Soberania e acumulação de capital: uma análise crítica de Hugo Grotius, Pasquale Mancini e Hans Kelsen

A soberania já foi conceituada de diversos modos ao longo da história. Apesar disso, não deixou de ser a categoria mais elementar do direito internacional; expressando o fundamento de atuação dos Estados, foi através da soberania que o direito internacional se desenvolveu do Século XVII até os dias de hoje. Isso evidencia uma distinção entre o conteúdo da soberania, quer dizer, o seu modo de manifestação, o seu conceito, que se altera em cada período histórico, de um lado, e, do outro, a forma jurídica internacional expressa pela soberania, que se mantém intacta e que existe independentemente do conteúdo que lhe é dado, quer dizer, o lugar que ela ocupa no direito internacional. Através da análise do conceito de soberania fornecido por três autores clássicos de diferentes períodos históricos Hugo Grotius, Pasquale Mancini e Hans Kelsen o presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar o caráter ideológico de cada teoria e, conseqüentemente, sua inexatidão. Para fazê-lo, foi adotado o método materialista dialético, através do qual a produção de idéias por parte do homem deve ser observada nos limites das suas condições de existência e as idéias produzidas como um reflexo consciente do mundo real. Cuida-se, assim, de observar o direito de superioridade afirmado por Grotius nos limites das condições de existência humana que se alteravam com a transição do feudalismo para capitalismo, e extrai-se o seu sentido da luta entre a Igreja e os monarcas que iam centralizando sob si o poder. Da mesma forma, observa-se o direito de nacionalidade de Mancini sob as condições de existência propiciadas pelo amadurecimento das classes sociais do capitalismo na Europa Ocidental como fruto da Revolução Industrial, extraindo-se seu sentido das lutas revolucionárias por libertação nacional que ali se desenrolavam. O caráter essencialmente limitado da soberania de Kelsen, enfim, será observado no contexto da passagem do capitalismo para sua época imperialista, como um reflexo consciente dos desenvolvimentos experimentados pelo direito internacional no fim do Século XIX e início do Século XX, após a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Assim, além de demonstrar o caráter ideológico e a inexatidão dos conceitos mencionados, busca-se demonstrar que o conteúdo da soberania em cada período histórico analisado encontra sua razão de ser na correspondente fase de desenvolvimento do capitalismo e que a forma jurídica soberania, isto é, o lugar que ela ocupa no direito internacional, é determinado pela necessidade do capitalismo de um instrumento de força que assegure a acumulação de capital, o Estado soberano.

Comparative investigations on the respiratory physiology of euryhaline gammarids with special reference to salinity adaptation. [Translation from: Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 23(4) 485-534, 1972.]

Members of the family Gammaridae are very closely interrelated. There arises the question as to how far they also differ amongst themselves through physiological characteristics. Comparative respiratory and physiological experiments were made on the five euryhaline species Gammarus locusta, G. oceanicus, G. salinus, G. zaddachi and G. duebeni. The respiratory measurements carried out within the framework of this experiment were occupied with the relationships between oxygen consumption and body size depending on salinity. They also had the object of determing the variations in metabolic intensity after an abrupt change in the salt content of the external medium, and to establish the period of time for the process of adaptation. As the experiments were carried out polarographically in a testing plant with continuous flow-through, and the method which was applied permitted continuous recording over prolonged intervals, there could also be carried out comparisons between metabolism at rest and under activity, and the alterations of oxygen consumption during the process of moulting could be measured.

Studies on heterotrophic nitrification in a lake. [Translation from: Z.allg.Mikrobiol. 12 567-574, 1973. ]

In a lake the nitrogen compounds are liable to regular cycling in which nitrate is reduced and ammonium oxidised. As a nitrate maximum is regularly established in the upper part of the hypolimnion of a stratified summer lake, the authors have dealt in particular with the oxidising side of the nitrogen cycle. Described here are partial results of the nitrification in Plusssee. The Plusssee was chosen, since it is almost entirely without inflows, and, lying in a wooded basin, is well protected from the wind, and therefore stably stratified. In order to determine the number of autotrophic nitrificants the distribution of the Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter spores in the lake were analysed. From the estimates on the determination of spore numbers of the heterotrophic nitrificants, 14 species in the pure culture were isolated and examined from morphological, biochemical and taxonomic viewpoints.

The effects of temperature on growth and metabolism of flowing water cold-stenotherms [Translation from: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 74(4) 479-495, 516-522, 1974]

A small stream in the French Alps was sampled at regular intervals to determine the size distribution of animals for growth studies. The temperature was also measured. The results obtained for Gammarus fossarum were compared with laboratory cultures and the laboratory animals were physiologically and chemically analysed. Chemical analysis was also carried out on field animals.

On the feeding of the larvae of Chironomidae during the planktonic period of life [Translation from: Nauch.Dokl.vyssh.Shk.Biol.Nauk 1 19-21, 1965]

It is known that the larvae of Chironomidae in the first stages of life after leaving the egg case, swim for a long time in a body of water. Positive reaction in light, the capability of directed swimming and passive floating in suspension allow the larvae to temporarily carry out a planktonic way of life. This study describes the behaviour of Chironomus dorsalis larvae after leaving the egg case. The feeding of chironomid larvae in the first stages of development was also described.

Selective plankton feeding by the coregonid ”bondella” (Coregonus sp.) of Lake Maggiore [Translation from: Translation from: Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott.Marco de Marchi 31 181-203, 1974]

In recent times, some specialists have begun to study the subject of food selection of fish in an organized way, thus highlighting its importance. In the present work, the author intends to evaluate the impact of predation on the eupelagic zooplanktonic biocenosis of Lake Maggiore, producing, in this way, as far as possible, a basis for a better understanding of the population dynamics of the species of zooplankton directly involved. Another aspect which has been studied is that related to the mechanism of selective capture set in action by the predator. To this end the study tries to bear in mind that the subject should be interpreted as a function of numerous factors acting contemporaneously, that is as the interaction of characters peculiar to the predator and to the prey. The species studied, locally called ”bondella”, belongs to the family Salmonidae, subfamily Coregoninae and was introduced into Lake Maggiore in 1950.

Temperature and stress tuning characteristics of long-period gratings imprinted in Panda fiber

Temperature and stress tunabilities of long-period Bragg gratings imprinted in Panda fiber are presented in this letter. It is shown that the temperature and strain response of the resonance peaks for fast and slow axes are different not only in their magnitudes but also in the signs of the slope. Furthermore, the characteristics for different order modes are different both in magnitudes and signs. The complicated phenomena are discussed by using a simplified model.

The intensity of photosynthesis in salt lakes of Crimea [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.37 26-29, 1978]

The purpose of this work was the study of phytoplankton production of the salt lakes of the Steppe region of Crimea, during the vegetative period of 1974. From May to October Sakskoe and Sasyk Lakes were examined, and from August to October - Moinakskoe Lake. The density of the salt water was measured and the intensity of photosynthesis was determined. From the data presented, it is apparent that the intensity of photosynthesis in Sakskoe and Sasyk Lakes, on average, is extremely high.

Taxonomic description of Peridinium lomnickii, P.lomnickii var. splendida and P. wierzejskii [Translation from: Flora Slodkowodna Polski. Tom 4. Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Raphidoiphyceae, p326,328-330. Warsaw, 1974]

This partial translation from a larger paper provides taxonomic descriptions of the dinoflagellates Peridinium lomnickii, P.lomnickii var. splendida and P. wierzejskii. Illustrations are included.

Profile soundings in lakes of the younger morainal area of Sleswick-Holstein with a sediment-echo-sounder of 30 kHz [Translation from: Wass.Boden 26, 135-138, 1974]

To be able to carry out physical, chemical and biological investigations on a lake, one needs a thorough knowledge of the volume of water and the shape of the lake basin. Little is known about the about the morphology of the lakes in Schleswig-Holstein and its ecological consequences. For this research a 30 KHz echo sounder with sediment transceiver was used to carry out profile determinations (echo soundings). This apparatus continuously records on paper the different reflexions and absorptions of the sediment and water body in the corresponding depth. By this, acoustically noticeable layers and different densities in the sediment and 'scattering layers' in the water body due to physical, chemical and biological reasons (e.g. plans and single fish) are made visible. Result are summarised here regarding the echo soundings in Blunker See.

A new method of measuring the waveguide dispersion factor and the thermo-optic coefficient of long-period fiber gratings

Based on the Mach-Zehnder effect between the core mode and the cladding modes, the interference fringes are formed by a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings (CLPFGs). Theoretical analyses show that the spectral spacing and the wavelength of these fringes are functions of the waveguide dispersion factor gamma, which is a characterizing parameter to LPFG and with theoretical and applicational significance. By measuring the characteristics of the transmission spectra of CLPFGs, the absolute value of gamma can be obtained. At the same time, the thermo-optic coefficient of effective refractive index difference between core and cladding modes, p, can also be obtained by measured the temperature sensitivity of these fringes. In the experiments, \gamma\ and mu were measured by this method to be 0.874 and 4.08 x 10(-5) degreesC(-1), respectively, for LPFGs with period of 450 mum and with a HE14 resonant peak at 1554 nm. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Concerning the current conditions and transport of sand in the shallow water areas off the coast of the south-eastern North Sea [Translation from: Hamburger Kustenforschung 29 [pages 41-43 only], 1974]

With the aid of the German Research Association in the central programme 'Sand movements in the German coastal region', an investigation into the current conditions in the shallow water areas of the coasts of the south-eastern North Sea between Sylt and the Weser estuary was carried out by the author. Foundations of the work are 19 continuous current recordings in five profiles normal to the coast from years 1971 to 1973. Off the coasts of the south-eastern North Sea varying tidal currents impinge; they are currents whose directions may vary periodically through all points of the compass. They are caused by the circulating tides in the North Sea (Amphidromien). The turning flow movement experiences a deformation in the very shallow coastal waters, and as it happens the flow turning movement in the case of high tide continues right up onto the outer flats, while here and in the fore-lying shallow water areas around the time of low water (on account of the small depths of waters), there prevails a more variable current. A result of this hydrodynamical procedure is the development of counter currents. This partial translation of the original paper provides the summary of this study of of the mudflat areas between the Elbe and Weser.

Ceratium hirundinella (O.F.Mull.) Bergh. 1882 [Translation from: Flora Slodkowodna Polski. Tom 4. Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Raphidoiphyceae p395-400. Warsaw, Polska Academia Nauk, 1974]

Morphological observations of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella are given and a key to the difference in types provided. Illustrations are included.

Report of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for the year 1974

ENGLISH: The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission operates under the authority and direction of a convention originally entered into by the Republic of Costa Rica and the United States of America. The convention, which came into force in 1950, is open to adherence by other governments whose nationals fish for tropical tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Under this provision the Republic of Panama adhered in 1953, the Republic of Ecuador in 1961, the United Mexican States in 1964, Canada in 1968 and Japan in 1970. In 1967, Ecuador gave notice of her intent to withdraw from the Commission, and her withdrawal became effective on August 21,1968. SPANISH: La Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical está bajo la autoridad y dirección de una convención la cual fue originalmente formada por la República de Costa Rica y los Estados Unidos de América. La Convención, vigente desde 1950, está abierta a la afiliación de otros gobiernos cuyos nacionales pesquen atún en el Pacífico oriental tropical. Bajo esta medida la República de Panamá se afilió en 1953, la República del Ecuador en 1961, los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en 1964, Canadá en 1968 y el Japón en 1970. En 1967, el Ecuador anunció su intención de retirarse de la Comisión y la renuncia se hizo efectiva el 21 de agosto de 1968.(PDF contains 170 pages.)

The effect of oxygen concentration in water on the growth and nitrogen metabolism in the fry of rainbow trout [Translation from: Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,V.33, 74-75, 1957]

To ascertain the effect of various concentrations of oxygen in water on the fry of rainbow trout experiments were made with aquaria at various concentrations of oxygen. The food supplied was chironomid larvae (Chironomus plumosus). A surplus of food was supplied to the fry. Indices are given of the reaction of the fry to different temperatures.