污染环境的同时会大大加速碳酸盐岩的化学侵蚀。 本研究在导师刘丛强研究员主持的中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向重大项目（喀斯特地区（贵州乌江流域）物质的水文地球化学循环及其环境效应，批准号：KZCX2-105；乌江流域典型喀斯特土壤－植被生态系统生源要素生物地球化学研究，批准号：KZCX3-SW-140）课题的支持下，选择贵州喀斯特地区的典型河流为研究对象，利用化学质量平衡、同位素地球化学研究手段，探讨了硫酸风化碳酸盐岩对河水化学组成的影响，溶解硫酸盐的来源及硫同位素组成的时空变化，定量计算了丰水期乌江流域硫酸风化碳酸盐岩的侵蚀速率及其对大气CO2释放的影响，并对土壤总硫和硫酸盐的生物地球化学循环进行了同位素示踪研究。获得的主要结论揭示了水－岩作用和人类活动对硫的生物地球化学循环的控制机理，以及硫循环在碳酸盐岩化学风化中的作用，为了解喀斯特地区硫的循环演化及其环境效应提供了重要的基础科学依据。主要结论如下： 硫酸侵蚀碳酸盐岩对河水化学组成的影响 乌江枯、丰水期河水SO42−平均浓度分别为0.65mmol/L和0.48mmol/L，占阴离子总量的25%以上。干流河水SO42−浓度具有从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势，支流河水SO42−浓度具有明显的区域性差异特征，枯水期上游和下游地区支流的SO42−平均浓度分别为0.80mmol/L和0.26mmol/L，丰水期河水也有类似的特征。SO42−、NO3−、Cl−与Na+浓度比值的相互关系表明河水SO42−具有人为来源。沅江水系河水SO42−含量远低于乌江河水，枯水期平均浓度0.22mmol/L，丰水期平均0.14mmol/L。 乌江流域不同来源H2SO4参与下的碳酸盐岩风化是影响河水化学组成最主要的因素。舞阳河水中的溶质主要来自H2CO3风化白云岩，不存在硫酸风化碳酸盐岩的迹象。清水江河水离子组成则同时受到H2CO3、H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩和H2CO3风化硅酸盐的影响。由此可见，喀斯特地区不同河流的河水化学组成受H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩的影响是不同的。 水－岩作用模拟表明：乌江枯水期河水的CSI在−0.2 ~ 1之间，绝大多数河水处于对CaCO3过饱和状态，丰水期河水的CSI较枯水期平均高0.3，CaCO3全部过饱和。河水PCO2,river相对大气PCO2,atm一般是过饱和的。因此，喀斯特地区河水即具有沉积性又具有向大气释放CO2的趋势。舞阳河水方解石和白云石在枯、丰水期全部过饱和，DSI平均值在两季均远高于CSI，这与舞阳河流域分布着大量的白云岩有关。而清水江大部分河水的方解石和白云石处于不饱和状态。流域不同的地质背景决定了河水中方解石和白云石的饱和状态，在同一地质背景条件下又取决于河水中的CO2分压。 扣除乌江丰水期河水化学组成中H2SO4溶解碳酸盐岩的贡献之后，部分河水由对方解石和白云石过饱和变为不饱和，溶解沉淀性质发生了根本的改变。由此可见，H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩通过改变河水的化学组成，对河水的化学稳定性也存在很大影响。 河水硫同位素地球化学与碳酸盐岩侵蚀 枯水期乌江河水硫同位素δ34S值的变化范围为−15.7‰ 到18.9‰，宽广的δ34S值范围反映了不同河段汇入的SO42−来源于流经具有不同同位素组成特征地质背景的支流。丰水期δ34S值的变化范围小于枯水期，在−11.5‰ 到8.3‰之间。两个季节河水SO42−的δ34S值均随着SO42−浓度的增加而降低。乌江硫酸盐的硫同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化，丰水期干流河水的δ34S值在−6.7‰ ~ −3.9‰之间，平均值较枯水期低3‰。支流河水的硫同位素组成具有明显的区域性差异。舞阳河河水富集34S，清水江河水富集32S，硫同位素组成的季节变化和支流差异远不如乌江明显。 硫同位素示踪显示：乌江上游河水硫酸盐主要来自煤中黄铁矿的氧化、矿床硫化物氧化及雨水；下游河水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成主要介于雨水和蒸发岩端元之间，煤中黄铁矿氧化的贡献较少。不同端元的硫同位素组成表明：丰水期水量增加时，煤中黄铁矿氧化来源的硫酸盐的贡献增加，导致了乌江河水δ34S值的降低。雨水δ34S值季节性变化对河水硫同位素组成的季节性变化的影响是次要的。 乌江河水向贵州省外输出的SO42−通量为170×1010g/a，丰水期占全年SO42−输出总量的72%，上游地区输出的SO42−占年输出总量的80%。煤中黄铁矿风化、雨水、矿床硫化物风化、蒸发岩溶解对丰水期乌江河水SO42-的贡献分别为45%、27%、24%和4%。硫化物氧化产生H2SO4，而后H2SO4侵蚀碳酸盐岩，这是研究区内两个非常重要的硫循环过程。丰水期H2SO4侵蚀碳酸盐岩的速率为35.1t/ (km2•a)，约合17.5mm/ka。总的CO2释放通量约为8.1 t/ (km2•a)。通过推导丰水期乌江流域碳酸盐岩侵蚀方程可知，丰水期乌江流域碳酸盐岩的侵蚀有52%是由H2SO4风化造成的。 喀斯特流域土壤硫的生物地球化学 黄壤的总硫含量一般小于0.1%，而石灰土的总硫含量全部大于0.1%, 同一剖面同样深度黄壤总硫含量夏季生长期高于冬季休眠期，但是石灰土则恰恰相反。一般情况下，土壤总硫含量首先与土壤类型有关，其次可能受到植被的影响。即使是同一土壤类型，随着剖面深度的增加总硫含量变化趋势也并不一致。 土壤无机硫酸盐的含量与土壤类型密切相关，黄壤SO42−含量明显高于石灰土。黄壤表层土硫酸盐形态硫占总硫的2.4% ~ 6.4%，随着剖面加深土壤硫酸盐形态硫的含量出现先增加后降低的趋势，最高可占总硫的20%以上，这种现象应该是铁、铝氧化物或氢氧化物对硫酸盐的吸附造成的。同样是黄壤，也可能由于上覆植被的不同造成不同剖面土壤硫酸盐在含量上的差异，或同一剖面不同季节含量上的差异。石灰土硫酸盐形态硫在总硫中的百分含量不超过3%，而且易受淋溶而流失，即使在有植被覆盖的情况下也是如此。 所有样品总硫的δ34S值均为正值且总是大于同层SO42−的δ34S值。随着黄壤剖面的加深δ34S值呈逐渐增加的趋势，有机硫循环过程不断富集34S可能是产生这种现象的原因。 硫同位素组成表明黄壤剖面表层土SO42−应来源于大气沉降。夏季表层土SO42−的δ34S值稍高于冬季，明显高于贵阳夏季大气降水的硫同位素组成，可能是大气总沉降的反映，也可能是不同季节土壤有机硫的矿化水平的不同造成的。黄壤剖面无论冬季还是夏季SO42−均随剖面的加深逐渐富集34S。在剖面上层SO42−的δ34S值与SO42−含量正相关，可能是有机硫矿化生成的SO42−加入的结果。下层土壤硫酸盐δ34S值与含量明显反相关，可能是硫酸盐还原菌发生作用导致了较大的同位素分馏。 从乌江上游至下游，石灰土表层土壤SO42−的硫同位素逐渐富集32S。硫同位素组成表明中、下游石灰土SO42−的来源很可能是大气降水，而上游样品还存在矿山硫的来源。 土壤无机硫酸盐对乌江河水硫酸盐的贡献还不明确，但它不应是乌江河水硫酸盐的主要来源。

贵阳市大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的化学特征及其影响因素研究

气溶胶对气候和人类的健康都有重要影响。因此，研究大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）的化学组成和物理特性对更深入地了解气溶胶对气候和人类健康的影响具有重要意义。贵阳是中国受燃煤污染比较严重的城市之一，大气中高含量的SO2是其最明显的特征。尽管最近几年空气质量有所改善，但是该区的大气污染问题还比较严重，空气质量仍然不容乐观。我们于2005年1月1日到2005年12月31日在中科院地球化学研究所内全年采集总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品，分析测试了其主要无机离子（F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+）的化学性质，并结合当地的气象参数（温度，风速，降雨量和相对湿度）系统地研究了TSP及其水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征。本论文的主要结论有： 1. TSP的浓度变化范围为36.91～313.44µg/m3，年均值106.60µg/m3；各离子摩尔浓度的大小顺序为：SO42-> NH4+> Ca2+ > NO3-> K+ > Na+ > Cl- > Mg2+ > F-；SO42- (23.04±12.16µg/m3)和NH4+(3.05±2.23µg/m3)是最主要的离子，分别占总离子摩尔数的37％和30％。TSP及其组分都有明显的季节变化，TSP、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度的冬/夏比值分别为:1.29、5.23、1.35、2.37、1.73、1.22、1.84、1.23和1.02。 2. 温度对TSP及其水溶性无机组分的影响呈现一定的季节变化模式，冬天随温度的升高TSP及其水溶无机组分的浓度也升高，夏天随温度的升高TSP及其水溶性无机组分的浓度降低。但是从全年来看，温度与TSP及其水溶性无机组分之间有弱的负相关性，即随温度的升高，TSP及其水溶性无机组分的浓度有不同程度的下降。相对湿度与TSP及其水溶性无机组分之间存在明显的负相关关系，即随大气相对湿度的增加，TSP及其水溶性无机组分的浓度下降。在相对湿度与TSP及其水溶性无机组分浓度的日变化图中表现为相对湿度的波谷与TSP及其水溶无机组分的浓度的波峰相对应。风速与TSP及其水溶无机组分的浓度之间呈现弱的负相关性。在贵阳，风速对TSP及其水溶无机组分的影响主要表现为扩散作用和稀释作用，由风速导致的尘土再悬浮作用并不明显。雨量对TSP及其水溶性无机组分的影响主要是湿清除作用，具体表现为无雨天TSP及其水溶性无机组分的浓度较雨天高。影响TSP、Ca2+、Mg2+和F-的主要气象参数是相对湿度(RH)和风速，影响SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Cl-的主要气象参数是温度。 3. 贵阳大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）总体偏酸性，TSP水溶液pH值的年均值为6.27±0.41，与总阴离子与总阳离子的当量比Q的年平均值为0.82一致；TSP中高含量的SO42-是贵阳的TSP显酸性的主要原因。 4. NH4+与SO42-和NO3-的相关系数（R）分别为0.85和0.65，NH4+与SO42-的摩尔比值为0.8，说明贵阳TSP中的NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4的形式存在。Ca2+和Mg2+有较好的相关性（R=0.72）和相似的变化特征，说明二者可能有共同的来源。 5. 2005年贵阳TSP中SO42-/ Ca2+的平均值为13.64，几乎是干净大陆SO42-/ Ca2+的本底值的20倍，说明贵阳的大气污染主要是人为因素所致。NO3-/SO42-的平均值为0.15，说明固定源对贵阳气溶胶的贡献比移动源（通常指交通工具所排放的尾气）对气溶胶的贡献大；

甘肃阳山金矿同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

甘肃文县阳山金矿的探明黄金储量已达308t，平均品位4.74g/t，是我国地质勘查储量最大的金矿床。该矿床产于西秦岭造山带，是一个同碰撞形成的类卡林型金矿床，矿体受EW向韧脆性剪切带控制，赋矿围岩为泥盆系碳质千枚岩-板岩-碳酸盐-硅质岩和侵入其中的花岗斑岩脉。流体成矿过程包括：形成石英-绢云母-黄铁矿组合的早阶段，形成石英-黄铁矿-毒砂-方铅矿等多金属组合的主成矿阶段，形成碳酸盐-辉锑矿-石英网脉的晚阶段。 与矿体关系较为密切的花岗斑岩富集LILE 和 LREE, 亏损 Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, P 和Ti，ΣREE＝54.35～124.01 μg/g ，(La/Yb)N=9.72～27.80，δEu=0.70～0.89， ISr值为0.70806～0.71756，平均0.71107；εNd(t)平均-3.4；Nd模式年龄（T2DM）平均1.34（Ga）。表明花岗斑岩岩浆应源自成熟度较低的中元古代基底地壳物质。花岗斑岩的(206Pb/204Pb)220Ma、(207Pb/204Pb)220Ma和(208Pb/204Pb)220Ma的平均值分别为17.875、15.604和38.296，与秦岭微陆块的中元古代基底和碧口地体碧口群的Pb同位素组成一致。考虑到前人获得碧口群的年龄为1.235～1.367Ga，而秦岭微陆块沿勉略缝合带向南仰冲到碧口地体之上，我们认为由碧口群等组成的俯冲板片的变质脱水熔融作用导致了阳山金矿带花岗斑岩的形成。因此，阳山金矿带的花岗斑岩是扬子与华北大陆中生代碰撞造山过程中形成的同碰撞花岗岩类。 最新的S，Sr和Pb同位素研究表明：热液成矿早阶段的黄铁矿的34S值范围介于-15.5‰~6.59‰之间，总体离散性比较大，显示沉积地层来源的特征，硫同位素组成属离散型，不具有岩浆主导的成矿的塔式效应。花岗岩中黄铁矿硫同位素范围很集中，34S值处于-1.47‰～2.12‰之间，本区花岗斑岩不可能为成矿物质的主要来源。矿石硫化物的初始锶同位素比值范围较大（0.70877～0.71697，平均为0.71258），显示成矿物质并非单一来源，考虑到花岗斑岩先于矿床形成，只在后期构造作用的岩体部分成矿的地质事实，少量矿石中的低锶同位素比值黄铁矿有可能来自作为围岩的花岗斑岩，也可能来自基底物质。矿石硫化物Pb同位素206Pb/204Pb=17.552～18.853，平均18.260；207Pb/204Pb=15.574～15.928，平均15.685；208Pb/204Pb=37.894～39.293，平均38.680，变化范围比较大。μ=9.46~10.06，平均为9.65，ω值介于36.96～42.21，显示了铅源的物质成熟度较高，要求最佳物源是浅变质化学-碎屑沉积建造，恰好与本区泥盆构造层为浅变质细碎屑岩夹薄层灰岩系的特征一致，部分低Sr和Pb同位素比值的成矿物质可能来自于作为围岩的花岗斑岩和/或者基地物质。 总结前人阳山金矿床的H-O-C同位素体系的研究得出，初始成矿流体来源于碳酸盐地层或相似岩石建造的变质或/和改造脱水，成矿流体系统从早到晚、从深到浅，由变质热液演变为大气降水热液。与本文得出的结论一致。 总而言之， 阳山金矿矿成矿流体的来源早期具有变质水特征，应来自赋矿地层或相似岩性组合的改造或变质脱水作用，晚阶段大气水为主的流体性质。成矿物质主要来自于赋矿围岩。流体经过作为部分围岩的花岗斑岩时从中萃取少部分成矿物质，而导致了少部分的低锶、铅同位素的矿石硫化物组成。 在中生代扬子板块北缘（包括碧口地块）向南秦岭陆陆碰撞过程中，扬子北缘板片沿勉略断裂向北俯冲到南秦岭之下，下插板片增温增压，发生变质、脱水和部分熔融。碰撞中期，构造背景由挤压向伸展转变，减压增温的环境导致大量变质流体沿深大断裂向上运移，不断萃取围岩中大量成矿元素，并将成矿元素搬运至有利于流体聚集、成矿物质卸载的空间，使成矿物质富集成矿。阳山金矿床定位于泥盆系构造层中，成矿时代为190Ma左右，紧随花岗斑岩侵入作用（220Ma左右），主成矿作用发生于碰撞作用由挤压-伸展转变期的减压增温环境。成岩、成矿模式与CMF模式吻合。 阳山超大型金矿是世界罕见的碰撞造山带内类卡林型金矿床，其地质地球化学特征复杂、独特，流体性质主要与造山型金矿一致，矿床地质主要与卡林型金矿一致，部分特征兼与造山型和卡林型两类矿床之间，花岗斑岩本身成矿的特点又为阳山所特有，总体具有造山型向卡林型金矿过渡的性质。因此建议以“秦岭式”或“阳山式”类卡林型金矿床代表与阳山金矿具有类似成矿背景及地球化学性质的矿床。

长江流域的锂及锂同位素地球化学研究

锂的两个同位素（6Li和7Li）之间相对大的质量差导致它们在自然界的分馏强烈，仅在表生环境就达到了35‰。因而，作为一种有效的示踪剂被广泛地应用于研究宇宙事件、洋壳蚀变及海底热液活动、板块活动、壳幔演化以及示踪卤水来源等地球化学过程。近年来则以大陆风化过程的锂同位素地球化学研究为热点，主要研究方向包括流域尺度大空间范围的总体研究、风化壳剖面的精细研究以及实验室的模拟研究，均涉及水/岩作用过程的锂同位素分馏机理研究。但是，现有的研究结果有的需要进一步论证，有的相互之间存在矛盾，还有部分结论不能自圆其说。 因此，本项论文工作以地表环境过程的锂同位素地球化学研究为切入点，选择长江水系干流和主要支流的地表水、悬浮物和沉积物为研究对象。在低含量样品锂同位素分析方法研究和完善的基础上，就河流体系锂的来源、流域体系的锂同位素组成变化特征及其主要受控因素等方面开展探索性研究。 通过以上研究，本论文得出以下几点认识： 1、采用单一的阳离子树脂柱分离、提纯样品锂，MC-ICP-MS测定其同位素组成。其分析结果的准确度和精确度可以达到现阶段报道的最高水平。海水的锂同位素组成为+31.3±1.0‰（2σ）与前人测定结果的平均值（+31.2‰）接近；样品分析误差约为0.5‰（2σ），与TIMS的分析结果相似。 2、长江水系河水以富含HCO3-、Ca2+为主要特征，两者分别占阴、阳离子总量的70%和50%；其中，以Na+、Cl-含量的变化最大。长江河水的主要离子组成主要受流域岩石风化作用影响，蒸发结晶作用只在少数点起次要作用，而大气沉降的输入十分微弱。岩石风化作用以碳酸盐岩风化的影响最为显著，蒸发盐岩和硅酸岩的影响较小，仅限于长江流域的局部地区。 3、长江水系悬浮物的锂含量及δ7Li值变化较小，分别为41 µg/g~92 µg/g和-4.7‰~+0.7‰。沉积物的锂含量在13.26 µg/g~46.32 µg/g之间，略低于悬浮物的锂含量，而δ7Li较高，在+0.9‰和+9.1‰之间变化。悬浮物和沉积物的锂含量与Al2O3/SiO2、Fe2O3/SiO2、MnO/SiO2及K2O/SiO2等比值之间存在明显的正相关关系，与δ7Li值存在一定的负相关关系，主要表现为粘土矿物对锂的吸附作用，尤其是6Li。 4、长江水系河水的锂含量在1.04 µg/L和31.72 µg/L之间，平均为8.87 µg/L，呈现出从上游至下游逐渐降低的趋势，最高值出现在长江上游的攀枝花段（CJ1）。其锂同位素组成变化也较大，δ7Li值在+7.6‰和+28.1‰之间，但是却呈现出与锂含量变化相反的特征，即从上游至下游逐渐增加，最小值出现在长江上游的攀枝花段(CJ1)。 5、长江干流水体的锂摩尔浓度的倒数（1/Li）和δ7Li值之间存在明显的正相关关系，可能是两个端员组分混合的结果。综合考虑雨水、人为输入和碳酸盐岩对长江干流河水的贡献后，我们认为长江干流河水的锂应该是来自于流域岩石风化的贡献，即蒸发盐岩的溶解和硅酸岩的风化，两者对长江河水锂的贡献在78%和99%之间。 6、悬浮物总是比相应水体富集6Li，导致两者之间的锂同位素分馏明显。悬浮物和河水之间的锂同位素分馏系数（α矿物-流体）在0.976和0.993之间比变化，落在不同粘土矿物吸附产生的分馏范围内。长江上游地区的α矿物-流体落在室温下水铝矿和蒙脱石对锂吸附产生的分馏范围内，下游地区的α矿物-流体则与蛭石和高岭石对水体锂的吸附分馏范围内。除此之外，α矿物-流体还与悬浮物的量密切相关，尤其是在河水进入三峡库区之前。这种相关性同样是粘土矿物对6Li的优先吸附引起的。

Synthesis and catalytic reactivity of MCM-22/ZSM-35 composites for olefin aromatization

A series of MCM-22/ZSM-35 composites has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, particle size distribution analysis, N-2 adsorption and NH3-TPD techniques. Pulse and continuous flow reactions were carried out to evaluate the catalytic performances of these composites in aromatization of olefins, respectively. It was found that MCM-22/ZSM-35 composites could be rapidly crystallized at 174 degrees C with an optimal gel composition of SiO2/Al2O3=25, Na2O/SiO2=0.11, HMI/SiO2=0.35, and H2O/SiO2=45 (molar ratio), of which the weight ratio of ZSM-35 zeolite in the composite relied on the crystallization time. The coexistence of MCM-22 and ZSM-35 in the composite (MCM-22/ZSM-35=45/55 wt/wt) was observed to exert a notable synergistic effect on the aromatization ability for butene conversion and FCC gasoline updating, possibly due to the intergrowth of some MCM-22 and ZSM-35 layers.

Suplementacao alimentar de bovinos com misturas multiplas em pastagens de brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu na seca.

Este trabalho foi realizado pela Embrapa Cerrados em uma fazenda particular, objetivando desenvolver estrategias de suplementacao alimentar de bovinos com Misturas Multiplas. Utilizou-se a ureia como substituto da proteina natural e o milho, como fonte de energia, em B. brizantha cv. Marandu, estabelecida em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura argilosa. O experimento foi conduzido durante a seca de 1997 e durou 84 dias. Empregou-se 160 novilho Nelore, com peso medio de 175 kg arranjados em sistemas de pastejo continuo em quatro pastos, em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: 1- Sal mineralizado com 38% de superfosfato triplo (Testemunha); 2- Milho triturado 30%, farelo de soja 15%, ureia 10%, sal mineralizado 35%, sal comum 10%; 3- Milho triturado 36,4%, farelo de soja 7,5%, ureia 11,1%, sal mineralizado 35%, sal comum 10%; 4- Milho triturado 42,7%, ureia 12,3%, sal mineralizado 35%, sal comum 10%. A disponibilidade de forragem, nos pastos durante o experimento, permaneceu acima 4500 kg de MS/ha. A pressao de pastejo variou de 7% a 8%, e a taxa de lotacao media foi de 1.0 UA/ha. O conteudo de proteina bruta baixou para menos de 6% em agosto, mas elevou-se acima desse valor nos demais meses. A menor digestibilidade (DIVMS) ocorreu em agosto, e a fibra em detergente neutro variou de 60% em junho e 72% em agosto. Os animais, suplementados com a mistura multipla da Embrapa Cerrados, ganharam peso semelhante aos que consumiram as outras misturas e superior aquelas que receberam apenas sal mineralizado. A suplementacao com Mistura Multipla da Embrapa Cerrados aumentou o lucro liquido por animal em 46%, com retorno de US$ 3.59 por dolar aplicado.

Atuação do Brasil no mercado vitivinícola mundial: panorama 2005.

O balanço comercial do setorvitivinícola nacional sinaliza para o equilíbrio no curto prazo. Em 2005, houve acréscimo no valor das exportações brasileiras de uvas, de 85,39% em relação ao ano anterior, perfazendo um total de 120,87 milhões de dólares. O déficit de 5,45 milhões de dólares representa apenas 4,51% do valor das e~ortações e foi reduzido em 86,72%;em relação ao ano de 2004. Cabe destacar o excelente desempenho nas vendasde uvas de mesa, 103,35% superior, en?:valor, ao ano de 2004, aliado aos acréscimos das exportações de vinhos de mesa (61,38%).

Estudo da prevalência da utilização de protetores bucais em praticantes da arte marcial Muay Thai

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Practice links [Issue 35, December, 2009]

Practice Links is a free e-publication for practitioners working in Irish social services, voluntary and nongovernmental sectors. Practice Links was created to enable practitioners to keep up-to-date with new publications, electronic resources and conference opportunities. Issue 35 examines the work of Positive Behaviour Ireland and the new pre-school Curriculum framework; Aistear

Fundamental studies of sourdoughs fermented with Weissella cibaria and Lactobacillus plantarum: influence on baking characteristics, sensory profiles and in vitro starch digestibility of gluten-free breads

The application of sourdough can improve texture, structure, nutritional value, staling rate and shelf life of wheat and gluten-free breads. These quality improvements are associated with the formation of organic acids, exopolysaccharides (EPS), aroma or antifungal compounds. Initially, the suitability of two lactic acid bacteria strains to serve as sourdough starters for buckwheat, oat, quinoa, sorghum and flours was investigated. Wheat flour was chosen as a reference. The obligate heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium (LAB) Weissella cibaria MG1 (Wc) formed the EPS dextran (a α-1,6-glucan) from sucrose in situ with a molecular size of 106 to 107 kDa. EPS formation in all breads was analysed using size exclusion chromatography and highest amounts were formed in buckwheat (4 g/ kg) and quinoa sourdough (3 g/ kg). The facultative heterofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum FST1.7 (Lp) was identified as strong acidifier and was chosen due to its ubiquitous presence in gluten-free as well as wheat sourdoughs (Vogelmann et al. 2009). Both Wc and Lp, showed highest total titratable acids in buckwheat (16.8 ml; 26.0 ml), teff (16.2 ml; 24.5 ml) and quinoa sourdoughs (26.4 ml; 35.3 ml) correlating with higher amounts of fermentable sugars and higher buffering capacities. Sourdough incorporation reduced the crumb hardness after five days of storage in buckwheat (Wc -111%), teff (Wc -39%) and wheat (Wc -206%; Lp -118%) sourdough breads. The rate of staling (N/ day) was reduced in buckwheat (Ctrl 8 N; Wc 3 N; Lp 6 N), teff (Ctrl 13 N; Wc 9 N; Lp 10 N) and wheat (Ctrl 5 N; Wc 1 N; Lp 2 N) sourdough breads. Bread dough softening upon Wc and Lp sourdough incorporation accounted for increased crumb porosity in buckwheat (+10.4%; +4.7), teff (+8.1%; +8.3%) and wheat sourdough breads (+8.7%; +6.4%). Weissella cibaria MG1 sourdough improved the aroma quality of wheat bread but had no impact on aroma of gluten-free breads. Microbial shelf life however, was not prolonged in any of the breads regardless of the starter culture used. Due to the high prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus particular amongst coeliac patients, glycaemic control is of great (Berti et al. 2004). The in vitro starch digestibility of gluten-free breads with and without sourdough addition was analysed to predict the GI (pGI). Sourdough can decrease starch hydrolysis in vitro, due to formation of resistant starch and organic acids. Predicted GI of gluten-free control breads were significantly lower than for the reference white wheat bread (GI=100). Starch granule size was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and was significantly smaller in quinoa flour (<2 μm). This resulted in higher enzymatic susceptibility and hence higher pGI for quinoa bread (95). Lowest hydrolysis indexes for sorghum and teff control breads (72 and 74, respectively) correlate with higher gelatinisation peak temperatures (69°C and 71°C, respectively). Levels of resistant starch were not increased by addition of Weissella cibaria MG1 (weak acidifier) or Lactobacillus plantarum FST1.7 (strong acidifier). The pGI was significantly decreased for both wheat sourdough breads (Wc 85; Lp 76). Lactic acid can promote starch interactions with gluten hence decreasing starch susceptibility (Östman et al. 2002). For most gluten-free breads, the pGI was increased upon sourdough addition. Only sorghum and teff Lp sourdough breads (69 and 68, respectively) had significantly decreased pGI. Results suggest that the increase of starch hydrolysis in gluten-free breads was related to mechanism other than presence of organic acids and formation of resistant starch.

Cesarean section and rate of subsequent stillbirth, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy: a Danish register-based cohort study

Background: With cesarean section rates increasing worldwide, clarity regarding negative effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the rate of subsequent stillbirth, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy following primary cesarean section, controlling for confounding by indication. Methods and Findings: We performed a population-based cohort study using Danish national registry data linking various registers. The cohort included primiparous women with a live birth between January 1, 1982, and December 31, 2010 (n = 832,996), with follow-up until the next event (stillbirth, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy) or censoring by live birth, death, emigration, or study end. Cox regression models for all types of cesarean sections, sub-group analyses by type of cesarean, and competing risks analyses for the causes of stillbirth were performed. An increased rate of stillbirth (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.01, 1.28) was found in women with primary cesarean section compared to spontaneous vaginal delivery, giving a theoretical absolute risk increase (ARI) of 0.03% for stillbirth, and a number needed to harm (NNH) of 3,333 women. Analyses by type of cesarean section showed similarly increased rates for emergency (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01, 1.31) and elective cesarean (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.91, 1.35), although not statistically significant in the latter case. An increased rate of ectopic pregnancy was found among women with primary cesarean overall (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04, 1.15) and by type (emergency cesarean, HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03, 1.15, and elective cesarean, HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03, 1.21), yielding an ARI of 0.1% and a NNH of 1,000 women for ectopic pregnancy. No increased rate of miscarriage was found among women with primary cesarean, with maternally requested cesarean section associated with a decreased rate of miscarriage (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60, 0.85). Limitations include incomplete data on maternal body mass index, maternal smoking, fertility treatment, causes of stillbirth, and maternally requested cesarean section, as well as lack of data on antepartum/intrapartum stillbirth and gestational age for stillbirth and miscarriage. Conclusions: This study found that cesarean section is associated with a small increased rate of subsequent stillbirth and ectopic pregnancy. Underlying medical conditions, however, and confounding by indication for the primary cesarean delivery account for at least part of this increased rate. These findings will assist women and health-care providers to reach more informed decisions regarding mode of delivery.

Survival analysis of adult tuberculosis disease

Background: We conducted a survival analysis of all the confirmed cases of Adult Tuberculosis (TB) patients treated in Cork-City, Ireland. The aim of this study was to estimate Survival time (ST), including median time of survival and to assess the association and impact of covariates (TB risk factors) to event status and ST. The outcome of the survival analysis is reported in this paper. Methods: We used a retrospective cohort study research design to review data of 647 bacteriologically confirmed TB patients from the medical record of two teaching hospitals. Mean age 49 years (Range 18–112). We collected information on potential risk factors of all confirmed cases of TB treated between 2008–2012. For the survival analysis, the outcome of interest was ‘treatment failure’ or ‘death’ (whichever came first). A univariate descriptive statistics analysis was conducted using a non- parametric procedure, Kaplan -Meier (KM) method to estimate overall survival (OS), while the Cox proportional hazard model was used for the multivariate analysis to determine possible association of predictor variables and to obtain adjusted hazard ratio. P value was set at <0.05, log likelihood ratio test at >0.10. Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0. Results: There was no significant difference in the survival curves of male and female patients. (Log rank statistic = 0.194, df = 1, p = 0.66) and among different age group (Log rank statistic = 1.337, df = 3, p = 0.72). The mean overall survival (OS) was 209 days (95%CI: 92–346) while the median was 51 days (95% CI: 35.7–66). The mean ST for women was 385 days (95%CI: 76.6–694) and for men was 69 days (95%CI: 48.8–88.5). Multivariate Cox regression showed that patient who had history of drug misuse had 2.2 times hazard than those who do not have drug misuse. Smokers and alcohol drinkers had hazard of 1.8 while patients born in country of high endemicity (BICHE) had hazard of 6.3 and HIV co-infection hazard was 1.2. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in survival curves of male and female and among age group. Women had a higher ST compared to men. But men had a higher hazard rate compared to women. Anti-TNF, immunosuppressive medication and diabetes were found to be associated with longer ST, while alcohol, smoking, RICHE, BICHE was associated with shorter ST.

Outcomes After Total Ankle Replacement in Association With Ipsilateral Hindfoot Arthrodesis.

BACKGROUND: Ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis in combination with total ankle replacement (TAR) may diminish functional outcome and prosthesis survivorship compared to isolated TAR. We compared the outcome of isolated TAR to outcomes of TAR with ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 404 primary TARs in 396 patients, 70 patients (17.3%) had a hindfoot fusion before, after, or at the time of TAR; the majority had either an isolated subtalar arthrodesis (n = 43, 62%) or triple arthrodesis (n = 15, 21%). The remaining 334 isolated TARs served as the control group. Mean patient follow-up was 3.2 years (range, 24-72 months). RESULTS: The SF-36 total, AOFAS Hindfoot-Ankle pain subscale, Foot and Ankle Disability Index, and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment scores were significantly improved from preoperative measures, with no significant differences between the hindfoot arthrodesis and control groups. The AOFAS Hindfoot-Ankle total, function, and alignment scores were significantly improved for both groups, albeit the control group demonstrated significantly higher scores in all 3 scales. Furthermore, the control group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in VAS pain score compared to the hindfoot arthrodesis group. Walking speed, sit-to-stand time, and 4-square step test time were significantly improved for both groups at each postoperative time point; however, the hindfoot arthrodesis group completed these tests significantly slower than the control group. There was no significant difference in terms of talar component subsidence between the fusion (2.6 mm) and control groups (2.0 mm). The failure rate in the hindfoot fusion group (10.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (2.4%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this study represents the first series evaluating the clinical outcome of TARs performed with and without hindfoot fusion using implants available in the United States. At follow-up of 3.2 years, TAR performed with ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis resulted in significant improvements in pain and functional outcome; in contrast to prior studies, however, overall outcome was inferior to that of isolated TAR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative series.