Preconceito e estereótipos relativos a cor, sexo e status

Esta pesquisa investiga os estereótipos positivos e/ou negativos, quando considerados como variáveis de cor, sexo status. O instrumento utilizado consistiu de oito desenhos estímulos, sendo quatro homens e quatro mulheres: homem branco de status alto (HBR), homem negro de status alto (HNR), homem branco de status baixo (HBP), homem negro de status baixo (HNP), mulher branca de status alto (MBR), mulher negra de status alto (MNR), mulher branca de status baixo (MBP) e mulher negra de status baixo (MNP), distribuídos equitativamente pela amostra, em um questionário com nove itens objetivos para pedir sobre o desenho estímulo, a distância social, a escolaridade, a posição hierárquica no trabalho, a ocupação desempenhada pelo estímulo e por seus pais para averiguar a mobilidade social, a classe sócio econômica e um item em aberto para apreender como a amostra percebe os estímulos. A amostra foi composta de 930 sujeitos: 482 de cor epidérmica e atributos físicos (boca, cabelos e sujeitos nariz) brancos e 448 sujeitos negros de cor epidérmica e atributos físicos negros, ou cor epidérmica branca e atributos físicos negros, ou cor epidérmica negra e atributos físicos brancos, atribuídos pelo experimentador. Estes mesmos sujeitos se auto classificaram como sendo 602 sujeitos "brancos" e 328 sujeitos negros. A hipótese básica testada foi: "Há estereótipos positivos e negativos relativos à cor, sexo e status." O único item que rejeitou a hip6tese nula básica, foi aquele sobre a ocupação desempenhada pelas figuras-estímulos onde as amostras brancas, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclasificada, e negra autoclassificada corno branca, rejeitaram-na quanto às variáveis de sexo e status, sugerindo que os estereótipos aparecem de acordo com as ocupações atribuídas, quanto ao sexo e status das figuras-estímulos. As amostras negras, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclassificada, rejeitaram-nas três variáveis, mostrando a influência da cor, sexo e status, separadamente, sobre o estereótipo medido através da ocupação atribuída aos estímulos, além da interação cor X status, sugerindo também a presença do estereótipo ocupacional, quando a cor se associa ao status dos desenhos. A amostra negra, atribuída pelo experimentador, rejeita-a, ainda, na interação cor X sexo X status parecendo existir discriminação quanto as ocupações dadas aos estímulas, quando estas três variáveis se associam. As amostras brancas, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclassificada, apresentaram respostas ambíguas na maioria dos itens. As amostras negras, atribuída pelo experimentador e autoclassificada, não mostraram diferenças significativas entre as respostas, em parte dos itens. O critério ABIPEME expressou que ambas as amostras branca e negra, atribuídas pelo experimentador, apresentaram alta escolaridade e bom nível sócio-econômico. O número de mulheres era superior ao número de homens, embora homens e mulheres se equivalessem em ambas as amostras, o que sugere que mulheres brancas e negras e homens negros se com portaram de acordo com os valores culturais e dominantes, demonstrando auto-desvalorização e baixa auto-estima.

Problemas económico-sociales sobre migración y urbanización en la ciudad de Esmeraldas, República del Ecuador = Socio-economic problems of migration and urbanization in the town of Esmeraldas, Ecuador

Los documentos del Seminario fueron publicados por UNESCO en 1961 con el título: La urbanización en América Latina/Urbanization in Latin America

Overweight and obesity in relation to socio-economic status, tobacco smoking and plant food supplements usage

Programa de doctorado: Salud Pública (Epidemiología, Planificación y Nutrición)

Checking Assumptions in Latent Class Regression Models via a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Estimation Approach: An Application to Depression and Socio-Economic Status

Latent class regression models are useful tools for assessing associations between covariates and latent variables. However, evaluation of key model assumptions cannot be performed using methods from standard regression models due to the unobserved nature of latent outcome variables. This paper presents graphical diagnostic tools to evaluate whether or not latent class regression models adhere to standard assumptions of the model: conditional independence and non-differential measurement. An integral part of these methods is the use of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation procedure. Unlike standard maximum likelihood implementations for latent class regression model estimation, the MCMC approach allows us to calculate posterior distributions and point estimates of any functions of parameters. It is this convenience that allows us to provide the diagnostic methods that we introduce. As a motivating example we present an analysis focusing on the association between depression and socioeconomic status, using data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. We consider a latent class regression analysis investigating the association between depression and socioeconomic status measures, where the latent variable depression is regressed on education and income indicators, in addition to age, gender, and marital status variables. While the fitted latent class regression model yields interesting results, the model parameters are found to be invalid due to the violation of model assumptions. The violation of these assumptions is clearly identified by the presented diagnostic plots. These methods can be applied to standard latent class and latent class regression models, and the general principle can be extended to evaluate model assumptions in other types of models.

La escasez impuesta : el software libre y el status económico de los bienes inmateriales

Ante el despliegue de posibilidades para crear, reproducir y compartir contenidos que la informática proporciona, surgieron incesantes debates sobre su estatuto económico. Las leyes de propiedad intelectual promulgan medidas cada vez más restrictivas para consumidores y productores, lo que erige barreras a la cultura y favorece monopolios sobredimensionados. Frente a esta situación emergen voces disidentes como el movimiento del software libre. En este artículo, haremos un análisis del debate de los bienes inmateriales, el papel de las leyes de propiedad intelectual y las reivindicaciones del los partidarios del software libre.

The influence of neighbourhood formality status and socio-economic position on self-rated health among adult men and women: a multilevel, cross sectional, population study from Aleppo, Syria

Background There is substantial evidence from high income countries that neighbourhoods have an influence on health independent of individual characteristics. However, neighbourhood characteristics are rarely taken into account in the analysis of urban health studies from developing countries. Informal urban neighbourhoods are home to about half of the population in Aleppo, the second largest city in Syria (population>2.5 million). This study aimed to examine the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and formality status on self-rated health (SRH) of adult men and women residing in formal and informal urban neighbourhoods in Aleppo. Methods The study used data from 2038 survey respondents to the Aleppo Household Survey, 2004 (age 18–65 years, 54.8% women, response rate 86%). Respondents were nested in 45 neighbourhoods. Five individual-level SES measures, namely education, employment, car ownership, item ownership and household density, were aggregated to the level of neighbourhood. Multilevel regression models were used to investigate associations. Results We did not find evidence of important SRH variation between neighbourhoods. Neighbourhood average of household item ownership was associated with a greater likelihood of reporting excellent SRH in women; odds ratio (OR) for an increase of one item on average was 2.3 (95% CI 1.3-4.4 (versus poor SRH)) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5 (versus normal SRH)), adjusted for individual characteristics and neighbourhood formality. After controlling for individual and neighbourhood SES measures, women living in informal neighbourhoods were less likely to report poor SRH than women living in formal neighbourhoods (OR= 0.4; 95% CI (0.2- 0.8) (versus poor SRH) and OR=0.5; 95%; CI (0.3-0.9) (versus normal SRH). Conclusions Findings support evidence from high income countries that certain characteristic of neighbourhoods affect men and women in different ways. Further research from similar urban settings in developing countries is needed to understand the mechanisms by which informal neighbourhoods influence women’s health.

A relationship between the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 2.0 mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration when considering socio-economic status, ESOL student population, and school climate

From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school's racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year? The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.

Measured parental weight status and familial socio-economic status correlates with childhood overweight and obesity at age 9

Background: Parental obesity is a predominant risk factor for childhood obesity. Family factors including socio-economic status (SES) play a role in determining parent weight. It is essential to unpick how shared family factors impact on child weight. This study aims to investigate the association between measured parent weight status, familial socio-economic factors and the risk of childhood obesity at age 9. Methodology/Principal Findings: Cross sectional analysis of the first wave (2008) of the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study. GUI is a nationally representative study of 9-year-old children (N = 8,568). Schools were selected from the national total (response rate 82%) and age eligible children (response rate 57%) were invited to participate. Children and their parents had height and weight measurements taken using standard methods. Data were reweighted to account for the sampling design. Childhood overweight and obesity prevalence were calculated using International Obesity Taskforce definitions. Multinomial logistic regression examined the association between parent weight status, indicators of SES and child weight. Overall, 25% of children were either overweight (19.3%) or obese (6.6%). Parental obesity was a significant predictor of child obesity. Of children with normal weight parents, 14.4% were overweight or obese whereas 46.2% of children with obese parents were overweight or obese. Maternal education and household class were more consistently associated with a child being in a higher body mass index category than household income. Adjusted regression indicated that female gender, one parent family type, lower maternal education, lower household class and a heavier parent weight status significantly increased the odds of childhood obesity. Conclusions/Significance: Parental weight appears to be the most influential factor driving the childhood obesity epidemic in Ireland and is an independent predictor of child obesity across SES groups. Due to the high prevalence of obesity in parents and children, population based interventions are required.

Testing the psychometric properties of Kidscreen-27 with Irish children of low socio-economic status

Background

Kidscreen-27 was developed as part of a cross-cultural European Union-funded project to standardise the measurement of children’s health-related quality of life. Yet, research has reported mixed evidence for the hypothesised 5-factor model, and no confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been conducted on the instrument with children of low socio-economic status (SES) across Ireland (Northern and Republic).

Method

The data for this study were collected as part of a clustered randomised controlled trial. A total of 663 (347 male, 315 female) 8–9-year-old children (M = 8.74, SD = .50) of low SES took part. A 5- and modified 7-factor CFA models were specified using the maximum likelihood estimation. A nested Chi-square difference test was conducted to compare the fit of the models. Internal consistency and floor and ceiling effects were also examined.

Results

CFA found that the hypothesised 5-factor model was an unacceptable fit. However, the modified 7-factor model was supported. A nested Chi-square difference test confirmed that the fit of the 7-factor model was significantly better than that of the 5-factor model. Internal consistency was unacceptable for just one scale. Ceiling effects were present in all but one of the factors.

Conclusions

Future research should apply the 7-factor model with children of low socio-economic status. Such efforts would help monitor the health status of the population.