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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de renques de mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis) e diferentes sistemas de manejo nos atributos físicos e carbono orgânico de um LATOSSOLO AMARELO. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sistema integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) aos dois anos de cultivo, sendo amostrado em duas distâncias, a 2,5 m do renque florestal (iLPF2,5) e a 10 m (iLPF10), em Monocultivo Florestal com mogno africano (MF) com dois anos de cultivo, sistema Santa Fé (SSF) e Mata Natural como testemunha (MN) em quatro profundidades de solo. Os atributos do solo avaliados foram carbono orgânico, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo foram encontrados na camada superficial do solo, com redução progressiva em profundidade. Os tratamentos iLPF2,5, iLPF10 e SSF apresentaram melhores condições físicas de densidade e porosidade do solo do que o MF quando comparados à MN. Houve diferença de macroporosidade somente nas camadas 0-10 cm, tendo o MF o menor valor, e 30-50 cm, com o maior valor apresentado pelo iLPF2,5. Na microporosidade, houve diferença somente na profundidade 20-30 cm, sendo os maiores valores na MN, SSF e iLPF10. Os renques de mogno africano no sistema iLPF melhoraram os atributos físicos do solo em profundidade. O sistema iLPF e o SSF melhoraram as condições de densidade e porosidade do solo e teores de carbono orgânico do solo. O MF promoveu acúmulo de carbono orgânico, porém, provocou impacto negativo à densidade e à porosidade do solo.

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O tucumanzeiro (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) pertencente à família Arecaceae é uma espécie perene, amplamente distribuída na América do Sul que apresenta grande potencial econômico para as populações amazônicas. Nos últimos anos, essa palmeira foi inserida oficialmente na lista de espécies promissoras ao mercado do biodiesel, porém, a escassez de estudos ainda implica em barreiras para seu plantio em escala comercial. A dissimilaridade genética é fundamental na discriminação de material desejável, principalmente para a geração de informação para programas de melhoramento genético vegetal. Objetivou-se quantificar a dissimilaridade genética entre genótipos selecionados para teor de óleo na polpa. Para tanto, foram colhidos cachos, no período de 2014 a 2016, em 29 genótipos pertencentes ao BAG-Tucumã, sendo mensurados seis caracteres: Peso total do cacho (PTC), peso de frutos por cacho (PFC), rendimento de fruto por cacho (RFC), número de ráquilas (NRC), comprimento da raquis (CRC) e peso de dez frutos (PDF). Com os dados obtidos foram calculadas as médias, as quais foram submetidas às análises multivariadas utilizando a distância Euclidiana média no programa GENES. Os genótipos 16 e 26 foram os mais distantes com dE=3,67, sendo a distância Euclidiana média entre os 29 genótipos de 1,3. Tais distâncias permitiram a formação de seis e quatro grupos distintos pelos métodos UPGMA e Tocher, respectivamente. O caráter PDF foi o que apresentou a maior contribuição para a dissimilaridade. Os genótipos de tucumanzeiro com alto teor de óleo na polpa possuem ampla dissimilaridade para caracteres de cacho e mostram-se desejáveis para futuros programas de melhoramento.

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O tucumanzeiro é uma planta que apresenta grande valor socioeconômico. Seus frutos possuem bons rendimentos de óleo fazendo com que, nos últimos anos, entrasse na lista das espécies promissoras ao mercado do biodiesel. A escassez de estudos agronômicos ainda implica em barreiras para sua domesticação, sobretudo os voltados para programas de melhoramento. A estimativa de repetibilidade de caracteres é ferramenta útil, sendo parâmetro genético similar a herdabilidade no sentido amplo, além de inferir sobre o número de avaliações necessárias. Estimou-se o coeficiente de repetibilidade para seis caracteres de cacho em genótipos de tucumanzeiro selecionados para alto teor de óleo na polpa. Foram coletados dois cachos consecutivos em 29 genótipos pertencentes ao BAG-Tucumã, sendo mensurados seis caracteres: peso total do cacho (PTC), peso de frutos por cacho (PFC), rendimento de fruto por cacho (RFC), número de ráquilas por cacho (NRC), comprimento da ráquis (CRC) e peso de dez frutos (PDF). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a três métodos de análises de repetibilidade no programa Genes. Houve diferença significativa entre os genótipos (P? 0,01) para todos os caracteres, exceto para CRC. Todos os genótipos mostraram alto rendimento de frutos por cacho (89,6%), sendo este caráter pouco influenciado pelo ambiente. O caráter PDF apresentou os maiores coeficientes de repetibilidade e de determinação, permitindo predizer que sete cachos são suficientes para expressar 95% de confiabilidade do valor real dos genótipos. Esse caráter pode ser útil na seleção de tucumanzeiros desejáveis.

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Alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.) da família Verbenaceae é uma planta medicinal e aromática, cujo óleo essencial é utilizado em virtude de suas propriedades bactericida e fungicida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o teor de óleo essencial nas folhas de alecrim-pimenta em função do período de secagem.

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Fatores como a idade e estádio de desenvolvimento da planta, luminosidade, temperatura, pluviosidade, nutrição da planta, localização geográfica, época e horário de colheita e os procedimentos realizados após a colheita como o método da secagem e de armazenamento podem influenciar a composição dos óleos essenciais. Com isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do período de secagem de folhas de hortelã-pimenta (Mentha x piperita L.) no teor de óleo essencial.

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The aim of this research was to study the effect of chemical additives (lime and Portland cement) associated with sodium silicate on soil in order to obtain compressed soil bricks. Mini panels were constructed with such bricks being their physical and mechanical characteristics determined in laboratory conditions and their behavior evaluated through the association of destructive and non-destructive methods. For this purpose a sandy soil and a finely divided one were added to Portland cement and lime in the dosage of 6% and 10% taken in dry weight basis in relation to the dry soil. The sodium silicate dosage of 4% was also taken in dry weight basis in relation to the dry soil-cement or to the dry soil-lime. The compressed soil bricks were cured in a humidity chamber for 7; 28; 56 and 91 days. The bricks were laid on the fourteenth day to form prismatic mini panels each one with four layers of bricks. After 28; 56 and 91 days the mini panels were submitted to both; ultrasonic and compressive tests to determine its elastic properties (dynamic modulus) and the compressive resistance. The best results in terms of compressive strength, water absorption capacity or dynamic elastic modulus, were reached by the sandy soil added to 10% of Portland cement or lime associated with sodium silicate.

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The main objective of this work is the study of the effect of rice husk addition on the physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The rice husk preparation consisted of grinding, sieving, and the pre-treatment with lime solution. The physical characteristics of the soil and of the rice husk were determined. Different amounts of soil, cement and rice husk were tested by compaction and unconfined compression. The specimens molded according to the treatments applied to the mixtures were subsequently submitted to compression testing and to tensile splitting cylinder testing at 7 and 28 days of age and to water absorption testing. After determining its physical and mechanical characteristics, the best results were obtained for the soil + 12% (cement + rice husk) mixture. The results showed a promising use as an alternative construction material.

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A trial was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition in the aerial part of lettuce, cv. 'Elisa', irrigated with wastewater treated with constructed wetland and source deposit water, grown on a Rhodic Hapludox Soil, using the irrigation systems sprinkle, subsurface drip and surface drip irrigation. The experiment was carried out from August 17th to October 3rd of 2001 and the chemical analyses of the lettuce were accomplished to 47 days after transplanting of the seedling. The aerial part of the lettuce was analyzed as for the levels of total nitrogen, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, sodium, boron, cobalt and molybdenum. The sodium and the sulfur presented higher levels than the maximum suitable in the aerial part of the lettuce and the smallest level of magnesium, while other chemical elements analyzed were normal and appropriate considering the standard for well-nourished plants, not being influenced by the water type. The sodium was the chemical element that presented the highest levels in the aerial part of the lettuce in the treatments irrigated with wastewater, presenting significant difference in relationship to the treatments irrigated with source deposit water in the three irrigation systems. The use of the different irrigation systems by the application of wastewater treated with constructed wetland did not interfere in the levels of nutrients in the aerial part of the lettuce.

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In order to determine the energy needed to artificially dry an agricultural product the latent heat of vaporization of moisture in the product, H, must be known. Generally, the expressions for H reported in the literature are of the form H = h(T)f(M), where h(T) is the latent heat of vaporization of free water, and f(M) is a function of the equilibrium moisture content, M, which is a simplification. In this article, a more general expression for the latent heat of vaporization, namely H = g(M,T), is used to determine H for cowpea, always-green variety. For this purpose, a computer program was developed which automatically fits about 500 functions, with one or two independent variables, imbedded in its library to experimental data. The program uses nonlinear regression, and classifies the best functions according to the least reduced chi-squared. A set of executed statistical tests shows that the generalized expression for H used in this work produces better results of H for cowpea than other equations found in literature.

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Rice husk, employed as an energy source at milling industries in Brazil generates, after burning, a dark ash. This residue is not yet conveniently disposed, being currently dumped on large areas, causing environmental problems. This research intended to evaluate the applications of residual rice husk ashes (RHA) as a partial replacement of cement for mortar production. Rice husk ash was chemically characterized through X-ray fluorescence, determination of carbon content, X-ray diffraction, and laser granulometric analysis. Mortar specimens were submitted to two different exposure conditions: internal and external environments at a maximum period of five months. Physical-mechanical testing were compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Although presenting good mechanical performance, the mortar based on ash (RHA) did not present pozolanicity but it can be employed in cement matrices as inert material (filler).

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The presence of vegetal impurities in sugarcane delivered to sugarmills as green and dry leaves is a problem not only because they are non-value materials to be processed along with sugarcane stalks, but also because they can rise the color of the clarified juice and, consequently, the color of the sugar produced, with a reduction of its quality for the market. Another problem is the mud volume sedimented in the clarifiers, which also can result in a larger recirculation and greater volume of filtrate juice, with higher losses of sucrose and utilization of the vacuum rotary filters. The objective of this work was to observe the effect of the presence of green and dry leaves on sugarcane juice clarification, related to a control treatment with the addition of fiber extracted from the stalks. The experiments were planned based on the addition of quantities of fibrous sources in order to formulate samples with absolute increase of 0.25 , 0.50 and 0.75 percentual points over the fiber content of the sugarcane stalks (control treatment). The juice clarification was conducted with a laboratory clarifier. The clarified juice color and the mud volume were evaluated. The presence of green leaves caused higher color and mud volume due to the extraction of non-sucrose components of the leaves. Soluble compounds of dry leaves were also extracted, though not detected by juice analysis. The addition of the fiber extracted from the stalks did not induce alterations in the clarification process.

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Culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus 722 in 3% triptone plus 1% yeast extract was used for EEA purification, proceeding comparison between dye ligand Red A affinity chromatography and classic chromatography. The capture of SEA with Amberlite CG-50 allowed rapid enterotoxin concentration from the culture supernatant. However, the ratio of 15 mg of the resin to a total of 150 mg of the toxin satured the resin, giving only 10 to 30% of SEA recuperation from the supernatant. The elution of concentrated material throught the Red A column resulted in a recovery of 60,87% of the toxin, and required 76 hours, indicating advantage on classic chromatography. Ion exchange column plus gel filtration recovered only 6,5 % of the SEA, and required 114 hours to conclude the procedure. The eletrophoresis of purified SEA indicated high grade of toxin obtained from Red A column, with 90 % of purity, compared to 60 % of classic column.

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The association of 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Clarex), 0,6 % v/w invertase (Invertase-S) and 0,5 % w/w glucose isomerase (Taka-sweet) in industrialized banana (Musa cavendishii) pulp, under conditions of hydrolysis 40oC, 15 minutes, was observed and compared to other three enzymatic treatements: 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Clarex); 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Clarex) associated to 0,6 % v/w invertase (Invertase-S); and 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Sigma) associated to 0,03 % cellulase (Sigma) to determine the quality using a group of physical, physico-chemical, chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the banana juices obtained. These properties had not differ significantly in function of pectinases and celulase employed. The addition of invertase had increased sweetness and decreased viscosity in juice. On the other side, the addition of glucose isomerase in inverted juice was not able in increasing significantly fructose content.