Acidentes de trabalho em indústria gráfica

Os autores analisam, dentro do campo da higiene industrial, as condições sanitárias de um grande estabelecimento de artes gráficas no Rio de Janeiro — a Imprensa Nacional, o regime de trabalho aí instituído; e revistam, um a um, os processos industriais executados, especialmente atenção às causas potenciais de acidentes, que aí existem, e também àquelas cuja responsabilidade já se positivou. Ressaltam, no ponto de vista doutrinário, os diversos fatores que podem interferir na ocorrência dêsses infortúnios de trabalho; e, mostrando como tem sido superestimada a culpabilidade das máquinas, realçam a importância dos fatores individuais — idade e experiência do operário, doenças e defeitos físicos, atitude mental, constituição fisio-psicologica. Salientam como a evidência da predisposição a acidentes, que se reconheça existir, possibilita manter os operários, já em função ou pretendentes a emprego, debaixo de supervisão rigorosa; e oportuniza mesmo colocá-los melhormente, em tarefas que, no máximo, só lhes possam acarretar aciden¬tes de natureza leve. Mostram que, no período em estudo — 1942 a 1945, houve ao todo 1.123 acidentes na I.N., com o coeficiente geral de incidência de 220.3 por 1.000 operários expostos. O coeficiente de acidentes médios ou graves foi de 32 por mil, no mesmo período. Apontando ainda a descenção, no quatriênio, das curvas relativas tanto aos acidentes totais, como aos médios ou graves e aos produzidos por máquinas, dão a ver que a taxa, que retrata essa descida, é, para os primeiros, 3.5 e cêrca de 10 vêzes maior, respectivamente, que a dos acidentes por máquinas e dos médios ou graves. Mostra-se significativa a diferença, entre a tendência observada nas curvas dos acidentes em geral e dos médios ou graves; já isso, porém, não acontece, quanto à diferença entre a primeira e a dos acidentes produzidos por máquinas. De fato, sendo os valores de t respec¬tivamente, dc 2.987 e 2.333, só o primeiro fica, na tabela de Fisher, acima do nível de significância P = 5%, para v = 4 graus de liberdade (2.776). Na base dos coeficientes de incidência por 1.000 operários, em cada uma das seções da Imprensa Nacional, verifica-se terem sido eles mais elevados nas oficinas de mecânica e carpintaria e na turma de eletricidade; já quanto a oficinas pròpriamente gráficas, mostram-se mais altos os coeficientes nas de rotogravura, estereotipia e impressão. Em 8 das 14 seções, depois de baixa pronunciada do primeiro para o segundo ano e deste para o terceiro, alteou-se, no fim do período (1945), a curva de acidentes. Só na oficina mecânica, veio ela sempre em declínio. Levando em conta a severidade dos acidentes, verifica-se que, no período em estudo, os coeficientes relativos aos acidentes médios ou graves, calculados sobre 1.000 operários expostos, foram mais altos nas oficinas auxiliares de mecânica e carpintaria, seguidos, também aqui, dos ocorridos na rotogravura e estereotipia. Analisando os acidentes pelas suas causas imediatas, apontam os auto¬res ter tocado, no período e em qualquer dos quatro anos, às máquinas, a maior responsabilidade; seguiram-se-lhes os instrumentos e objetos traumatizantes, as quédas e choques. Todavia. na base do percentual dos acidentes médios ou graves sobre o total respectivo. regista-se haver contraste nítido, respeito à severidade, entre um primeiro grupo de causas de acidentes, compreendendo o esforço, os corpos estranhos (dada a sua frequente localização ocular) e os agentes causadores de queimaduras e um segundo grupo, englobando as de¬mais causas, salvo as máquinas, que ficam de permeio. A responsabilidade dos corpos estranhos e das queimaduras, como causas de acidentes de severidade, mostra o cuidado que devem merecer os recursos de proteção individual para os operários. Tabulando por meses, e na base de horas de trabalho, os acidentes ocorridos, verifica-se que a maior taxa corresponde ao verão (146.2 por 1.000 horas de trabalho), seguindo-se-lhe o outono (122.0), vindo depois o inverno e a primavera, nesta ordem. Não sendo, no Rio de Janeiro, cidade situada na zona tropical, tão nítida. como em outras de clima temperado, a diferenciação estacional, tomaram os autores para comparação os quadrimestres mais quente (dezembro a marco) e mais frio (junho a setembro), e verificaram que a taxa de acidentes no primeiro, de 136.8 por 1.000 horas de trabalho, contrasta com a relativa ao segundo período — 125.4. Levando apenas em conta os acidentes médios ou graves, não mais se aponta a diferença verificada: tocam, realmente, aos dois quadrimestres, as taxas de 17.2 e 19.7. É muito nítida, porém, a variação no pertinente aos acidentes leves - 119.6 e 105.8, sôbre os quais, segundo Osborne e Vernon, parece clara a influência da temperatura ambiente: de fato, nas verificações desses investigadores, a frequência relativa de acidentes subiu de 102 para 122, quando a temperatura ascendeu de 20°4 C a 25°2 C. No Rio de Janeiro, a temperatura media, no quadrimestre mais quente, foi dc 25°. 2 C e, no mais frio, de 20°.4 C, idênticos os valores aos dos dados de Osborne e Vernon, como pràticamente também o são as taxas de acidentes leves, aqui e ali observadas em função de tais variações. Não se mostrando de todo satisfatórios os dados de 123 das 209 fotometrias realizadas na Imprensa Nacional (59%), apontam os autores tornar-se difícil aquilatar a responsabilidade exata da deficiência de iluminamento, nos acidentes ocorridos. Salientam, todavia, que, mau grado a construção do edifício e as instalações de iluminação artificial terem sido projetadas por técnicos nesses assuntos, a verdade é que os esperados benefícios se viram prejudicados: em parte, pela colocação, nem sempre a mais satisfatória, de máquinas e operários: também, porque muitos dos pontos de luz artificial estão inaproveitados e, ainda, por não ter sido feita de maneira adequada a substituição de unidades defeituosas. Há a consignar, ademais, o descuido, por vezes grande, na limpeza dessas unidades e das superfícies transmissoras de luz natural e a ocorrência de ofuscamento para os operários em diversas situações...

Determination of displacement, stress- and strain-distribution in the human heart: a FE-model on the basis of MR imaging.

The determination of characteristic cardiac parameters, such as displacement, stress and strain distribution are essential for an understanding of the mechanics of the heart. The calculation of these parameters has been limited until recently by the use of idealised mathematical representations of biventricular geometries and by applying simple material laws. On the basis of 20 short axis heart slices and in consideration of linear and nonlinear material behaviour we have developed a FE model with about 100,000 degrees of freedom. Marching Cubes and Phong's incremental shading technique were used to visualise the three dimensional geometry. In a quasistatic FE analysis continuous distribution of regional stress and strain corresponding to the endsystolic state were calculated. Substantial regional variation of the Von Mises stress and the total strain energy were observed at all levels of the heart model. The results of both the linear elastic model and the model with a nonlinear material description (Mooney-Rivlin) were compared. While the stress distribution and peak stress values were found to be comparable, the displacement vectors obtained with the nonlinear model were generally higher in comparison with the linear elastic case indicating the need to include nonlinear effects.

Temporal and spatial appearance of the membrane cytoskeleton and perineuronal nets in the rat neocortex.

Parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons are surrounded by perineuronal nets, containing molecules of the extracellular matrix (e.g. tenascin-R). Furthermore, they seem to have a special cytoskeleton composed of, among others, ankyrinR and beta Rspectrin. In the present developmental study we showed that the intracellular markers parvalbumin, ankyrinR and beta Rspectrin as well as Vicia Villosa agglutinin, an extracellular marker for perineuronal nets, appeared in the second postnatal week. In the third postnatal week, ankyrinR and beta R spectrin were present in the parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Tenascin-R appeared in a similar topographic distribution as the intracellular markers. The adult pattern was established upon the end of the fourth postnatal week. Our results indicate that cytoskeletal maturity maybe a prerequisite for the organization of perineuronal nets of extracellular matrix.

The Importance of Graduates for the Scottish Economy: A “Micro-to-Macro” Approach

There have been numerous attempts to assess the overall impact of Higher Education Institutions on regional economies in the UK and elsewhere. There are two disparate approaches focussing on: demand-side effects of HEIs, exerted through universities’ expenditures within the local economy; HEIs’ contribution to the “knowledge economy”. However, neither approach seeks to measure the impact on regional economies that HEIs exert through the enhanced productivity of their graduates. We address this lacuna and explore the system-wide impact of the graduates on the regional economy. An extensive and sophisticated literature suggests that graduates enjoy a significant wage premium, often interpreted as reflecting their greater productivity relative to non-graduates. If this is so there is a clear and direct supply-side impact of HEI activities on regional economies through the employment of their graduates. However, there is some dispute over the extent to which the graduate wage premium reflects innate abilities rather than the impact of higher education per se. We use an HEI-disaggregated computable general equilibrium model of Scotland to estimate the impact of the growing proportion of graduates in the Scottish labour force that is implied by the current participation rate and demographic change, taking the graduate wage premium in Scotland as an indicator of productivity enhancement. We conduct a range of sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results. While the detailed results do, of course, vary with alternative assumptions about future graduate retention rates and the size of the graduate wage premium, for example, they do suggest that the long-term supply-side impacts of HEIs provide a significant boost to regional GDP. Furthermore, the results suggest that the supply-side impacts of HEIs are likely to be more important than the expenditure impacts that are the focus of most “impact” studies.

Marbles and carbonate rocks from central Morocco: a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study

Petrographic, mineralogical, and stable isotopes (delta C-13, delta O-18 values) compositions were used to characterise marbles and sedimentary carbonate rocks from central Morocco, which are considered to be a likely source of ornamental and building material from Roman time to the present day. This new data set was used in the frame of an archaeometric provenance study on Roman artefacts from the town of Thamusida (Kenitra, north Morocco), to assess the potential employment of these rocks for the manufacture of the archaeological materials. A representative set of samples from marbles and other carbonate rocks (limestone, dolostone) were collected in several quarries and outcrops in the Moroccan Meseta, in a region extending from the Meknes-Khenifra alignment to the Atlantic Ocean. All the samples were studied using a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical methods. The petrographic and minerological investigations (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) allowed to group the carbonate rocks in limestones, foliated limestone, diagenetic breccias and dolostone. The limestones could be further grouped as mudstones, wackestones-packstones, crinoid grainstones, oolitic grainstone and floatstones. Textural differences allowed to define marbles varieties. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition proved to be quite useful in the discrimination of marble sources, with apparently less discriminatory potential for carbonate rocks.

ADOS: an educational primary prevention programme for preventing excess body weight in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of adolescent obesity has increased considerably over the past decade in Switzerland and has become a serious public health problem in Europe. Prevention of obesity using various comprehensive programmes appears to be very promising, although we must admit that several interventions had generally disappointing results compared with the objectives and target initially fixed. Holistic programmes including nutritional education combined with promotion of physical activity and behaviour modification constitute the key factors in the prevention of childhood and adolescent obesity. The purpose of this programme was to incorporate nutrition/physical education as well as psychological aspects in selected secondary schools (9th grade, 14-17 years). METHODS: The educational strategy was based on the development of a series of 13 practical workshops covering wide areas such as physical inactivity, body composition, sugar, energy density, invisible lipids, how to read food labels, is meal duration important? Do you eat with pleasure or not? Do you eat because you are hungry? Emotional eating. For teachers continuing education, a basic highly illustrated guide was developed as a companion booklet to the workshops. These materials were first validated by biology, physical education, dietician and psychologist teachers as well as school medical officers. RESULTS: Teachers considered the practical educational materials innovative and useful, motivational and easy to understand. Up to now (early 2008), the programme has been implemented in 50 classes or more from schools originating from three areas in the French part of Switzerland. Based on the 1-week pedometer value assessed before and after the 1 school-year programme, an initial evaluation indicated that overall physical placidity was significantly decreased as evidenced by a significant rise in the number of steps per day. CONCLUSION: Future evaluation will provide more information on the effectiveness of the ADOS programme.

Increased activation in Broca's area after cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure changes in cerebral activity in patients with schizophrenia after participation in the Cognitive Remediation Program for Schizophrenia and other related disorders (RECOS). As RECOS therapists make use of problem-solving and verbal mediation techniques, known to be beneficial in the rehabilitation of dysexecutive syndromes, we expected an increased activation of frontal areas after remediation. Executive functioning and cerebral activation during a covert verbal fluency task were measured in eight patients with schizophrenia before (T1) and after (T2) 14 weeks of RECOS therapy. The same measures were recorded in eight patients with schizophrenia who did not participate in RECOS at the same intervals of time (TAU group). Increased activation in Broca's area, as well as improvements in performance of executive/frontal tasks, was observed after cognitive training. Metacognitive techniques of verbalization are hypothesized to be the main factor underlying the brain changes observed in the present study.

Genomic determinants of the efficiency of internal ribosomal entry sites of viral and cellular origin

Summary : Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are used by viruses as a strategy to bypass inhibition of cap-dependent translation that commonly results from viral infection. IRES are also used in eukaryotic cells to control mRNA translation under conditions of cellular stress (apoptosis, heat shock) or during the G2 phase of the cell cycle when general protein synthesis is inhibited. Variation in cellular expression levels has been shown to be inherited. Expression is controlled, among others, by transcriptional factors and by the efficiency of cap-mediated translation and ribosome activity. We aimed at identifying genomic determinants of variability in IRES-mediated translation of two representative IRES [Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and X-linked Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis (XIAP) IRES]. We used bicistronic lentiviral constructions expressing two fluorescent reporter transgenes. Lentiviruses were used to transduce seven different laboratory cell lines and B lymphoblastoid cell lines from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH; 15 pedigrees; n=209); representing an in vitro approach to family structure allowing genome scan analyses. The relative expression of the two markers was assessed by FACS. IRES efficiency varies according to cellular background, but also varies, for a same cell type, among individuals. The control of IRES activity presents an inherited component (h2) of 0.47 and 0.36 for EMCV and XIAP IRES, respectively. A genome scan identified a suggestive Quantitative Trait Loci (LOD 2.35) involved in the control of XIAP IRES activity. Résumé : Les sites internes d'entrée des ribosomes (IRES = internal ribosome entry sites) sont utilisés par les virus comme une stratégie afin d'outrepasser l'inhibition de traduction qui résulte communément d'une infection virale. Les IRES sont également utilisés par les cellules eucaryotes pour contrôler la traduction de l'ARN messager dans des conditions de stress cellulaire (apoptose, choc thermique) ou durant la phase G2 du cycle cellulaire, situations durant lesquelles la synthèse générale des protéines est inhibée. La variation des niveaux d'expression cellulaire de transcription est un caractère héréditaire. L'expression des gènes est contrôlée entre autre par les facteurs de transcription et par l'efficacité de la traduction initiée par la coiffe ainsi que par l'activité des ribosomes. Durant cette étude nous avons eu pour but d'identifier les déterminants génomiques responsables de la variabilité de la traduction contrôlée par l'IRES. Ceci a été effectué en étudiant deux IRES représentatifs : l'IRES du virus de l'encéphalomyocardite (EMCV) et l'IRES de l'inhibiteur de l'apoptose XIAP (X-linked Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis). Nous avons utilisés des lentivirus délivrant un transgène bicistronique codant pour deux gènes rapporteurs fluorescents. Ces lentivirus ont été utilisés pour transduire sept différentes lignées cellulaires de laboratoire et des lignées cellulaires lymphoblastoïdes B du Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH; 15 pedigrees; n=209) qui représentent une approche in vitro de la structure familiale et qui permettent des analyses par balayage du génome. L'expression relative des deux marqueurs fluorescents a été analysée par FACS. Nos résultats montrent que l'efficacité des IRES varie en fonction du type de cellules. Il varie aussi, pour le même type de cellules, selon les individus. Le contrôle de l'activité de l'IRES est un caractère héritable (héritabilité h2) de 0.47 et 0.36 pour les IRES de EMCV et XIAP respectivement. Le balayage du génome a permis l'identification d'un locus à effets quantitatifs [QTL Quantitative Trait Loci (LOD 2.35)] impliqué dans le contôle de l'activité de l'IRES de XIAP.

The application of chemometrics on Infrared and Raman spectra as a tool for the forensic analysis of paints

The aim of this work is to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of chemometric methods and other mathematical treatments applied on spectroscopic data and more specifically on paint samples. The uniqueness of the spectroscopic data comes from the fact that they are multivariate - a few thousands variables - and highly correlated. Statistical methods are used to study and discriminate samples. A collection of 34 red paint samples was measured by Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Data pretreatment and variable selection demonstrated that the use of Standard Normal Variate (SNV), together with removal of the noisy variables by a selection of the wavelengths from 650 to 1830 cm−1 and 2730-3600 cm−1, provided the optimal results for infrared analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA) were then used as exploratory techniques to provide evidence of structure in the data, cluster, or detect outliers. With the FTIR spectra, the Principal Components (PCs) correspond to binder types and the presence/absence of calcium carbonate. 83% of the total variance is explained by the four first PCs. As for the Raman spectra, we observe six different clusters corresponding to the different pigment compositions when plotting the first two PCs, which account for 37% and 20% respectively of the total variance. In conclusion, the use of chemometrics for the forensic analysis of paints provides a valuable tool for objective decision-making, a reduction of the possible classification errors, and a better efficiency, having robust results with time saving data treatments.

La mort d'Ananias et Saphira (Ac 5,1-11) dans la stratégie narrative de Luc

L'histoire du jugement de Dieu sur Ananias et Saphira (Ac 5.1-11) compte parmi les épisodes les plus pathétiques du livre des Actes. L'art lucanien de la dramatisation atteint ici un sommet. La fin tragique d'Ananias foudroyé par la parole dénonciatrice de Pierre, son enterrement hâtif, puis la venue de Saphira ignorante du drame, son mensonge public suivi de sa mort annoncée sur un ton d'humour noir (5.9b): l'effet pragmatique cherché par le narrateur est programmé par le scénario; il s'inscrit aussi dans le texte lui-même: 'un grand effroi saisit ceux qui l'entendaient' (5.5, 11). L'histoire est destinée à provoquer la crainte.