Platinum-catalysed intravaginal rings

The present invention provides improved intravaginal drug delivery devices, i.e., intravaginal rings, useful for the prophylactic administration of an antimicrobial compound, e.g., Dapivirine, to a human. The intravaginal rings of the invention address previous stability issues by utilizing a platinum catalyst (e.g., in the form of a platinum-siloxane complex) for the cross-linking reaction. The vaginal rings surprisingly achieve relatively high and steady release rates in vivo with a matrix ring containing a relatively small loading dose. While the matrix rings of the present invention have in vivo the steady release rates associated with reservoir rings, they are easier and less expensive to manufacture. The present invention also provides methods of blocking DNA polymerization by an HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, methods of preventing HIV infection in a female human, methods of treating HIV infection in a female human, and methods of preparing platinum-catalyzed intravaginal rings.

Size-fitting of Intravaginal Rings for Macaques and in vitro Release Kinetics of Zinc Finger Inhibitors

Background: Small molecule inhibitors of the zinc finger domain (ZFI) in the nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) of HIV-1 are potent inhibitors of HIV and SIV
replication and may have utility as topical products to prevent infection. Furthermore, intravaginal rings (IVRs) were developed as coitally-independent,
sustained release devices which could be used for administration of HIV microbicides. The aims of these studies were to demonstrate that IVRs sized for
macaques are practical and compatible with the current generation of thioester-based NCp7 inhibitors.

Methods: Non-medicated silicone elastomer vaginal rings of various sizes thought to be applicable for macaques were prepared and tested for vaginal fit in Pigtailed and Chinese Rhesus macaques. Macaques were monitored for 8 weeks for mucosal disruption by colposcopy and proinflammatory cytokine markers in cervical vaginal lavages (CVL) using Luminex bead-based technology. Three different ZFIs (compounds 52, 89 and 122, each derived from an N-substituted S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioester scaffold) were loaded at 50 mg into an optimal matrix-type ring design. In vitro continuous release studies were then conducted over 28 days and analyzed by HPLC. Rate of release was determined by linear regression analysis.

Results: Qualitative evaluation at the time of ring insertion suggested that the 25 mm ring provided optimal fit in both macaque species. All rings remained in
place during the study period (2 to 4 weeks), and the animals did not attempt to remove the rings. No tissue irritation was observed, and no signs of physical
discomfort were noted. Also, no significant induction of cervicovaginal proinflammatory markers was observed during the 8-week period during and following ring insertion. One Pigtailed macaque showed elevated IL-8 levels in the CVL during the period when the ring was in place; however, these levels were comparable to those observed in two control macaques. In vitro release of the ZFIs peaked at day 1 and then continually declined to near steady-state rates between 20-30 mcg/day. The percent release after 14 days was 2.9, 2.0 and 0.9 for ZFI 89, 52 and 122, respectively.

Conclusions: IVRs of 25mm diameter, determined to be the optimal size for macaques, were well tolerated and did not induce inflammation. Release of all ZFI compounds followed t 0.5 kinetics. These findings suggest that efficacy testing in primate models is warranted to fully evaluate the potential to prevent
transmission.

HIGH-FIDELITY MUSIC CODING AT 4 BITS.

A very high-quality sub-band ADPCM music coding scheme which compresses high-fidelity music signals, bandlimited to 15kHz, to an equivalent PCM representation of only 4 bits per sample, is described. By processing music sampled at 32 kHz, this coder exhibits a total bit rate of only 128kbit/s and is consequently applicable to the ISDN. Subjective tests conducted with this coder have shown that music recovered from the compression scheme is essentially indistinguishable from the original material. The results obtained are of major importance, not only for ISDN and broadcasting, but also for other digital audio technology such as compact disc (CD) and digital audio tape.

Experiences and needs of bereaved carers during palliative and end-of-life care for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This study explored the experiences of palliative care that bereaved carers had while providing care to a dying loved one with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Method: Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with nine carers whohad lost a loved one in the preceding 6 to 24 months.These interviews explored levels of satisfaction with disease management, symptom management, and end-of-life care. With permission, interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and subjected to content analysis.

Findings: Three themes emerged from the data: the impact of the caring experience, the lack of support services, and end-of-life and bereavement support. Carers experienced carer burden, lack of access to support services, a need for palliative care, and bereavement support.

Conclusion: The findings provide a first insight into the experiences of carers of patients with advanced COPD. Bereaved carers of patients who had suffered advanced COPD reported that they had received inadequate support and had a range of unmet palliative care needs. Special attention should be paid to educating and supporting carers during their caring and bereavement periods to ensure that their quality of life is maintained or enhanced

Thermal properties and eutectic behaviour of dapivirine in combination with steroid hormones and other antiretrovirals

Background: Combination drug products can display thermal behaviour that is more complex than for the corresponding single drug products. For example, the contraceptive vaginal ring (VR) Nuvaring contains a eutectic (lowest melting) composition of etonogestrel (ETN) and ethinyl estradiol. Here we report the predisposition of dapivirine (DPV) to form reduced melting/eutectic mixtures when combined with other contraceptive hormones and antiretrovirals, and discuss the implications for development of combination microbicide and multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) products.
Methods: Binary mixtures of DPV with darunavir (DRV), levonorgestrel (LNG), ETN or maraviroc (MVC) were prepared either by physical mixing or by solvent evaporation. Selected binary mixtures were also incorporated into silicone elastomer (SE) VR devices. Thermal behavior of the mixtures was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) operating in standard heating ramp mode (10 °C/min). DSC data were used to construct two component phase diagrams for each binary system.
Results: Drug mixtures typically showed reduced melting transitions for both drug components, with clear evidence for a eutectic mixture at a well-defined intermediate composition. Eutectic temperatures and compositions for the various mixtures were: 40% DPV / 60% ETN - 170°C; 25% DPV / 75% MVC - 172°C; 65% DPV / 35% LNG - 192°C. In each case, the eutectic composition was also detected when the drug mixtures were incorporated into SE VRs. For the DPV/DRV system, the thermal behaviour is complicated by desolvation from the darunavir ethanolate polymorph.
Conclusions: When DPV is combined with small molecular weight hydrophobic drugs, the melting temperature for both drugs is typically reduced to a degree dependent on the composition of the mixture. At specified compositions, a low melting eutectic system results. The formation of eutectic behavior in binary drug systems needs to be carefully characterised in order to define product performance and drug release.

Distal Deposition of Tephra from the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Summit Eruption

The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull lasted 39 days and had 4 different phases, of which the first and third (14–18 April and 5–6 May) were most intense. Most of this period was dominated by winds with a northerly component that carried tephra toward Europe, where it was deposited in a number of locations and was sampled by rain gauges or buckets, surface swabs, sticky-tape samples and air filtering. In the UK, tephra was collected from each of the Phases 1–3 with a combined range of latitudes spanning the length of the country. The modal grain size of tephra in the rain gauge samples was 25 um, but the largest grains were 100 um in diameter and highly vesicular. The mass loading was equivalent to 8–218 shards cm2, which is comparable to tephra layers from much larger past eruptions. Falling tephra was collected on sticky tape in the English Midlands on 19, 20 and 21st April (Phase 2), and was dominated by aggregate clasts (mean diameter 85 um, component grains <10 um). SEM-EDS spectra for aggregate grains contained an extra peak for sulphur, when compared to control samples from the volcano, indicating that they were cemented by sulphur-rich minerals e.g. gypsum (CaSO4⋅H2O). Air quality monitoring stations did not record fluctuations in hourly PM10 concentrations outside the normal range of variability during the eruption, but there was a small increase in 24-hour running mean concentration from 21–24 April (Phase 2). Deposition of tephra from Phase 2 in the UK indicates that transport of tephra from Iceland is possible even for small eruption plumes given suitable wind conditions. The presence of relatively coarse grains adds uncertainty to concentration estimates from air quality sensors, which are most sensitive to grain sizes <10 um. Elsewhere, tephra was collected from roofs and vehicles in the Faroe Islands (mean grain size 40 um, but 100 um common), from rainwater in Bergen in Norway (23–91 um) and in air filters in Budapest, Hungary (2–6 um). A map is presented summarizing these and other recently published examples of distal tephra deposition from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. It demonstrates that most tephra deposited on mainland Europe was produced in the highly explosive Phase 1 and was carried there in 2–3 days.

Novel Delivery Systems for Transdermal and Intradermal Drug Delivery

This research book covers the major aspects relating to the use of novel delivery systems in enhancing both transdermal and intradermal drug delivery. It provides a review of transdermal and intradermal drug delivery, including the history of the field and the various methods employed to produce delivery systems from different materials such as device design, construction and evaluation, so as to provide a sound background to the use of novel systems in enhanced delivery applications.

Furthermore, it presents in-depth analyses of recent developments in this exponentially growing field, with a focus on microneedle arrays, needle-free injections, nanoparticulate systems and peptide-carrier-type systems. It also covers conventional physical enhancement strategies, such as tape-stripping, sonophoresis, iontophoresis, electroporation and thermal/suction/laser ablation Discussions about the penetration of the stratum corneum by the various novel strategies highlight the importance of the application method. Comprehensive and critical reviews of transdermal and intradermal delivery research using such systems focus on the outcomes of in vivoanimal and human studies. The book includes laboratory, clinical and commercial case studies featuring safety and patient acceptability studies carried out to date, and depicts a growing area for use of these novel systems is in intradermal vaccine delivery. The final chapters review recent patents in this field and describe the work ongoing in industry.

Thiol isomerases negatively regulate the cellular shedding activity of ADAM17

ADAM17 (where ADAM is 'a disintegrin and metalloproteinase') can rapidly modulate cell-surface signalling events by the proteolytic release of soluble forms of proligands for cellular receptors. Many regulatory pathways affect the ADAM17 sheddase activity, but the mechanisms for the activation are still not clear. We have utilized a cell-based ADAM17 assay to show that thiol isomerases, specifically PDI (protein disulfide isomerase), could be responsible for maintaining ADAM17 in an inactive form. Down-regulation of thiol isomerases, by changes in the redox environment (for instance as elicited by phorbol ester modulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species) markedly enhanced ADAM17 activation. On the basis of ELISA binding studies with novel fragment antibodies against ADAM17 we propose that isomerization of the disulfide bonds in ADAM17, and the subsequent conformational changes, form the basis for the modulation of ADAM17 activity. The shuffling of disulfide bond patterns in ADAMs has been suggested by a number of recent adamalysin crystal structures, with distinct disulfide bond patterns altering the relative orientations of the domains. Such a mechanism is rapid and reversible, and the role of thiol isomerases should be investigated further as a potential factor in the redox regulation of ADAM17.

Da francofilia no imaginário presencista |e da NRF à Presença

O objecto de estudo deste trabalho centra-se em torno de duas grandes revistas literárias que marcaram o século XX, em França e em Portugal: La Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF) e a presença. O primeiro verdadeiro número da NRF surgiu em 1909 e, progressivamente, esta revista cosmopolita, anti doutrinária e defensora da independência intelectual do artista impôs-se nas letras francesas como um movimento, um espírito e uma geração de referência. Posteriormente, em pleno período dos “années folles”, surgiu em Portugal a revista presença, que, mais do que uma publicação literária de longa duração (1927-1940), se destacou, na cultura literária portuguesa do século XX, como a afirmação de uma geração revolucionária que propugnou a arte pura e a liberdade do artista. Após uma reflexão sobre as grandes coordenadas que conduziram à construção de um espírito NRF e à instituição do mito em torno dessa revista, ocupámo-nos da presença-revista, mas também, e sobretudo, da presença-geração em busca de um espaço próprio para a edificação do seu projecto estético-literário. Tentámos, numa terceira etapa deste trabalho, destacar distintas vertentes da francofilia na geração da presença, demonstrando, por um lado, a inspiração tutelar do espírito NRF e da literatura francesa sobre os presencistas e, por outro lado, o posicionamento destes últimos face à cultura e literatura francesas.

Histórias em Intercompreensão: a voz dos autores

Este relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do lote 7 (Inserção Curricular da Intercompreensão) do projeto MIRIADI. Trata-se de um lote cujo objetivo é desenvolver processos de integração curricular da Intercompreensão (IC) à distância em grupos plurilingues, a partir de trabalhos experimentais levados a cabo no terreno e realizados numa lógica de investigação-ação, tendo em vista compreender as “condições de exequibilidade” desta abordagem didática nos curricula de aprendizagem de línguas e de formação. Procura-se, em particular, identificar empiricamente permeabilidades e resistências dos contextos e dos atores educativos face à IC como conceito prático com relevância profissional, bem como vantagens e limites do ponto de vista da aprendizagem linguística que possam justificar o seu valor educativo. A Intercompreensão tem vindo, nas últimas décadas, a percorrer um percurso de destaque em Didática de Línguas (sobretudo Estrangeiras) na Europa e fora dela, em particular no âmbito das atuais abordagens plurais, ocupando um lugar de visibilidade nos discursos e práticas de investigação e formação desta disciplina e contribuindo para a tonalidade da sua voz mais propriamente politico-ideológica (Alarcão, Andrade, Araújo e Sá, Melo-Pfeifer & Santos, 2009). Contudo, a presença do conceito nos espaços concretos de educação em línguas (tais como escolas, liceus, universidades e outras instituições) é extremamente débil, limitando-se a algumas experiências pontuais, sob o impulso (e mesmo a condução), na maior parte dos casos, dos investigadores e tendo como finalidade principal a produção de conhecimento didático (Degache & Tavares, 2011). Assim, pouco se sabe ainda do que pode ser efetivamente o contributo da IC para o projeto educativo das instituições, e muito menos do modo como o conceito pode ser integrado em práticas curriculares continuadas e sistemáticas de educação em línguas, sabendo-se que estas mesmas práticas são reguladas por múltiplas instâncias, internas e externas, objetivas e subjetivas, que atuam a vários níveis (macro, meso, micro) e que não podem deixar de ser consideradas. O lote 7 de Miriadi propõe abordar estas questões, relativas à integração curricular da IC, a partir de uma outra lógica epistemológica, uma lógica que não busca propostas desenhadas a partir dos resultados da investigação e orientadas para a transferência do conhecimento, ou seja, que não reflete uma perspetiva aplicacionista do saber didático. Ao invés, o trabalho realizado por este lote entende o currículo como uma construção dinâmica que se (re)define e se (re)negocia em função dos contextos específicos em que ocorre, atribuindo-lhe por conseguinte uma natureza contingente, situada, intersubjetiva e local. Nesta perspetiva sócio-construtivista, em que o currículo é uma co-construção que ocorre entre sujeitos precisos nas suas ações educativas quotidianas, a integração curricular da IC produz-se no âmbito destas ações, ou, dito de outra forma, através de práticas situadas nas especificidades e possibilidades que oferecem os contextos concretos, em particular os sujeitos que deles fazem parte. Esta perspetiva de trabalho do lote 7 parece-nos ser a mais coerente com o posicionamento teórico relativamente à IC enquanto conceito didático do projeto MIRIADI. Com efeito, está amplamente estudado que a IC tem vindo a ser tratada segundo diferentes pontos de vista, de acordo com as escolas epistemológicas e as proveniências e ancoragens disciplinares dos seus autores (para uma revisão recente, ver Araújo e Sá, 2013; Olliver, 2013). No âmbito do percurso específico de investigação/formação/intervenção do grupo e-Gala (www.e-gala.eu), no seio do qual emergiu MIRIADI, em particular das suas mais disseminadas realizações – as plataformas Galanet (www.galanet.eu) e Galapro (www-galapro.eu/sessions) -, a IC é abordada numa perspetiva socio-construtivista do saber e da relação comunicativa. Dito de outra forma, MIRIADI define a IC como um processo e uma prática interacional que ocorre entre sujeitos, atores sociais que vivem em diferentes línguas e que se implicam coletivamente num quadro dialógico “où le grand enjeu devient la construction d’un territoire de parole partagé” (Araújo e Sá, Degache & Spita, 2010: 26). Esta aceção interacionista (e plurilingue e intercultural) é complementada pelo recurso a meios de comunicação tecnológicos. Definido o enquadramento conceptual e metodológico do lote7, importa agora explicitar como se desenvolveu o trabalho ao longo dos seus 36 meses de execução. O lote organizou-se em 3 grandes etapas, que envolveram toda a equipa: Etapa 1. Identificação e caracterização de contextos de ensino e formação linguística suscetíveis de poderem beneficiar de uma integração curricular da IC (plurilingue e à distância) (os resultados desta etapa encontram-se na Prestation 7.1. do projeto, referida na nota anterior). Etapa 2. Planificação e desenvolvimento de múltiplas e diversificadas iniciativas de divulgação da IC nesses mesmos contextos, destinadas à comunidade educativa na generalidade (públicos, professores/formadores, órgãos de gestão, funcionários, etc.), tendo em vista a sua familiarização com a IC enquanto conceito didático e prática de educação em línguas, de modo a criar condições (e aberturas) para a sua integração curricular; uma atenção especial foi dada à formação dos agentes educativos. Etapa 3. Planificação, experimentação e avaliação, numa lógica de investigação-ação e em rede (aproveitando-se as potencialidades das plataformas Galapro e Galanet), de propostas de integração curricular da IC; pretendia-se, em especial, com estas propostas, identificar contributos da IC para a qualidade dos projetos educativos dos contextos de integração caracterizados (na etapa 1), mas também constrangimentos, fragilidades, obstáculos e resistências, numa abordagem crítica do conceito que fosse sensível às propriedades dos espaços-alvo de educação em línguas. Neste sentido, foram recolhidos, analisados e discutidos, em função das suas características contextuais (definidas na etapa 1), dados empíricos de natureza diversa (produções dos alunos, transcrições de excertos de aulas, testemunhos espontâneos de alunos e professores, respostas a questionários, entre outros). Este Rapport é um produto da Etapa 3. Trata-se de um documento multimédia, que pretende dar acesso sistematizado e crítico aos discursos e vozes de sujeitos reais que experienciaram propostas didáticas concretas de IC elaboradas durante esta etapa do lote. Mais concretamente, este relatório oferece 6 narrativas de estudos de caso (3 em contexto de ensino secundário e outros 3 no ensino superior), realizados em vários países (Brasil, França, Itália Portugal e República da Maurícia), contendo uma descrição detalhada das situações educativas experimentadas e uma análise dos dados recolhidos, com apresentação dos recursos e materiais utilizados e testemunhos dos sujeitos concretos (professores e alunos). Incluem-se igualmente os instrumentos de recolha de dados e alguns exemplos dos mesmos. Cada narrativa obedece a uma mesma estrutura discursiva, de forma a mais facilmente poderem ser comparáveis, permitindo a extração de conclusões transversais aos vários estudos: introdução; descrição do contexto de intervenção; descrição da intervenção (objetivos, atividades, com acesso aos recursos utilizados, e avaliação); resultados obtidos; conclusões e implicações A secção final, “Témoignages”, apresenta-se sob a forma de um conjunto de vídeos e podcasts, identificados de acordo com a instituição parceira do projeto que os recolheu e organizados segundo três critérios: • as línguas dos locutores (espanhol, francês, italiano e português); • os contextos de formação onde decorreram as experiências de IC (ensino secundário e ensino universitário); • o tipo de intervenientes nas experiências de IC (alunos ou professores). Assume-se mais uma vez, neste Rapport, as dinâmicas de trabalho plurilingue da equipa Miriadi, cuja rentabilidade para a produção do conhecimento didático foi analisada e evidenciada no âmbito de projetos anteriores (ver Melo-Pfeifer, 2014) e se encontra ilustrada, numa outra linguagem, nos nossos postais (disponíveis no Facebook). Assim, com exceção desta introdução, que foi traduzida para francês (ver acima), o documento encontra-se nas línguas de trabalho dos membros da equipa que o redigiram.

Alkaline-earth aluminosilicate-based glass and glass-ceramic sealants for functional applications

The planar design of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the most promising one due to its easier fabrication, improved performance and relatively high power density. In planar SOFCs and other solid-electrolyte devices, gas-tight seals must be formed along the edges of each cell and between the stack and gas manifolds. Glass and glass-ceramic (GC), in particular alkaline-earth alumino silicate based glasses and GCs, are becoming the most promising materials for gas-tight sealing applications in SOFCs. Besides the development of new glass-based materials, new additional concepts are required to overcome the challenges being faced by the currently existing sealant technology. The present work deals with the development of glasses- and GCs-based materials to be used as a sealants for SOFCs and other electrochemical functional applications. In this pursuit, various glasses and GCs in the field of diopside crystalline materials have been synthesized and characterized by a wide array of techniques. All the glasses were prepared by melt-quenching technique while GCs were produced by sintering of glass powder compacts at the temperature ranges from 800−900 ºC for 1−1000 h. Furthermore, the influence of various ionic substitutions, especially SrO for CaO, and Ln2O3 (Ln=La, Nd, Gd, and Yb), for MgO + SiO2 in Al-containing diopside on the structure, sintering and crystallization behaviour of glasses and properties of resultant GCs has been investigated, in relevance with final application as sealants in SOFC. From the results obtained in the study of diopside-based glasses, a bilayered concept of GC sealant is proposed to overcome the challenges being faced by (SOFCs). The systems designated as Gd−0.3 (in mol%: 20.62MgO−18.05CaO−7.74SrO−46.40SiO2−1.29Al2O3 − 2.04 B2O3−3.87Gd2O3) and Sr−0.3 (in mol%: 24.54 MgO−14.73 CaO−7.36 SrO−0.55 BaO−47.73 SiO2−1.23 Al2O3−1.23 La2O3−1.79 B2O3−0.84 NiO) have been utilized to realize the bi-layer concept. Both GCs exhibit similar thermal properties, while differing in their amorphous fractions, revealed excellent thermal stability along a period of 1,000 h. They also bonded well to the metallic interconnect (Crofer22APU) and 8 mol% yttrium stabilized zirconium (8YSZ) ceramic electrolyte without forming undesirable interfacial layers at the joints of SOFC components and GC. Two separated layers composed of glasses (Gd−0.3 and Sr−0.3) were prepared and deposited onto interconnect materials using a tape casting approach. The bi-layered GC showed good wetting and bonding ability to Crofer22APU plate, suitable thermal expansion coefficient (9.7–11.1 × 10–6 K−1), mechanical reliability, high electrical resistivity, and strong adhesion to the SOFC componets. All these features confirm the good suitability of the investigated bi-layered sealant system for SOFC applications.

Motivation à apprendre des élèves et modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant étude du lien au travers des perceptions d'élèves de troisième d'enseignement agricole

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une thématique d'interrelation recherche-formation-pratique. Elle a pour objectif principal d'étudier le lien entre les perceptions motivationnelles à apprendre d'élèves de troisième d'enseignement agricole et leur perception du modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant. Son caractère novateur repose sur l'interculturalité des approches utilisées: la motivation à apprendre empruntée aux études nord-américaines et le modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant empruntée aux études françaises. L'étape de recension des écrits nous a permis de préparer le terrain à un questionnaire de type quantitatif. Il comprend deux sections sur les modèles d'autorité (autoritaire et d'autorité) et trois sections sur les perceptions motivationnelles (valeur, sentiment de compétence et contrôlabilité) en lien avec deux matières: français et STP (sciences et techniques professionnelles). À la suite de cette investigation, les entrevues menées ont permis de découvrir deux cas de figure non envisagés au départ. Le premier est qu'un enseignant de tendance autoritaire sur l'axe relationnel n'altère pas la perception de la valeur de la matière si celui-ci autonomise et responsabilise les élèves et s'il est impliqué dans leur réussite. Il en est de même si cela rejoint les buts éloignés des élèves (brevet, projet personnel ou professionnel). Enfin, il ressort des résultats un troisième modèle d'autorité de l'enseignant inattendu qu'est l'enseignant manquant d'autorité. Il fait apparaître le besoin des élèves d'avoir un enseignant cadrant sur l'axe relationnel afin de contenir les apprentissages. Même si les apprentissages sont variés et novateurs et que l'enseignant est disponible et explique bien ses cours, ils ne sont pas suffisants pour motiver les élèves rencontrés. Il semble que le cadre donné par l'enseignant les sécurise, donne de la fiabilité à l'enseignant et de la valeur à la matière même s'il est de tendance autoritaire.

Petites obsessions ironie et satire dans l'écriture de nouvelles destinées à la jeunesse

Petites obsessions : ironie et satire dans l'écriture de nouvelles destinées à la jeunesse", mémoire en création littéraire, comporte deux parties. La première présente un recueil de nouvelles humoristiques destinées à un lectorat jeunesse. Ces nouvelles, au nombre de huit, bien que différentes les unes des autres, partagent une même thématique, l'obsession, et des tonalités humoristiques comparables, soit la satire et l'ironie. La seconde partie de ce mémoire, plus théorique, se divise en trois sections. D'abord, on trouve une section traitant de la littérature jeunesse; on y parle du héros et du système de personnages, de l'humour utilisé dans ce type de littérature et, finalement de quelques thèmes fréquemment rencontrés : amour, intégration au groupe de pairs, identité, liberté et indépendance, nouvelles réalités sociales. Ce portrait rapide et succinct de la littérature jeunesse vient étayer les stratégies d'écriture utilisées lors de la rédaction de Petites obsessions , stratégies susceptibles de favoriser l'éclosion de l'humour dans un contexte littéraire. L'analyse d'un corpus restreint, mais représentatif, qui s'ensuit (Raymond Plante, Robert Soulières, Sylvie Desrosiers et Denis Côté) permet d'observer concrètement la présence des divers éléments textuels décrits en première partie, pour ensuite les mettre en corrélation avec la création littéraire proprement dite. À cette dernière étape, consignée dans la troisième section, s'ajoute une réflexion sur l'intentionnalité qui fonde l'écriture de Petites obsessions de même que sur les cibles qui y sont visées.

Enrichissement du didacticiel "Des médias et des mots" description des principales difficultés orthographiques et syntaxiques présentes dans les médias écrits québécois

Le principal objectif de notre mémoire de maîtrise, de type production, visait à enrichir le contenu du didacticiel Des médias et des mots par la production d'une série de fiches traitant de difficultés d'ordre orthographique et syntaxique ainsi que des mots touchés par les Rectifications orthographiques. Ce didacticiel, hébergé dans le site ayant pour adresse http://catifq.usherbrooke.ca/didacticielmedia, a été créé pour répondre aux besoins des journalistes, rédacteurs et animateurs de la presse écrite et présente de façon ludique des fiches d'exercice concernant des difficultés langagières tirées de contextes réels d'utilisation et accompagnées de solutions de rechange et d'un commentaire explicatif. Afin de respecter le critère de contextes réels d'emploi, nous avons procédé, avant le travail de rédaction des fiches, au repérage dans un corpus représentatif de textes journalistiques québécois des principales difficultés orthographiques et syntaxiques, c'est-à-dire celles qui posent problème par rapport à la"norme" du français écrit et dont l'utilisation était récurrente. Cette étape a été effectuée au moyen d'une liste d'écarts constituée à partir des difficultés de la langue française abordées dans les cours de français normatif que nous donnons au Département des lettres et communications de l'Université de Sherbrooke et regroupées dans 22 catégories différentes. L'inventaire des difficultés langagières rencontrées dans le discours journalistique québécois nous a, par la suite, amenée à analyser les usages linguistiques observés. Ainsi, nous avons pu établir que l'utilisation de la préposition représente le problème le plus récurrent dans les textes journalistiques. L'emploi du verbe (accord et conjugaison), des participes passés des verbes pronominaux et du trait d'union apparaît aussi comme une difficulté très importante dans ce genre de discours. Enfin, les données recueillies concernant le genre des substantifs, quelques cas d'orthographe d'usage de même que l'emploi de l'apostrophe, des adjectifs de couleur, des adjectifs verbaux, des déterminants numéraux, de demi, de même, des participes passés autres que ceux des pronominaux, de quel que/ quelque, de quoi que/ quoique, et de tout confirment le fait que ces notions posent problème aux journalistes.

Le parcours identitaire d'athlètes de haut niveau lors de leur transition de carrière

Cette recherche s'intéresse au parcours d'athlètes de haut niveau lors de leur transition d'une carrière sportive vers autre chose (nouvelle identité, nouvelle carrière, nouveaux projets, etc.). Même si les athlètes savent que la retraite sportive est la plupart du temps inévitable, plusieurs écrits soulignent les difficultés qui l'accompagnent, notamment sur le plan identitaire, les athlètes ayant à faire le deuil d'une identité fortement valorisée. Des retraités de la compétition sportive décrivent même cette étape comme le passage d'être exceptionnel à simple citoyen. Les écrits sur l'identité athlétique indiquent que le degré d'identification au rôle d'athlète et le degré d'exclusivité que la personne accorde à son rôle s'accroissent avec le niveau sportif atteint. La transition serait particulièrement difficile pour les athlètes de haut niveau, c'est-à-dire pour ceux qui ont obtenu une reconnaissance de leur statut d'athlète sous la forme d'une sélection pour des compétitions nationales ou internationales, dont les jeux olympiques. Lorsque ces personnes quittent la scène sportive, ils vivent un sentiment de vide et d'incertitude face à leur avenir. En plus d'avoir l'impression de perdre leur identité, ils disent manquer la stimulation, la reconnaissance sociale et le style de vie de leur ancienne vie. La transition serait particulièrement difficile pour les personnes qui partent à la retraite parce qu' elles y sont forcées, par exemple en raison de blessures. Les études qui ont utilisé une méthodologie qualitative ont permis de constater une évolution dans les questionnements identitaires des athlètes ainsi que sur la façon dont ils s'adaptent à leur nouvelle situation.Cette recherche poursuit dans cette voie en s'intéressant au parcours identitaire d'athlètes de haut niveau. Elle décrit les dynamiques et stratégies identitaires mises en oeuvre par des athlètes. Six athlètes de haut niveau ont été interrogés à propos de ce qu'ils ont vécu sur le plan identitaire durant leur carrière, mais principalement à partir du moment où celle-ci a pris fin. Les athlètes se sont également prononcés sur leurs projets d'avenir. Ces athlètes ont participé à la recherche sur une base volontaire, à la suite d'une invitation lancée par un organisme national de sport. Cet échantillonnage au hasard a mené à une grande diversité quant à la durée de la carrière (entre 15 et 25 ans de pratique sportive et 13 et 25 ans de participation à des compétitions), le nombre et l'ampleur des succès obtenus ainsi qu'au temps écoulé depuis leur retraite. Les données ont été analysées sous la forme d'études de cas, en faisant une mise en relation avec les composantes de l'identité athlétique (Cieslak, 2004), les dynamiques identitaires (Kaddouri, 1999, 2002, 2006) et les stratégies identitaires (Carver et al. , 2000). Même si tous les athlètes ont vécu une carrière marquée de succès importants, on observe une grande diversité dans la façon de réagir à la retraite. Certains s'engagent rapidement dans une dynamique de transformation identitaire, même avant la fin de la carrière, alors que d'autres passent par de nombreux tourments où se succède l'adoption de dynamiques identitaires différentes, axées parfois sur une redéfinition de l'identité ou une reconstruction de celle-ci. Les athlètes ont utilisé une grande diversité de stratégies pour s'adapter à leur nouvelle situation, parfois des stratégies de type résolution de problèmes par exemple en planifiant leur avenir avant de prendre leur retraite, parfois des stratégies de gestion des émotions, par exemple en réinterprétant la situation de façon positive ou en recherchant un soutien moral chez leurs proches. Certaines stratégies ont cependant été déclarées comme étant peu efficaces et les athlètes ont fourni quelques conseils pour les personnes qui font face à la transition de carrière sportive vers autre chose.