Being a bridge : Swedish antenatal care midwives’ encounters with Somali-born women and questions of violence; a qualitative study

Background: Violence against women is associated with serious health problems, including adverse maternal and child health. Antenatal care (ANC) midwives are increasingly expected to implement the routine of identifying exposure to violence. An increase of Somali born refugee women in Sweden, their reported adverse childbearing health and possible links to violence pose a challenge to the Swedish maternity health care system. Thus, the aim was to explore ways ANC midwives in Sweden work with Somali born women and the questions of exposure to violence. Methods: Qualitative individual interviews with 17 midwives working with Somali-born women in nine ANC clinics in Sweden were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The midwives strived to focus on the individual woman beyond ethnicity and cultural differences. In relation to the Somali born women, they navigated between different definitions of violence, ways of handling adversities in life and social contexts, guided by experience based knowledge and collegial support. Seldom was ongoing violence encountered. The Somali-born women’s’ strengths and contentment were highlighted, however, language skills were considered central for a Somali-born woman’s access to rights and support in the Swedish society. Shared language, trustful relationships, patience, and networking were important aspects in the work with violence among Somali-born women. Conclusion: Focus on the individual woman and skills in inter-cultural communication increases possibilities of overcoming social distances. This enhances midwives’ ability to identify Somali born woman’s resources and needs regarding violence disclosure and support. Although routine use of professional interpretation is implemented, it might not fully provide nuances and social safety needed for violence disclosure. Thus, patience and trusting relationships are fundamental in work with violence among Somali born women. In collaboration with social networks and other health care and social work professions, the midwife can be a bridge and contribute to increased awareness of rights and support for Somali-born women in a new society.

Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and

A Spatial Analysis of Impervious Surfaces at Colby College in 1965 and 2006

Roads, parking lots, buildings, and other impervious surfaces do not allow rainwater to infiltrate the ground. As a result, they can lead to an increase in runoff to nearby ditches and streams, as well as a greater influx of pollutants such as motor oil that can often be found on paved surfaces. For this project, GIS was used to find the total area covered by impervious surfaces on the Colby campus, and to show how this area has grown in the past 40 years. It was found that new development on the campus has lead to a 56% increase in impervious surfaces at Colby since 1965.

A utilização do cartão de crédito como instrumento de dívida da população: um estudo do tema, causas e consequências com base na experiência da Coreia do Sul.

A crise bancária que atingiu a Coreia do Sul em 2002 está relacionada, em grande parte, com a grande velocidade de crescimento e penetração da população no segmento de cartões de crédito, fazendo com que o país recebesse a denominação de “República dos Cartões de Plástico” pela mídia internacional. Em 2003, como resultado deste crescimento, o sistema financeiro do país precisou ser socorrido pelo governo sul coreano, pois o endividamento do consumidor havia saído do controle. Atualmente, alguns estudos indicam que o Brasil pode estar caminhando para uma situação semelhante, compensando o alto nível de endividamento da população sul-coreana, com as altas taxas de juros cobradas neste segmento pelos bancos brasileiros. Com base na experiência da Coreia do Sul, este trabalho explora as principais causas deste fenômeno, a motivação da população em buscar este tipo específico de financiamento, a dicotomia dos agentes ao tratar deste crescimento e quais medidas podem ser tomadas para evitar um possível colapso no sistema financeiro.

O milhão restante, o Brasil e a evolução da proteção internacional a refugiados (1946-1952)

Quando a II Guerra Mundial chegou ao fim, calcula-se que havia até 40 milhões de europeus deslocados de seu local de origem. Inicialmente, coube à Agência das Nações Unidas para Auxílio e Restabelecimento (ANUAR) repatriar essas pessoas. Diante da crescente resistência de muitas em retornar para casa, foi criada pela ONU a Organização Internacional de Refugiados (OIR). De 1947 a 1951, quando foi substituída pelo ACNUR, foi responsável por reassentar mais de 1 milhão de pessoas em diferentes países. O Brasil foi um deles. Diante deste quadro, a presente dissertação busca compreender, em primeiro lugar, a construção do maquinário internacional de proteção de refugiados surgido no pós-guerra no âmbito da ONU. Em seguida, analisar de que maneira o Brasil se inseriu nele. Qual o papel que teve na criação do regime? Quais interesses tinha em vista ao receber os refugiados? São algumas das perguntas para as quais o presente estudo procurou encontrar respostas.

Impactos da imigração no mercado de trabalho brasileiro

Diante da importância que o tema da imigração adquiriu no país nos últimos anos, gerou-se uma necessidade de melhor entendimento dos efeitos econômicos causados por influxos populacionais dessa natureza. Todavia, sob o conhecimento dos autores, inexistem estudos para história recente brasileira acerca dos impactos dos imigrantes no mercado de trabalho, em especial, sobre o salário e o nível de emprego dos nativos. Com esse panorama em mente, os estudos realizados nesta tese visam dar os primeiros passos na investigação desse tema. O presente trabalho é composto por quatro capítulos, os quais examinam diferentes questões associadas aos efeitos da imigração no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. O primeiro capítulo motiva o tema da imigração no Brasil e, através de uma metodologia estrutural baseada no arcabouço da função CES multi-nível, simula o efeito na estrutura salarial em resposta a influxos imigratórios estipulados para o ano de 2010, data do último Censo Demográfico. Em particular, calcula-se que o impacto salarial médio decorrente de um influxo estipulado de 549 mil imigrantes, mesma magnitude do observado entre dezembro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011, estaria situado em torno de -0.25%. O segundo capítulo estima o grau de substituição entre imigrantes e nativos do mesmo grupo de habilidade e testa a hipótese de substituição perfeita suportada empiricamente por Borjas et al. (2012, 2008) e adotada no capítulo anterior. A metodologia empregada fundamenta-se no arcabouço estrutural desenvolvido em Manacorda et al. (2012) e Ottaviano & Peri (2012), o qual acrescenta um nível extra na função de produção CES multi-nível de Borjas (2003). As elasticidades de substituição estimadas sob diversas especificações variam entre 9 e 23, resultados que fortalecem a tese de substituição imperfeita preconizada por Card (2012). O terceiro capítulo estima dois tipos de elasticidades relacionadas ao impacto dos imigrantes sobre o rendimento do trabalho nativo através de uma metodologia alternativa baseada numa função de produção mais flexível e que não está sujeita a restrições tão austeras quanto a CES. As estimativas computadas para as elasticidades de substituição de Hicks subjacentes se situam entre 1.3 e 4.9, o que reforça as evidências de substituição imperfeita obtidas no Capítulo 2. Adicionalmente, os valores estimados para as elasticidades brutas dos salários dos nativos em relação às quantidades de imigrantes na produção são da ordem máxima de +-0.01. O quarto e último capítulo, por meio de uma metodologia fundamentada no arcabouço da função de custo Translog, examina como o nível de emprego dos nativos reage a alterações no custo do trabalho imigrante, uma questão que até o momento recebeu pouca atenção da literatura, conquanto apresente relevância para formulação de políticas imigratórias. Para todas as especificações de modelo e grupos de educação considerados, nossos resultados apontam que uma variação exógena no salário do imigrante produz apenas diminutos efeitos sobre o nível de emprego dos trabalhadores nativos brasileiros. Na maioria dos casos, não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de que nativo e imigrante não são nem p-complementares nem p-substitutos líquidos.

Diversidade de macroalgas marinhas bentônicas dos recifes de Maracajaú, área de preservação ambiental dos recifes de corais, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Despite the importance of coral reefs to humanity, these environments have been threatened throughout the world. Several factors contribute to the degradation of these ecosystems. The Maracajaú Reef Complex, in Rio Grande do Norte state is part of the Coral Reefs Environment Preservation Area in northeastern Brazil. This area has been receiving an increasing influx of tourism and the integrity of the local reefs is a matter of concern. In this study, the reef macroalgae communities were studied and compared within two areas distinguished by the presence or absence of tourism activities. Two sample sites were chosen: the first one, where diving activities are intense; and the other, where these practices do not occur. Samples were collected at both sites within a quadrate of 625 cm2 of area randomly thrown 5 times along a 10 meters transect line. Richness, Shannon-Hill diversity and Simpson dominance indices were determined based on biomass data. Similarity between sites was analyzed with Bray-Curtis similarity and distance index. Fifty-eight macroalgae species were observed, including 7 Chlorophyta, 13 Phaeophyta and 38 Rhodophyta. In the non-disturbed site, 49 species were found, while at the disturbed site, there were 42 species. Dictyotaceae and Corallinaceae were the most representative families at the non-disturbed site, and Rhodomelaceae and Dictyotaceae at the disturbed site. The non-disturbed site presented a higher biomass and the greatest richness and diversity indices. In the disturbed site the dominance index was greater and Caulerpa racemosa was the dominant species. The dendogram based on similarity index showed two major clusters, and an isolated element at the center that corresponds to a sample from the disturbed site. In the first cluster, samples from the non-impacted site were predominant and fleshy brown algae were more conspicuous. The second cluster was composed primarily of samples from the impacted site, where C. racemosa and red filamentous and erect calcareous algae associations (turf forming) were observed covering large extensions. These associations are represented by groups of algae adapted to environments where disturbances are frequent. They can grow rapidly on substrate where benthic community was removed and do not allow the establishment of other species. The results of the present study show that tourism activity is an impacting factor that has been causing shifts in macroalgae communities in the Maracajaú Reef Complex

Influência do tempo e dose de heparina em modelo de peritonite aguda

In the last years, heparin has become target of many studies related to inflammation due its ability of biding to proteins involved on immune response. Recently, it was demonstrated, at our laboratory, using a thIoglycollate-induced peritonitis model, heparin s capacity of reduce cellular influx into the peritoneal cavity, 3 hours after the inflammatory stimulus. Once neutrophilic infiltration is highest around 8 hours after the inflammatory stimulus, at the present work, using the same peritonitis model, it was assessed heparin s ability of keeping the interference on leukocyte infiltration, 8 hours after inflammation induction. Moreover, using cellular differential count, it was evaluated how the cellular populations involved in the inflammatory process would be affected by the treatment. Eight hours after the inflammatory stimulus, only heparin dosage of 1 μg/Kg was able to reduce the cellular influx to peritoneum, 62.8% of reduction when compared to positive control (p < 0.001). Furthermore, heparin dosage of 15 μg/Kg presented a pro-inflammatory effect in whole blood verified by the increase of 60.9% (p < 0.001) and 117.8% (p < 0.001) on neutrophils and monocytes proportion, respectively, when compared to positive control. In addition, this dosage also presented a neutrophilic proportion on peritoneal fluid 27.3% higher than positive control (p < 0.05). This duality between anti- and pro-inflammatory effects at different times corroborates studies that attribute a pleiotropic immunomodulator role to heparin.

Efeito do Fucoidam de Fucus vesiculosus em um modelo experimental de artrite reumatóide

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is systemic auto imune disorder. It is caracterized by chronic inflammation of joints leading to progressive erosion of cartilage and bone. We investigated the effect of the administration of fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides, from algae Fucus vesiculosus in the acute (6h) in zymosan-induced arthritis (AZy). Wistar rats (180-230 g) were used for all groups experimental. Non-treated animals received just intraarticular injection of 1 mg the zymosan, control group received intraarticular injection of 50 µL the saline, groups received either fucoidan of Fucus vesiculosus (15, 30, 50 or 70 mg/Kg) or parecoxib (1 mg/Kg) 1 hour after injection of zymosan. After 6 h, the articular exudates were collected for evaluation of the cell influx and nitrite (Griess reaction) release. The sinovial membranes and articular cartilages were excised for histopathological analysis and by determination of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG), respectively. ZyA led to increased NO and cell influx into the joints. Therapeutic administration of the fucoidan or parecoxib did significantly inhibited the cell influx and the synovitis, as compared to non-treated rats (p<0,05), though being able to reduced NO release. Representative agarose gel electrophoresis of the GAGs, the content of condroitin-sulphate was observed during the process. These findings suggest that the fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus has potential anti-inflammatory activity

Efeito de frações obtidas da fucoidana de Fucus vesiculosus em modelo experimental de artrite induzida por Zymosan

The fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus is known for having diverse biological properties. This study analyzed the therapeutic action of populations of commercial fucoidan (F. vesiculosus) on zymosan-induced arthritis. Three populations of fucoidan were obtained after acetone fractionation; these were denominated F1 (52.3%), F2 (36.7%) and F3 (10.7%). Chemical analyses showed that F1 contained the largest amount of sulfate ion. The electrophoretic profile shows that the commercial or total fucoidan (TF), different from the other fucoidans and from glycosaminoglycan patterns, is quite polydisperse, which indicates that it is composed of a mixture of sulfate polysaccharides. On the other hand, the fucoidans obtained from TF showed only an electrophoretic band with much lower polydispersion than that observed for TF. Fucoidan F2 showed a migration between fucoidans F1 and F3. Owing to the small amount of mass obtained from F3, we used only fucoidans F1 and F2 in the induced arthritis tests. After 1 hour of induction, we administered F1 or F2 (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg i.p.) or diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg i.p.) or lumiracoxib (5 mg/kg o.a.) or L-NAME (30 mg/kg i.p.). After 6 hours, we performed analyses of cell influx and nitrite levels in addition to histopathological analysis. Fucoidans F1 and F2 were more potent both in decreasing the number of leukocytes and the amount of nitric oxide found in the synovial fluid. This indicates that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of these fucoidans is not only related to selectin block, but also to nitric oxide synthesis inhibition

Metodologia para avaliação de cinemática de partículas gasosas em fluidos de viscosidade variável com o tempo e sua aplicação na construção de poços de petróleo

Many challenges have been presented in petroleum industry. One of them is the preventing of fluids influx during drilling and cementing. Gas migration can occur as result of pressure imbalance inside the well when well pressure becomes lower than gas zone pressure and in cementing operation this occurs during cement slurry transition period (solid to fluid). In this work it was developed a methodology to evaluate gas migration during drilling and cementing operations. It was considered gel strength concept and through experimental tests determined gas migration initial time. A mechanistic model was developed to obtain equation that evaluates bubble displacement through the fluid while it gels. Being a time-dependant behavior, dynamic rheological measurements were made to evaluate viscosity along the time. For drilling fluids analyzed it was verified that it is desirable fast and non-progressive gelation in order to reduce gas migration without affect operational window (difference between pore and fracture pressure). For cement slurries analyzed, the most appropriate is that remains fluid for more time below critical gel strength, maintaining hydrostatic pressure above gas zone pressure, and after that gels quickly, reducing gas migration. The model developed simulates previously operational conditions and allow changes in operational and fluids design to obtain a safer condition for well construction

Renal- and calcium-dependent vascular effects of Polybia paulista wasp venom

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effects of meloxicam administered by different routes to control experimental uveitis in dogs

Foram estudados os efeitos do meloxicam, aplicado por diferentes vias, em uveítes experimentais em cães. Realizou-se paracentese de câmara anterior em dois momentos (M0 e M1), com intervalo de cinco horas entre si. em M0 e M1, foram coletados 0,2mL de humor aquoso e determinou-se a concentração de proteína total e de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2). Constituíram-se quatro grupos (n=5), que receberam meloxicam ao final de M0 pelas vias subcutânea (GI), subconjuntival (GII) e tópica (GIII). Um quarto grupo não recebeu tratamento (Controle). Procedeu-se à avaliação histopatológica nos indivíduos do GII. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente (p≤0,05). em todos os grupos, encontrou-se aumento significativo dos níveis protéicos e de PGE2 em M1. Não se observou diferença significativa, em M1, entre os grupos para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Exsudado inflamatório de caráter agudo e hemorragia discreta foram vistos à histopatologia após a aplicação do meloxicam. O meloxicam foi ineficaz em inibir a síntese de PGE2 e o influxo de proteínas para a câmara anterior, por qualquer uma das vias testadas.

Effects of carprofen administered by different routes to control experimental uveitis in dogs

Estudaram-se os efeitos do carprofeno, aplicado por diferentes vias, em uveítes experimentais em cães. Realizou-se paracentese de câmara anterior em dois momentos (M0 e M1), com intervalo de cinco horas entre si. em M0 e M1, colheram-se 0,2mL de humor aquoso e determinaram-se as concentrações de proteína total e de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2). Constituíram-se quatro grupos (n = 8), que receberam carprofeno ao final de M0 pelas vias subcutânea (GI), subconjuntival (GII) e tópica (GIII). Um quarto grupo não recebeu tratamento (controle). Procedeu-se à avaliação histopatológica nos indivíduos do GII. em todos os grupos, encontrou-se aumento significativo dos níveis proteicos e de PGE2 em M1. Não se observou diferença significativa, em M1, entre os grupos para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Exsudado inflamatório de caráter agudo e hemorragia discreta foram vistos à histopatologia após a aplicação do fármaco. O carprofeno foi ineficaz em inibir a síntese de PGE2 e o influxo de proteínas para a câmara anterior, por qualquer uma das vias testadas. Contudo, a redução de 44% nos níveis de proteínas (via tópica), sugere que por esta via ele pode ser utilizado como adjuvante no controle da uveíte em cães.