塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区早古生代白云岩形成机理

In Tarim Basin, extensive carbonates of Lower Paleozoic occur, in which thick Cambrian and Lower Ordovician dolostones are widespread and show a potential perspective in hydrocarbon exploration. So they are viewed as an important target for exploration. Tarim Basin is a poly phase composite basin, which underwent multiphase tectonic modification and volcanic activities; these exerted significant influences on the basin-fills and basin fluid evolution, thereby the diagenetic history, particularly on the deep-buried Lower Paleozoic dolostones. Referring to the classification of dolomite texture proposed by Gregg & Sibley (1984) and Sibley & Gregg (1987). In view of crystal size, crystal shape, crystal surface and contact relation, eight genetic textures of dolomite crystals are identified, based on careful petrographic examinatoins. These textures include: 1) micritic dolomite; 2) relict mimetic dolomite; 3)finely crystalline, planar-e(s), floating dolomite; 4)finely crystalline, planar-e(s) dolomite; 5) finely-coarse crystalline, nonplanar-a dolomite; 6)coarse crystalline, nonplanar saddle dolomite; 7) finely-medium crystalline, planar-e(s) dolomite cement; 8) coarse crystalline, nonplanar saddle dolomite cement, in which the former six textures occurs as in matrix, the latter two in the cements. Detailed geochemistry analysis is carried out on the basis of genetic textures of dolomite and related minerals such as quartz and calcite. The result showed that the calcite has the highest average content in Sr, which can be sorted into two groups; micritic dolomite has the highest average content in Sr among all kinds of dolomites; the REE patterns of all kinds of dolomites is similar to those of marine limestone samples. Saddle dolomite cement has δ13C values from -2.44‰ to 1.27‰ PDB, and δ18O values from -13.01‰ to -5.12‰ PDB, which partially overlap with those of matrix dolomite (δ13C values from -2.83‰ to 2.01‰ PDB, δ18O values from -10.63‰ to -0.85‰ PDB). Saddle dolomite cement has 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.7086 to 0.7104, which totally overlap with those of matrix dolomite (0.7084 ~ 0.7116). Compared with saddle dolomite derived from other basins all over the world, the saddle dolomites of Tarim Basin have similar δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr ratios values with those of matrix dolomite. This scenario reflects the unusual geological setting and special dolomitizing liquid of Tarim Basin. The values of δ18O, δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite also can be sorted out two groups, which may been resulted from the one stage of extensive uplift of Tarim Basin from Mesozoic to Cenozoic. Fluid inclusion microthermometry data of the diagenetic mineral indicates that matrix dolomite has relatively low homogenization temperatures (Th) of 80～105oC and salinities of 12.3％ (wt% NaCl equivalent); saddle dolomite has highest Th values, which concentrate in 120～160oC and salinities of 13.5～23.7％ (wt% NaCl equivalent); quartz has relatively low Th of 135～155oC and salinities of 17.8～22.5％ (wt% NaCl equivalent); calcite has relatively low Th of 121～159.5oC and salinities of 1.4～17.5％ (wt% NaCl equivalent). These data suggest that the saddle dolomites could have formed in thermal brine fluids. Based on comprehensive petrographical study, detailed geochemistry and fluid inclusion microthermometry analysis on Lower Paleozoic dolomite of Tarim Basin, three types of dolomitisation mechanism are proposed: Penecontemporaneous dolomitisation (Sabkha dolomitisation & Reflux dolomitisation); Burial dolomitisation (shallow-intermediate burial dolomitisation & Deep burial dolomitisation ); Hydrothermal cannibalized dolomitisation. In view of host-specified occurrences of hydrothermal dolomite, the low abundance of saddle dolomite and high geochemical similarities between saddle dolomite and host dolomite, as well as highest Th and high salinities , the hydrothermal dolomite in Tarim Basin is thus unique, which could have been precipitated in modified fluid in the host dolomite through intraformational thermal fluid cannibalization of Mg ions from the host. This scenario is different from the cases that large scale dolomitizing fluid migration took place along the fluid pathways where abundant saddle dolomite precipitated. Detailed observations on 180 petrographic and 60 casting thin sections show original pores in Lower Paleozoic dolomite were almost died out by complicated diagenetic process after a long time geologic evolution. On the other hand, deep-buried dolomite reservoirs is formed by tectonic and hydrothermal reforming on initial dolomites. Therefore, the distribution of structure-controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs is predicted in Tabei and Tazhong Area of Tarim Basin based on the geophysical data.

准噶尔盆地南缘台13井区侏罗系油藏表征与建模

Junggar Basin has a large amount of recoverable reserves, However, due to the unfavorable factors, such as bad seismic data quality, complex structure with many faults and less wells, the exploration of oil and gas is still relatively limited, so advanced theoretical guidance and effective technical supports are desirable. Based on the theories of sedimentology, as well as comprehensive studies of outcrops, seismic data, drilling data and setting of this area, the paper establishes the isochronous correlation framework, and analyzes the sedimentary facies types and provenance direction, and obtains the profile and plain maps of the sedimentary facies combined with the logging constrained inversion. Then the paper analyzes the reservoir controlling factors, reservoir lithology attribute, 4-property relationship and sensibility based on the sedimentary facies research, and sets up a 3D geological model using facies controlled modeling. Finally, the paper optimizes some target areas with the conclusions of reservoir, structure and reservoir formation.Firstly, the paper establishs the isochronous correlation framework by the seismic data, drilling data and setting of this area. The sedimentary facies in Tai13 well block are braided river and meandering river according to the analysis of the lithology attribute, logging facies and sedimentary structure attribute of outcrop. The concept of “wetland” is put forward for the first time. The provenance direction of Badaowan and Qigu formation is obtained by the geology setting, sedimentary setting and paleocurrent direction. The paper obtains the profile and plain maps of the sedimentary facies from the sand value of the wells and the sand thickness maps from the logging constrained inversion. Then, this paper takes characteristics and control factors of the Jurassic reservoirs analysis on thin section observation, scanning transmission electron microscope observation and find out the petrology characteristics of reservoir, space types of reservoir and lithofacies division. In this area, primary pores dominate in the reservoir pores, which believed that sedimentation played the most important roles of the reservoir quality and diagenesis is the minor factor influencing secondary porosity. Using stochastic modeling technique，the paper builds quantitative 3-D reservoir Parameter. Finally, combined the study of structure and reservoir formation, the reservoir distribution regularity is concluded: (a) structures control the reservoir formation and accumulation. (b) Locating in the favorable sedimentary facies belt. And the area which meets these conditions mentioned above is a good destination for exploration.

13万年以来黄土高原东缘与捷克的风成沉积序列

The loess-paleosols in the Chinese loess plateau and Europe are the main eolian sediment sequences in mid-latitude area of north hemisphere. They record not only the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental processes since the last interglacial, but also the configuration of magnetic field during polarity transition. Comparisons of environmental magnetism, paleomagnetism and climate proxy analysis has been made for the loess/paleosol sequences in Datong and Czech Republic. The Datong loess/paleosol sequence is composed of the Holocene soil SO, the last glacial loess LI, the last interglacial soil SI and the upper penultimate loess L2. A basalt layer occurs in L2. The main magnetic minerals in LI and SI are magnetite, maghemite and ilmenite. The presence of local volcanic elastics in the loess and the characteristics of the magnetic minerals indicate that there are local materials in Datong loess, which differentiate the Datong loess from the central and eastern loess of the Chinese Loess Plateau. In addition, there are four polarity events in Datong loess, which are generally consistent with Gothenburg> Mono Lake, Laschamp and Blake events. Some signals of the East Asia monsoon were recorded in the Datong loess/paleosol sequences. Magnetic susceptibility, the content of >63um grains and the organic matter are used as climate proxies, which are similar to those of the typical eolian sediments in the loess plateau. In addition, it is possible that the Datong loess also recorded the Younger Dryas and the climatic fluctuations during the Holocene. The main magnetic minerals in the loess/paleosol at Znojmo section are magnetite, maghemite, hematite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and goethite. The morphology of these grains reveals that the iron sulfides originated from the eluvium loam above hypothetical ore deposits in the vicinity of the section or glaciofluvial sediments from nearby glacial margins. The pattern of the susceptibility variation at Dolni Vestonice section is coincident with that of the organic matter content. The grain size variation along the section recorded the climate instability since the last interglacial. The climate events in the Dolni Vestonice section may be correlated with the Heinrich events recorded in North Atlantic sediments, suggesting they controlled by the same marine-continent climate system.

植物营养元素的含量和δ~(13)C值随海拔而变化的特征及营养元素相互作用对碳同位素分馏作用的影响

为了研究植物营养元素的含量和δ~(13)C值随海拔而变化的相关关系,沿着海拔450 m的贵州茂兰至海拔1330 m的贵州安顺一线,采集和分析研究了C_3植物——小果蔷薇(R.cymosa Tratt)的叶片。分析结果表明,植物叶片中营养元素含量随着海拔的上升而产生的变化是:氮、磷和钾的含量会在增高,而钙和镁的含量却会降低。植物叶片的δ~(13)C值会增大,其变幅为+2.4‰/1000m。

最近13万年以来洛川黄土剖面中固定铵态氮的古气候意义

对13万年以来洛川黄土-古土壤序列中固定铵态氮进行了分析。末次间冰期S1占土壤中固定铵态氮含量最高，其次为冰后期S0古土壤，末次冰期形成的马兰黄土最低；而且，固定铵态氮的分布在马兰黄土中也能体现出三次小的低-高值的波动特征。洛川黄土13万年以来固定铵态氮的分布与磁化率和<2μm组分的分布相似。在此基础上，利用马兰黄土中粒度与固定铵态氮的相关关系，计算了S1古土壤中固定铵的分布，并与实测结果进行了对比，推测S1古土壤中固定铵态氮有轻微的损失，尽管如此，S1古土壤中固定铵态氮含量仍然高于黄土。鉴于黄土-古土壤序列中固定铵态氮的分布与粉尘粒度有密切的关系，能与气候变化较好地对应，它可视为反映黄土高原区东亚冬季风强，弱周期性变化较好的替代性指标。

最近13万年以来洛川黄土剖面中Porg／Pinorg分布及其古气候指示意义

对末次间冰期以来洛川黄土进行了有机磷／无机磷(Porg／Pinorg)比值测量。结果表明，黄土中Porg／Pinorg比值的分布主要受降水量和温度的影响，是有机磷和无机磷在不同时期随气候变化相互转化的结果。此指标的变化与黄土—古土壤的变化大致相关，与洛川黄土磁化率曲线相一致，与深海氧同位素可进行很好的对比。此比值与夏季风强弱程度乃至与全球气候变化有密切的联系。Porg／Pinorg比值可作为一种反映古气候环境变迁的新指标。

喀斯特小流域不同背景区植物叶片δ13值及其影响因素的研究

喀斯特石漠化地区由于其特殊的地表、地下二元结构，使得该区生态系统结构和机能非常脆弱，一旦生态系统，尤其是植被系统遭到破坏，其恢复难度将很大。虽然在90年代末期对喀斯特石漠化的研究才受到普遍的重视，并且被提升到国家层面进行恢复治理，但由于经济的飞速发展和喀斯特区人民群众发展生产力以及脱贫致富愿望的诉求，使得该区人－地矛盾突出，出现生态建设超前、基础理论研究以及政策指向落后的现象，并且在不同的人为干扰方式下，导致本已脆弱的喀斯特石漠化生态环境进一步恶化。针对上述特点，本文从基础理论研究方向着手，以同处一喀斯特小流域内的喀斯特背景区和非喀斯特背景区为研究背景，排除了一些环境上垫面的影响因素，以土壤、植物作为主要研究对象，并且结合利用国际上流行的稳定性碳同位素（δ13C）技术指示植物水分利用效率（WUE）的方法，分别详细论述了不同背景区从非退化到退化过程中的土壤-植被系统的协变关系，以及不同影响因素对植物叶片δ13C值判别的影响效应，并且通过与非喀斯特背景区进行比较研究的方法，以期为喀斯特背景区，尤其是石漠化地区土壤-植被系统的生态恢复和更加科学营造该区植物局地水分利用模式以及植被恢复物种的选择配置提供一定参考价值。对此，本论文得出以下认识： 一、不同背景区植物叶片δ13C值 本论文所研究的植物叶片 δ13C值变化范围在-25.60‰～-32.68‰之间，属于典型的C3植物。其中，石漠化样地的小果蔷薇有着最高的WUE （δ13C =-25.60‰），而次生林土山样地的莎草则有最低的WUE（δ13C= -32.65‰）。喀斯特背景区从非退化到退化的过程中，其植物叶片δ13C值的分布范围在-28.52‰～-30.74‰、-25.60‰～-29.77‰之间，而非喀斯特背景区从非退化到退化的过程中，其植物叶片δ13C值的分布范围在-27.68‰～-32.68‰、-26.17‰～-30.11‰之间。在退化的石漠化和土山样地，植物叶片δ13C值显著比未退化的无石漠化和次生林土山样地要高，这也就表示植物的WUE具有随着从非退化到退化不断加强的趋势，并且石漠化与土山样地之间和无石漠化与次生林样地之间的植物WUE无显著性差异，喀斯特背景区植物的WUE总体上也要高于非喀斯特背景区的植物。 二、不同背景区土壤理化性质特征 本论文研究表明，不管是在喀斯特背景区还是在非喀斯特背景区，从非退化到退化的过程中，土壤的物理结构均发生了明显的压缩状况，而从土壤粒级含量和分形维数变化的趋势上看，在两背景区均呈现随着向退化过程的发展，土壤中大粒径颗粒增加，小粒径颗粒减少的的现象，特别是细粉粒最为显著。而从喀斯特背景区内土壤各级团聚体的变化中可以看出，当土壤退化至石漠化时，土壤大团聚体已遭到严重破坏，其抗蚀性能决定着地表植被一旦遭到破坏就会引起强烈退化。而在非喀斯特背景区，其大团聚体的百分比值远高于喀斯特背景区，土壤抵抗环境退化的承受力较强。 在不同背景区土壤化学性质方面，土壤均呈现随着退化程度的发展，土壤有机质、全N含量呈现降低的趋势。喀斯特背景区土壤中易于移动的营养元素表现出递减的趋势，而难于移动的元素呈现增加的趋势。而在非喀斯特背景区，由于非退化样地在其黄壤发育阶段经过了长期的、明显的脱硅富铝化过程，造成难移动的营养元素大量聚集的现象。因此土壤中移动性较高的营养元素随着退化程度的加深呈现逐渐递减的趋势，而移动性相对较弱的营养元素含量也呈现逐渐递减的现象。而不同背景区土壤有效态营养元素除P、K普遍低于临界值水平外，其余营养元素的变化趋势大致与全量变化趋势相似，并且喀斯特背景区的上述营养元素含量普遍要高于非喀斯特背景区。 在对土壤中营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值关系的研究中，尽管从非退化到退化过程中样方水平上来分析不同背景区土壤营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值的相关关系时与已有的研究结果存在一定的差异，但从宏观上比较喀斯特背景区与非喀斯特背景区，土壤中营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值呈现的是明显的正相关关系，即营养元素含量高的样地其植物WUE也随之增高。 三、不同背景区土壤-植被系统的退化协变关系 本论文重点对不同背景区退化过程中土壤-植被系统间土壤各项理化性质和植物叶片营养元素含量的相关性进行了分析。在喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，土壤物理性质与植物中P元素相关的要素是最多的，喀斯特背景区的P元素是一个重要的影响因子。而在非喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，土壤的物理性质与植物叶片营养元素之间均无显著性相关关系。并且在不同背景区退化的过程中，土壤化学性质与植物叶片营养元素含量大都呈现的是不显著相关关系。 对不同背景区从非退化到退化的过程中植物叶片的生物吸收系数与植物叶片营养元素含量和土壤营养元素含量的分析中表明，在喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，植物叶片营养元素的吸收系数受到植物和土壤中营养元素含量的双重影响。而在非喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，植物叶片营养元素的吸收系数受到的影响与植物自身营养元素的含量密切相关，而土壤营养元素含量的背景则对其吸收系数影响不大。 四、不同背景区植物叶片营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 在对不同背景区植物叶片营养元素含量的相关分析中表明，不管是喀斯特背景区还是非喀斯特背景区，植物叶片营养元素N、K、Ca、Mg 、Fe的含量都较高，但P元素的含量却低于临界值，营养元素的含量特点属于Ca＞K＞Mg型，Ca含量都高于10000μg/g。在喀斯特背景区退化过程中，植物叶片的营养元素N、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn含量与植物叶片δ13C值呈现正相关关系，而P、K、Fe营养元素的含量与δ13C值则呈现负相关关系。而非喀斯特背景区退化过程中，营养元素N、K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量与δ13C值呈现负相关关系，Mn、Na与δ13C值呈现正相关关系，且营养元素P、Fe、Zn与δ13C值相关关系不显著。另外，喀斯特背景区植物w(N)／w(P)比值与δ13C值存在正相关关系，而非喀斯特背景区植物w(N)／w(P)比值与δ13C值则存在负相关关系。这些差异可能与不同背景区各样地之间小生境的条件和植物的种类差别有着一定的联系。 五、不同背景区土壤含水量的变化趋势与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 本论文选取了一场30mm降雨过后的7天，不同背景区土壤含水量与植物叶片 δ13C值的相关关系表明，石漠化样地土壤在7天内的失水幅度是最快的，尤其是在与该样地植物生长密切相关的0-20cm厚度范围内。这说明由于受其样地生境条件限制，土壤的水分蒸发量较大，含水量也较低；无石漠化样地由于受土壤厚度条件限制，其土壤含水量低于次生林土山；土山样地的土壤含水量也存在较大变化，而且其上、中、下坡的水分含量呈现逐渐递增的趋势，但无明显的显著性差异；次生林土山的土壤含水量变化幅度最小，说明其优越的生境条件对土壤水分保持是具有优势的。并且随着土壤含水量的逐渐增大，植物叶片δ13C值与之呈现显著的负相关关系，即土壤含水量越大，植物的WUE就越小。 六、不同背景区植物叶片解剖形态结构与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 本论文对不同背景区植物叶片解剖形态结构的分析表明，不同背景区退化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态结构中的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度、上角质层厚度、下角质层厚度、最大导管直径和气孔密度均较未退化的样地呈现显著性差异。其中，随着从未退化到退化过程的发展，解剖形态结构中除海绵组织厚度逐渐变薄外，其余指标则逐渐增厚，并且石漠化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态结构上述指标均显著高于其它样地。而生长在喀斯特背景区和非喀斯特背景区的同种植物叶片解剖形态结构差异性不显著。不同背景区退化过程中的上述主要植物叶片解剖形态结构指标均与植物叶片δ13C值呈现正相关关系。这说明了在本研究小流域内，由于光、热、水、气等外部影响因素的一致性，植物为了适应环境的改变其自身产生的形态结构响应具有一致的趋势。