Murteellisuus, maalaisuus ja miellyttävyys helsinkiläisten kuulemana : Monimenetelmäinen tutkimus lukiolaisten kieliasenteista

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan helsinkiläislukiolaisten asennoitumista suomen murteisiin ja pääkaupunkiseudun puhekieleen. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimivat sosiaalipsykologinen kieliasennetutkimus ja kansanlingvistiikka. Keskeisin tutkimusmenetelmä tutkielmassa on kuuntelutesti, jonka avulla selvitettiin, miten helsinkiläisnuoret arvioivat kuulemiaan erimurteisia ääninäytteitä ja minne he paikantavat ne. Pääaineistona on 221:n ja lisäaineistona 19 helsinkiläislukiolaisen lomakevastaukset. Lomakkeen avulla vastaajilta kerättiin tietoa ääninäytteisiin liitetyistä assosiaatioista muun muassa asenneskaalojen ja lisäaineistossa avoimien kysymysten avulla. Laajemman aineiston analysoinnissa on hyödynnetty tilastollisia menetelmiä SPSS-ohjelman avulla. Kuuntelutesti koostui yhdeksästä tutkimusta varten äänitetystä puhenäytteestä. Verbal guise -tekniikan mukaisesti kunkin näytteen puhuja puhuu omaa murrettaan, poikkeuksena yksi puhuja, joka tuotti kuuntelutehtävää varten kaksi erimurteista ääninäytettä (matched guise). Kokonaisuutena miellyttävimmäksi arvioitiin helsinkiläisnaisen ja kiiminkiläismiehen ääninäytteet. Lukiolaiset arvioivat siis myönteisimmin ääripäitä: oman asuinalueensa puhetapaa ja murteellista puhetapaa. Kuitenkin toinen Helsinkiin paikannettu puhuja, espoolaisnainen, arvioitiin toiseksi epämiellyttävimmäksi: samalla lailla arvioitiin myös uusimaalaisena pidetyn turkulaismiehen näyte. Nämä epämiellyttävän kuuloisiksi arvioidut puhuivat vastaajien mielestä epäselvästi, mikä vaikutti tilastollisesti merkitsevästi heidän evaluointeihinsa. Matched guise -ääniparista vastaajat pitivät lounaisvälimurteista versiota peräpohjalaisversiota miellyttävämpänä. Tasoittunutta murretta puhuneet sijoitettiin pääasiassa Etelä-Suomeen ja leimallista murretta puhuneet Savoon ja Pohjanmaalle. Kuvaillessaan sanallisesti ääninäytteitä vastaajat kiinnittivät huomiota siihen, kuinka hyvin puhuja suoriutui tehtävästä (kuvasta kertominen), millainen oli hänen tunnetilansa ja kuinka murteellinen hän oli. Murteellisiksi kuvattuja puhujia pidettiin myös maalaisimpina. Helsinkiin paikannettuja puhujia pidettiin murteettomina. Sekä suoraan kysymällä että epäsuorasti kuuntelutestillä tutkien lukiolaisten murreasenteista saadaan samansuuntainen kuva: suurin osa vastaajista suhtautuu melko myönteisesti murteisiin. Sen sijaan suhde pääkaupunkiseutulaiseen puheeseen on ristiriitainen, sillä kuuntelutestin perusteella vastaajat eivät automaattisesti suosi helsinkiläisiksi tunnistamiaan ja puolet heistä pitää slangia leuhkan kuuloisena. Tutkielma antaa tietoa siitä, miten helsinkiläislukiolaiset suhtautuvat kuulemiinsa erilaisiin puhetapoihin. Tämä kuva poikkeaa osin aiempien tutkimusten kuvaamista stereotyyppisistä murreasenteista. Metodisesti tutkimus avartaa käsitystä siitä, miten olennainen merkitys kuulijoille esitetyn äänimateriaalin luonteella on tuloksiin. Murreaineksen ohella asenteisiin vaikuttavat puheen sisällölliset seikat, sekä se, miten selvästi tai epäselvästi puhujan koetaan puhuvan. Menetelmään liittyvistä ongelmista huolimatta kuuntelutehtävän avulla on mahdollista saada tietoa sekä avoimista että alitajuisemmista asenteista eri kielimuotoja kohtaan.

Bicriterion differential games with qualitative outcomes

Combat games are studied as bicriterion differential games with qualitative outcomes determined by threshold values on the criterion functions. Survival and capture strategies of the players are defined using the notion of security levels. Closest approach survival strategies (CASS) and minimum risk capture strategies (MRCS) are important strategies for the players identified as solutions to four optimization problems involving security levels. These are used, in combination with the preference orderings of the qualitative outcomes by the players, to delineate the win regions and the secured draw and mutual kill regions for the players. It is shown that the secured draw regions and the secured mutual kill regions for the two players are not necessarily the same. Simple illustrative examples are given.

Trajectories of charged particles in the static Ernst space-time

The authors study the trajectories of charged particles in Ernst's space-time representing a static black hole immersed in a magnetic field. They find bound orbits always exist for realistic magnetic field strengths. A similar investigation is carried out for the case of Melvin's magnetic universe and for a corresponding test field superposed on a flat space-time.

Development of a probe-based blotting technique for the detection of Tobacco streak virus

Digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled DNA probe was developed for a sensitive and rapid detection of the Tobacco streak virus (TSV) isolates in India by dot-blot and tissue print hybridization techniques. DIG-labeled DNA probe complementary to the coat protein (CP) region of TSV sunflower isolate was designed and used to detect the TSV presence at field levels. Dot-blot hybridization was used to check a large number of TSV isolates with a single probe. In addition, a sensitivity of the technique was examined with the different sample extraction methods. Another technique, the tissue blot hybridization offered a simple, reliable procedure and did not require a sample processing. Thus, both non-radioactively labeled probe techniques could facilitate the sample screening during TSV outbreaks and offer an advantage in quarantine services.

Structural synthesis by transformation of binary chains Strukturelle synthese durch umwandlung binaerer ketten

The paper presents a general method of structural synthesis which can be used to derive all possible simple- and multiple-jointed chains of positive, zero or negative degree-of-freedom. In this method all possible chains with N links and F degrees-of-freedom are derived by the transformation of the corresponding “binary chains” with N binary links and F degrees-of-freedom. The method is illustrated by applying to the case of chains with degrees-of-freedom 1,2,0 and −1.

Structural and functional studies of Bacillus stearothermophilus serine hydroxymethyl transferase: the role of N341, Y60 and F351 in tetrahydrofolate binding.

SHMT (serine hydoxymethyltransferase), a type I pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme, catalyses the conversion of L-serine and THF (tetrahydrofolate) into glycine and 5,10 -methylene THE SHMT also catalyses several THF-independent side reactions such as cleavage of P-hydroxy amino acids, trans-amination, racemization and decarboxylation. In the present study, the residues Asn(341), Tyr(60) and Phe(351), which are likely to influence THF binding, were mutated to alanine, alanine and glycine respectively, to elucidate the role of these residues in THF-dependent and -independent reactions catalysed by SHMT. The N341A and Y60A bsSHMT (Bacillus stearothermophilus SHMT) mutants were inactive for the THF-dependent activity, while the mutations had no effect on THF-independent activity. However, mutation of Phe(351) to glycine did not have any effect oil either of the activities. The crystal structures of the glycine binary complexes of the mutants showed that N341A bsSHMT forms an external aldimine as in bsSHMT, whereas Y60A and F351G bsSHMTs exist as a Mixture of internal/external aldimine and gem-diamine forms. Crystal structures of all of the three Mutants obtained in the presence of L-allo-threonine were similar to the respective glycine binary complexes. The structure of the ternary complex of F351G bsSHMT with glycine and FTHF (5-formyl THF) showed that the monoglutamate side chain of FTHF is ordered in both the subunits of the asymmetric unit, unlike in the wild-type bsSHMT. The present studies demonstrate that the residues Asn(341) and Tyr(60) are pivotal for the binding of THF/FTHF, whereas Phe(351) is responsible for the asymmetric binding of FTHF in the two subunits of the dimer.

Nature of nitrogen adsorbed on transition metal surfaces as revealed by electron spectroscopy and cognate techniques

The nature of the chemisorbed states of nitrogen on various transition metal surfaces is discussed comprehensively on the basis of the results of electron spectroscopic investigations augmented by those from other techniques such as LEED and thermal desorption. A brief discussion of the photoemission spectra of free N2, a comparison of adsorbed N2 and CO as well as of physisorption of N2 on metal surfaces is also presented. We discuss the chemisorption of N2 on the surfaces of certain metals (e.g. Ni, Fe, Ru and W) in some detail, paying considerable attention to the effect of electropositive and electronegative surface modifiers. Features of the various chemisorbed states (one or more weakly chemisorbed gamma-states, strongly chemisorbed alpha-states with bond orders between 1 and 2. and dissociative chemisorbed beta-states) on different surfaces are described and relations between them indicated. While the gamma-state could be a precursor of the alpha-state, the alpha-state could be the precursor of the beta-state and this kind of information is of direct relevance to ammonia synthesis. The nature of adsorption of N2 on the surfaces of some metals (e.g. Cr, Co) deserves further study and such investigations might as well suggest alternative catalysts for ammonia synthesis.

Structure of a monochloro bridged polymeric copper(II)-di-2-pyridylamine complex: [Cu(dipyam)Cl(NO3)].0.5H2O

Di-2-pyridylaminechloronitratocopper(II) hemihydrate, [CuCl(NO3)(C10H9N3)].0.5H2O, M(r) = 341.21, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 7.382 (1), b = 21.494 (4), c = 8.032 (1) angstrom, beta = 94.26 (1)-degrees, V = 1270.9 angstrom 3, Z = 4, D(m) = 1.78, D(x) = 1.782 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K-alpha) = 0.7107 angstrom, mu(Mo K-alpha) = 19.47 cm-1, F(000) = 688. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method and refined to a final R value of 0.034 for 2736 reflections collected at 294 K. The structure consists of polymeric [Cu(dipyam)Cl(NO3)] units bridged by a chloride ion.

Visualization of enantiomers and determination of homo- and hetero-nuclear residual dipolar and scalar couplings: The natural abundant C-13 edited J/D-resolved NMR techniques

The simple two dimensional C-13-satellite J/D-resolved experiments have been proposed for the visualization of enantiomers, extraction of homo- and hetero-nuclear residual dipolar couplings and also H-1 chemical shift differences between the enantiomers in the anisotropic medium. The significant advantages of the techniques are in the determination of scalar couplings of bigger organic molecules. The scalar couplings specific to a second abundant spin such as F-19 can be selectively extracted from the severely overlapped spectrum. The methodologies are demonstrated on a chiral molecule aligned in the chiral liquid crystal medium and two different organic molecules in the isotropic solutions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Conformational studies of the triphenylphosphazenyl side chain in cyclophosphazenes. I. Crystal and molecular structure of N3P3C15(NPPh3)

The title compound, C t8H~sC15NaP4, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2~/n with a = 20.14 (2), b = 8.69 (1), c = 14.92 (2) A, fl = 98.8 (3) ° , Z = 4. The structure was determined from visual data and refined to R = 0-069 for 1450 reflections. The cyclophosphazene ring is non-planar. The exocyclic NPPh 3 group exhibits type I conformation [R. A. Shaw (1975). Pure Appl. Chem. 44, 317-341] in which the N-P bond is perpendicular to the adjacent P-CI bond.

Synthesis and characterization of flexible epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with amine functionalized alumina nanoparticles: a potential encapsulant for organic devices

Research on conducting polymers, organic light emitting diodes and organic solar cells has been an exciting field for the past decade. The challenge with these organic devices is the long term stability of the active material. Organic materials are susceptible to chemical degradation in the presence of oxygen and moisture. The sensitivity of these materials towards oxygen and moisture makes it imperative to protect them by encapsulation. Polymer nanocomposites can be used as encapsulation materials in order to prevent material degradation. In the present work, amine functionalized alumina was used as a cross-linking and reinforcing material for the polymer matrix in order to fabricate the composites to be used for encapsulation of devices. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to elucidate the surface chemistry. Thermogravimetric analysis techniques and CHN analysis were used to quantify grafting density of amine groups over the surface of the nanoparticles. Mechanical characterizations of the composites with various loadings were carried out with dynamic mechanical analyzer. It was observed that the composites have good thermal stability and mechanical flexibility, which are important for an encapsulant. The morphology of the composites was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.

A functional style of programming with CSP-like communication mechanisms

This paper introduces CSP-like communication mechanisms into Backus’ Functional Programming (FP) systems extended by nondeterministic constructs. Several new functionals are used to describe nondeterminism and communication in programs. The functionals union and restriction are introduced into FP systems to develop a simple algebra of programs with nondeterminism. The behaviour of other functionals proposed in this paper are characterized by the properties of union and restriction. The axiomatic semantics of communication constructs are presented. Examples show that it is possible to reason about a communicating program by first transforming it into a non-communicating program by using the axioms of communication, and then reasoning about the resulting non-communicating version of the program. It is also shown that communicating programs can be developed from non-communicating programs given as specifications by using a transformational approach.

Performance of a small solar pond in the tropics

The performance of the 240 m2 solar pond in Bangalore is discussed. The problems of erosion of gradient zone and formation of internal convective zones is highlighted. The technique of passive salt addition is shown to be a viable alternative for salt recycling. Different techniques of heat extraction are discussed and the use of an immersed copper heat exchanger is shown to be most convenient. A two-zone model for prediction of the seasonal structure of the solar pond performance is proposed. The model is shown to simulate the seasonal structure of the observed variation of the temperature in the storage zone.