Energy-momentum tensor for scalar fields coupled to the dilaton in two dimensions

We clarify some issues related to the evaluation of the mean value of the energy-momentum tensor for quantum scalar fields coupled to the dilaton field in two-dimensional gravity. Because of this coupling, the energy-momentum tensor for matter is not conserved and therefore it is not determined by the trace anomaly. We discuss different approximations for the calculation of the energy-momentum tensor and show how to obtain the correct amount of Hawking radiation. We also compute cosmological particle creation and quantum corrections to the Newtonian potential.

International journal of engineering education

This work presents an analysis of the assessment tools used by professors at the Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya to assess the generic competencies introduced in the Bachelor’s Degrees in Engineering. In order to conduct this study, a survey was designed and administered anonymously to a sample of the professors most receptive to educational innovation at their own university. All total, 80 professors responded to this survey, of whom 26% turned out to be members of the university’s own evaluation innovation group (https://www.upc.edu/rima/grups/grapa), GRAPA. This percentage represents 47% of the total GRAPA membership, meaning that nearly half of the professors most concerned about evaluation at the university chose to participate. The analysis of the variables carried out using the statistical program SPSS v19 shows that for practically 49% of those surveyed, rubrics are the tools most commonly used to assess generic competencies integrated in more specific ones. Of those surveyed, 60% use them either frequently or always. The most frequently evaluated generic competencies were teamwork (28%), problem solving (26%), effective oral and written communication (24%) and autonomous learning (13%), all of which constitute commonly recognized competencies in the engineering profession. A two-dimensional crosstabs analysis with SPSS v19 shows a significant correlation (Asymp. Sig. 0.001) between the type of tool used and the competencies assessed. However, no significant correlation was found between the type of assessment tool used and the type of subject, type of evaluation (formative or summative), frequency of feedback given to the students or the degree of student satisfaction, and thus none of these variables can be considered to have an influence on the kind of assessment tool used. In addition, the results also indicate that there are no significant differences between the instructors belonging to GRAPA and the rest of those surveyed

Studies of Eu- and Yb-induced Reconstructions on the Si(100) Surface

This thesis presents experimental studies of rare earth (RE) metal induced structures on Si(100) surfaces. Two divalent RE metal adsorbates, Eu and Yb, are investigated on nominally flat Si(100) and on vicinal, stepped Si(100) substrates. Several experimental methods have been applied, including scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-PES), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and work function change measurements (Δφ). Two stages can be distinguished in the initial growth of the RE/Si interface: the formation of a two-dimensional (2D) adsorbed layer at submonolayer coverage and the growth of a three-dimensional (3D) silicide phase at higher coverage. The 2D phase is studied for both adsorbates in order to discover whether they produce common reconstructions or reconstructions common to the other RE metals. For studies of the 3D phase Yb is chosen due to its ability to crystallize in a hexagonal AlB2 type lattice, which is the structure of RE silicide nanowires, therefore allowing for the possibility of the growth of one-dimensional (1D) wires. It is found that despite their similar electronic configuration, Eu and Yb do not form similar 2D reconstructions on Si(100). Instead, a wealth of 2D structures is observed and atomic models are proposed for the 2×3-type reconstructions. In addition, adsorbate induced modifications on surface morphology and orientational symmetry are observed. The formation of the Yb silicide phase follows the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. Nanowires with the hexagonal lattice are observed on the flat Si(100) substrate, and moreover, an unexpectedly large variety of growth directions are revealed. On the vicinal substrate the growth of the silicide phase as 3D islands and wires depends drastically on the growth conditions. The conditions under which wires with high aspect ratio and single orientation parallel to the step edges can be formed are demonstrated.

Critical behavior of a water monolayer under hydrophobic confinement

The properties of water can have a strong dependence on the confinement. Here, we consider a water monolayer nanoconfined between hydrophobic parallel walls under conditions that prevent its crystallization. We investigate, by simulations of a many-body coarse-grained water model, how the properties of the liquid are affected by the confinement. We show, by studying the response functions and the correlation length and by performing finite-size scaling of the appropriate order parameter, that at low temperature the monolayer undergoes a liquid-liquid phase transition ending in a critical point in the universality class of the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model. Surprisingly, by reducing the linear size L of the walls, keeping the walls separation h constant, we find a 2D-3D crossover for the universality class of the liquid-liquid critical point for L/h=~50, i.e. for a monolayer thickness that is small compared to its extension. This result is drastically different from what is reported for simple liquids, where the crossover occurs for , and is consistent with experimental results and atomistic simulations. We shed light on these findings showing that they are a consequence of the strong cooperativity and the low coordination number of the hydrogen bond network that characterizes water.

First secondary metabolites from Herissantia crispa L (Brizicky) and the toxicity activity against Artemia salina Leach

The phytochemical investigation of Herissantia crispa led to the isolation of seven compounds, identified as: sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (kaempferol), 3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), unpublished in the genus Herissantia, besides β-sitosterol, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-(6''-E-p-coumaroil) (tiliroside) glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3,7-di-O-α-L-ramnopyranoside (lespedin), described for the first time in the species. The structural determination of the compounds was made by means of spectroscopy methods such as Infrared Spectroscopy, ¹H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, with the aid of two dimensional techniques, and by comparison with literature data. The toxicity activity of the MeOH extract and lespedin on Artemia salina Leach. was also carried out.

A Farewell to Flat Biology. Three-dimensional Cell Culture Models in Cancer Drug Target Identification and Validation

Cells of epithelial origin, e.g. from breast and prostate cancers, effectively differentiate into complex multicellular structures when cultured in three-dimensions (3D) instead of conventional two-dimensional (2D) adherent surfaces. The spectrum of different organotypic morphologies is highly dependent on the culture environment that can be either non-adherent or scaffold-based. When embedded in physiological extracellular matrices (ECMs), such as laminin-rich basement membrane extracts, normal epithelial cells differentiate into acinar spheroids reminiscent of glandular ductal structures. Transformed cancer cells, in contrast, typically fail to undergo acinar morphogenic patterns, forming poorly differentiated or invasive multicellular structures. The 3D cancer spheroids are widely accepted to better recapitulate various tumorigenic processes and drug responses. So far, however, 3D models have been employed predominantly in the Academia, whereas the pharmaceutical industry has yet to adopt a more widely and routine use. This is mainly due to poor characterisation of cell models, lack of standardised workflows and high throughput cell culture platforms, and the availability of proper readout and quantification tools. In this thesis, a complete workflow has been established entailing well-characterised 3D cell culture models for prostate cancer, a standardised 3D cell culture routine based on high-throughput-ready platform, automated image acquisition with concomitant morphometric image analysis, and data visualisation, in order to enable large-scale high-content screens. Our integrated suite of software and statistical analysis tools were optimised and validated using a comprehensive panel of prostate cancer cell lines and 3D models. The tools quantify multiple key cancer-relevant morphological features, ranging from cancer cell invasion through multicellular differentiation to growth, and detect dynamic changes both in morphology and function, such as cell death and apoptosis, in response to experimental perturbations including RNA interference and small molecule inhibitors. Our panel of cell lines included many non-transformed and most currently available classic prostate cancer cell lines, which were characterised for their morphogenetic properties in 3D laminin-rich ECM. The phenotypes and gene expression profiles were evaluated concerning their relevance for pre-clinical drug discovery, disease modelling and basic research. In addition, a spontaneous model for invasive transformation was discovered, displaying a highdegree of epithelial plasticity. This plasticity is mediated by an abundant bioactive serum lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and its receptor LPAR1. The invasive transformation was caused by abrupt cytoskeletal rearrangement through impaired G protein alpha 12/13 and RhoA/ROCK, and mediated by upregulated adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A, and Rac/ PAK pathways. The spontaneous invasion model tangibly exemplifies the biological relevance of organotypic cell culture models. Overall, this thesis work underlines the power of novel morphometric screening tools in drug discovery.

Heart rate changes during the Valsalva maneuver in patients with isolated aortic insufficiency

To determine the possible relationship between left ventricular dilatation and heart rate changes provoked by the Valsalva maneuver (Valsalva ratio), we studied 9 patients with isolated chronic aortic insufficiency. Left ventricular systolic function was assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. All patients were asymptomatic (functional class I of the New York Heart Association). The left ventricular internal diameters and volumes were significantly increased in all patients. The asymptomatic patients had either normal or slightly depressed ejection fraction (EF>0.40). The Valsalva ratio of these asymptomatic patients showed no significant correlation with the left ventricular volumes or with the left ventricular ejection fraction. In other words, parasympathetic heart rate control, as expressed by the Valsalva ratio, was normal in the asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dilatation and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Therefore, left ventricular dilatation may not be the major mechanism responsible for the abnormal parasympathetic heart rate control of patients with acquired heart disease

Graphene from Graphite by Chemical and Physical Techniques.

Graphene is a material with extraordinary properties. Its mechanical and electrical properties are unparalleled but the difficulties in its production are hindering its breakthrough in on applications. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made entirely of carbon atoms and it is only a single atom thick. In this work, properties of graphene and graphene based materials are described, together with their common preparation techniques and related challenges. This Thesis concentrates on the topdown techniques, in which natural graphite is used as a precursor for the graphene production. Graphite consists of graphene sheets, which are stacked together tightly. In the top-down techniques various physical or chemical routes are used to overcome the forces keeping the graphene sheets together, and many of them are described in the Thesis. The most common chemical method is the oxidisation of graphite with strong oxidants, which creates a water-soluble graphene oxide. The properties of graphene oxide differ significantly from pristine graphene and, therefore, graphene oxide is often reduced to form materials collectively known as reduced graphene oxide. In the experimental part, the main focus is on the chemical and electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide. A novel chemical route using vanadium is introduced and compared to other common chemical graphene oxide reduction methods. A strong emphasis is placed on electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide in various solvents. Raman and infrared spectroscopy are both used in in situ spectroelectrochemistry to closely monitor the spectral changes during the reduction process. These in situ techniques allow the precise control over the reduction process and even small changes in the material can be detected. Graphene and few layer graphene were also prepared using a physical force to separate these materials from graphite. Special adsorbate molecules in aqueous solutions, together with sonic treatment, produce stable dispersions of graphene and few layer graphene sheets in water. This mechanical exfoliation method damages the graphene sheets considerable less than the chemical methods, although it suffers from a lower yield.

The role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in left ventricular hypertrophy of patients under chronic hemodialysis

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients frequently develop structural cardiac abnormalities, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The mechanisms involved in these processes are not completely understood. In the present study, we evaluated a possible association between parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and left ventricular mass (LVM) in patients with ESRD. Stable uremic patients on intermittent hemodialysis treatment were evaluated by standard two-dimensional echocardiography and their sera were analyzed for intact PTH. Forty-one patients (mean age 45 years, range 18 to 61 years), 61% males, who had been on hemodialysis for 3 to 186 months, were evaluated. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to serum PTH: low levels (<100 pg/ml; group I = 10 patients), intermediate levels (100 to 280 pg/ml; group II = 10 patients) and high levels (>280 pg/ml; group III = 21 patients). A positive statistically significant association between LVM index and PTH was identified (r = 0.34; P = 0.03, Pearson's correlation coefficient) in the sample as a whole. In subgroup analyses, we did not observe significant associations in the low and intermediate PTH groups; nevertheless, PTH and LVM index were correlated in patients with high PTH levels (r = 0.62; P = 0.003). LVM index was also inversely associated with hemoglobin (r = -0.34; P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, hemoglobin, body mass index, and blood pressure, the only independent predictor of LVM index was PTH level. Therefore, PTH is an independent predictor of LVH in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may contribute to the elevated cardiovascular morbidity associated with LVH in ESRD.

Multicellular spheroids of bone marrow stromal cells: a three-dimensional in vitro culture system for the study of hematopoietic cell migration

Cell fate decisions are governed by a complex interplay between cell-autonomous signals and stimuli from the surrounding tissue. In vivo cells are connected to their neighbors and to the extracellular matrix forming a complex three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment that is not reproduced in conventional in vitro systems. A large body of evidence indicates that mechanical tension applied to the cytoskeleton controls cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, suggesting that 3-D in vitro culture systems that mimic the in vivo situation would reveal biological subtleties. In hematopoietic tissues, the microenvironment plays a crucial role in stem and progenitor cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. In adults, hematopoiesis takes place inside the bone marrow cavity where hematopoietic cells are intimately associated with a specialized three 3-D scaffold of stromal cell surfaces and extracellular matrix that comprise specific niches. The relationship between hematopoietic cells and their niches is highly dynamic. Under steady-state conditions, hematopoietic cells migrate within the marrow cavity and circulate in the bloodstream. The mechanisms underlying hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell homing and mobilization have been studied in animal models, since conventional two-dimensional (2-D) bone marrow cell cultures do not reproduce the complex 3-D environment. In this review, we will highlight some of the mechanisms controlling hematopoietic cell migration and 3-D culture systems.

Automated grading of left ventricular segmental wall motion by an artificial neural network using color kinesis images

The present study describes an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of left ventricular (LV) segmental wall motion (WM) abnormalities based on color-coded echocardiographic WM images. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed and validated for grading LV segmental WM using data from color kinesis (CK) images, a technique developed to display the timing and magnitude of global and regional WM in real time. We evaluated 21 normal subjects and 20 patients with LVWM abnormalities revealed by two-dimensional echocardiography. CK images were obtained in two sets of viewing planes. A method was developed to analyze CK images, providing quantitation of fractional area change in each of the 16 LV segments. Two experienced observers analyzed LVWM from two-dimensional images and scored them as: 1) normal, 2) mild hypokinesia, 3) moderate hypokinesia, 4) severe hypokinesia, 5) akinesia, and 6) dyskinesia. Based on expert analysis of 10 normal subjects and 10 patients, we trained a multilayer perceptron ANN using a back-propagation algorithm to provide automated grading of LVWM, and this ANN was then tested in the remaining subjects. Excellent concordance between expert and ANN analysis was shown by ROC curve analysis, with measured area under the curve of 0.975. An excellent correlation was also obtained for global LV segmental WM index by expert and ANN analysis (R² = 0.99). In conclusion, ANN showed high accuracy for automated semi-quantitative grading of WM based on CK images. This technique can be an important aid, improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing inter-observer variability in scoring segmental LVWM.

Host-parasite relations in a mycoparasitic system : alterations in membrane permeability and lipid composition in Choanephora cucurbitarum infected by Piptocephalis virginiana /

examined in Choanephora cucurbita rum during the early stages of infection by Piptocephalis virginiana » There was a small but consistent increase in the leakage of electrolytes, amino acids and sugars as a result of infection. These low levels of differential leakage in infected tissues are explained on the basis of the nature of this obligate, biotrophic, mycoparasitic system. Quantitative analysis of the twenty six amino acids and amino compounds detected in the leacheates — showed similar profiles in infected and control host and no new species of amino acids or amino compounds were detected in either infected or control host leacheates. Comparatively high amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine were found in the leacheates of host and infected host . Analyses of the sugars comprising the leacheates of infected and control host showed the presence of eight sugars, among which glucose was found in significant amounts (50-53%) ' The nutritional implication of this preferential leakage is discussed. No significant difference was observed in the leacheates of infected host sugar profiles compared with that of the control host. Profiles of the internal pool sugars of infected and control host did not reflect that obtained from the leacheate data, perhaps owing to leakage of sugars in a selective manner . Membrane lipid analyses yielded higher levels of lipid in infected host compared with the control, both at the 24 h and 36 h analyses. In addition, preliminary investigations of phosphorous-32 incorporation and turnover in phospholipids showed higher levels of 32p incorporation and turnover in infected host compared with the control. No apparent difference was noted in the profiles of the neutral lipid classes and the polar lipid classes of the membrane lipids as determined by one and two dimensional thin-layer chromatography respectively. However, a small but consistently higher degree of unsaturation was detected in the fatty acids of infected tissue compared with the control. Also, '^''-^^''^^'-'-^'^^c acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid previously reported to show a direct correlation during the early stages of infection and the degree of parasitism of P. virginiana on C. cucurbitarum , was found in higher amounts in infected host membrane lipids compared with that of the control host. The implications of these membrane lipid alterations are discussed with particular reference to the small but consistently higher leakage of electrolytes, amino acids and sugars observed during infection in this study.

Response curves of deterministic and probabilistic cellular automata in one and two dimensions

One of the most important problems in the theory of cellular automata (CA) is determining the proportion of cells in a specific state after a given number of time iterations. We approach this problem using patterns in preimage sets - that is, the set of blocks which iterate to the desired output. This allows us to construct a response curve - a relationship between the proportion of cells in state 1 after niterations as a function of the initial proportion. We derive response curve formulae for many two-dimensional deterministic CA rules with L-neighbourhood. For all remaining rules, we find experimental response curves. We also use preimage sets to classify surjective rules. In the last part of the thesis, we consider a special class of one-dimensional probabilistic CA rules. We find response surface formula for these rules and experimental response surfaces for all remaining rules.

Modélisation bayésienne des changements aux niches écologiques causés par le réchauffement climatique

Cette thèse présente des méthodes de traitement de données de comptage en particulier et des données discrètes en général. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet stratégique du CRNSG, nommé CC-Bio, dont l'objectif est d'évaluer l'impact des changements climatiques sur la répartition des espèces animales et végétales. Après une brève introduction aux notions de biogéographie et aux modèles linéaires mixtes généralisés aux chapitres 1 et 2 respectivement, ma thèse s'articulera autour de trois idées majeures. Premièrement, nous introduisons au chapitre 3 une nouvelle forme de distribution dont les composantes ont pour distributions marginales des lois de Poisson ou des lois de Skellam. Cette nouvelle spécification permet d'incorporer de l'information pertinente sur la nature des corrélations entre toutes les composantes. De plus, nous présentons certaines propriétés de ladite distribution. Contrairement à la distribution multidimensionnelle de Poisson qu'elle généralise, celle-ci permet de traiter les variables avec des corrélations positives et/ou négatives. Une simulation permet d'illustrer les méthodes d'estimation dans le cas bidimensionnel. Les résultats obtenus par les méthodes bayésiennes par les chaînes de Markov par Monte Carlo (CMMC) indiquent un biais relatif assez faible de moins de 5% pour les coefficients de régression des moyennes contrairement à ceux du terme de covariance qui semblent un peu plus volatils. Deuxièmement, le chapitre 4 présente une extension de la régression multidimensionnelle de Poisson avec des effets aléatoires ayant une densité gamma. En effet, conscients du fait que les données d'abondance des espèces présentent une forte dispersion, ce qui rendrait fallacieux les estimateurs et écarts types obtenus, nous privilégions une approche basée sur l'intégration par Monte Carlo grâce à l'échantillonnage préférentiel. L'approche demeure la même qu'au chapitre précédent, c'est-à-dire que l'idée est de simuler des variables latentes indépendantes et de se retrouver dans le cadre d'un modèle linéaire mixte généralisé (GLMM) conventionnel avec des effets aléatoires de densité gamma. Même si l'hypothèse d'une connaissance a priori des paramètres de dispersion semble trop forte, une analyse de sensibilité basée sur la qualité de l'ajustement permet de démontrer la robustesse de notre méthode. Troisièmement, dans le dernier chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la définition et à la construction d'une mesure de concordance donc de corrélation pour les données augmentées en zéro par la modélisation de copules gaussiennes. Contrairement au tau de Kendall dont les valeurs se situent dans un intervalle dont les bornes varient selon la fréquence d'observations d'égalité entre les paires, cette mesure a pour avantage de prendre ses valeurs sur (-1;1). Initialement introduite pour modéliser les corrélations entre des variables continues, son extension au cas discret implique certaines restrictions. En effet, la nouvelle mesure pourrait être interprétée comme la corrélation entre les variables aléatoires continues dont la discrétisation constitue nos observations discrètes non négatives. Deux méthodes d'estimation des modèles augmentés en zéro seront présentées dans les contextes fréquentiste et bayésien basées respectivement sur le maximum de vraisemblance et l'intégration de Gauss-Hermite. Enfin, une étude de simulation permet de montrer la robustesse et les limites de notre approche.

Quantifying diffusion in biofilms : from model hydrogels to living biofilms

Les biofilms sont des communautés de microorganismes incorporés dans une matrice exo-polymérique complexe. Ils sont reconnus pour jouer un rôle important comme barrière de diffusion dans les systèmes environnementaux et la santé humaine, donnant lieu à une résistance accrue aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants. Comme le transfert de masse dans un biofilm est principalement dû à la diffusion moléculaire, il est primordial de comprendre les principaux paramètres influençant les flux de diffusion. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié un biofilm de Pseudomonas fluorescens et deux hydrogels modèles (agarose et alginate) pour lesquels l’autodiffusion (mouvement Brownien) et les coefficients de diffusion mutuels ont été quantifiés. La spectroscopie par corrélation de fluorescence a été utilisée pour mesurer les coefficients d'autodiffusion dans une volume confocal de ca. 1 m3 dans les gels ou les biofilms, tandis que les mesures de diffusion mutuelle ont été faites par cellule de diffusion. En outre, la voltamétrie sur microélectrode a été utilisée pour évaluer le potentiel de Donnan des gels afin de déterminer son impact sur la diffusion. Pour l'hydrogel d'agarose, les observations combinées d'une diminution du coefficient d’autodiffusion et de l’augmentation de la diffusion mutuelle pour une force ionique décroissante ont été attribuées au potentiel de Donnan du gel. Des mesures de l'effet Donnan (différence de -30 mV entre des forces ioniques de 10-4 et 10-1 M) et l'accumulation correspondante d’ions dans l'hydrogel (augmentation d’un facteur de 13 par rapport à la solution) ont indiqué que les interactions électrostatiques peuvent fortement influencer le flux de diffusion de cations, même dans un hydrogel faiblement chargé tel que l'agarose. Curieusement, pour un gel plus chargé comme l'alginate de calcium, la variation de la force ionique et du pH n'a donné lieu qu'à de légères variations de la diffusion de sondes chargées dans l'hydrogel. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en influençant la diffusion du soluté, l'effet direct des cations sur la structure du gel (compression et/ou gonflement induits) était beaucoup plus efficace que l'effet Donnan. De même, pour un biofilm bactérien, les coefficients d'autodiffusion étaient pratiquement constants sur toute une gamme de force ionique (10-4-10-1 M), aussi bien pour des petits solutés chargés négativement ou positivement (le rapport du coefficient d’autodiffusion dans biofilm sur celui dans la solution, Db/Dw ≈ 85 %) que pour des nanoparticules (Db/Dw≈ 50 %), suggérant que l'effet d'obstruction des biofilms l’emporte sur l'effet de charge. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que parmi les divers facteurs majeurs qui affectent la diffusion dans un biofilm environnemental oligotrophe (exclusion stérique, interactions électrostatiques et hydrophobes), les effets d'obstruction semblent être les plus importants lorsque l'on tente de comprendre la diffusion du soluté. Alors que les effets de charge ne semblaient pas être importants pour l'autodiffusion de substrats chargés dans l'hydrogel d'alginate ou dans le biofilm bactérien, ils ont joué un rôle clé dans la compréhension de la diffusion à travers l’agarose. L’ensemble de ces résultats devraient être très utiles pour l'évaluation de la biodisponibilité des contaminants traces et des nanoparticules dans l'environnement.