Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados na grama Batatais e na grama São Carlos

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados na grama Batatais (Paspalum notatum) e na grama São Carlos (Axonopus compressus) em campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As gramas foram cortadas a 3 cm de altura e, em seguida, realizaram-se as aplicações dos herbicidas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha (sem aplicação), fluazifop-p-butil (125 g ha-1), sethoxydim+óleo mineral (276 g ha-1 + 0,5% v v-1 de Assist), bispyribac-sodium (25 g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl (15 g ha-1), ethoxysulfuron (150 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), iodosulfuron-methyl (10 g ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl (2,4 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (125 g ha-1), pyrithiobac-sodium (140 g ha-1), trifloxysulfuron-sodium (22,5 g ha-1), 2,4-D (720 g ha-1), quinclorac (375 g ha-1), atrazina (1.250 g ha-1), bentazon (600 g ha-1), linuron (1.350 g ha-1), fomesafen (187,5 g ha-1), lactofen (120 g ha-1), oxadiazon (600 g ha-1) e oxyfluorfen (720 g ha-1). Os herbicidas que apresentaram potencial de seletividade para o gramado de P. notatum foram o chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, pyrithiobac-sodium, 2,4-D, bentazon e fomesafen; já para o gramado de A. compressus foram o chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, 2,4-D, quinclorac, atrazina, bentazon, além do fomesafen.

Efeito do déficit hídrico na efiCiência de herbicidas e nas características bioquímicas de Ipomoea grandifolia

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e PROTOX no controle de Ipomoea grandifolia sob dois níveis de déficit hídrico, bem como determinar a influência desse déficit hídrico sobre o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis, proteínas totais e aminoácidos livres da planta daninha. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro herbicidas (fomesafen, lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr) e dois níveis de déficit hídrico (com e sem déficit: -0,5 MPa e -0,01 MPa, respectivamente). Aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação, o controle foi avaliado de forma visual, e a determinação dos solutos orgânicos foi feita 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a aplicação dos herbicidas. À exceção de chlorimuron-ethyl, os demais herbicidas controlaram eficientemente I. grandifolia. A eficiência de controle dos herbicidas foi afetada pela condição de déficit hídrico. Os herbicidas elevaram o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis, independentemente da condição hídrica, e proporcionaram redução de proteínas solúveis nas plantas de I. grandifolia, bem como aumentaram as concentrações de aminoácidos livres.

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre capim-braquiária

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade de alguns herbicidas inibidores de ALS e FS II aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk em condições de campo e seu efeito na qualidade das sementes. Os herbicidas testados (em g/ha) foram: imazethapyr a 100; chlorimuronethyl a 15; nicosulfuron a 50; bentazon a 720; e atrazine a 3.000, além de uma testemunha, sem aplicação de herbicidas. Dois experimentos em campo foram instalados em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e os ensaios de laboratório em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 16 repetições. Todos os herbicidas testados tiveram algum efeito de fitointoxicação visual aos cultivares avaliados. O nicosulfuron foi o herbicida que visualmente proporcionou os níveis mais elevados de injúrias às plantas de B. decumbens e B. brizantha. A produção de MS de B. brizantha nos estádios iniciais de crescimento foi reduzida pelos herbicidas nicosulfuron e atrazine, enquanto, em B. decumbens, apenas o herbicida nicosulfuron ocasionou redução da produção de MS. A qualidade das sementes de ambos os cultivares foi afetada pelo nicosulfuron, que induziu a dormência em sementes de B. decumbens, reduziu a porcentagem de sementes normais e, assim como o atrazine, aumentou a porcentagem de sementes mortas.

Desenvolvimento de cultivares de mamoneiras em relação à profundidade de semeadura e seletividade de herbicidas dinitroanilinas

Three trials were carry out at Garca Municipal County, São Paulo, Brazil in order to study the effects of sowing depth of three castor bean cultivars submitted or not to dinitroaniline herbicides application in pre-emergency. The three cultivars chosen as fllow: AL Guarany 2002 variety and Iris and Savana hybrids. The experiments were disposed in randomized complete blocks, with fifteen treatments and four replications, by using factorial scheme 5x3, composed by sowing in 2,5; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 and 20,0 cm depths with application in pre-emergency condition of the herbicides: trifluralin (1125 g a.i. ha(-1)), pendimethalin (1500 g a.i. ha(-1)) and check without herbicide (hand-hold check). Only the sowing depths of 2.5 and 20.0 significantly reduced the initial development of castor bean cultivars AL Guarany 2002 and Iris, without interfering in characteristics number of leaves, stem diameter, insertion height of first raceme and yield. Trifluralin application has increased significantly AL Guarany 2002 yield, in sowings from 5.0 cm deep, unlike Iris and Savana hybrids, where most of sowing depths studied, resulted in yield declines. Pendimethalin herbicide presented high selectivity mainly for AL Guarany 2002 and Savana cultivars, characterizing, generally as the safest option castor bean crop.

Caracterização físico-química, reológica e sensorial de iogurte obtido pela mistura dos leites bubalino e caprino

Milk from different animals can be used for dairy production. Yoghurt is a popular fermented milk product and considered to be one of the greatest importance in terms of consumer acceptance and consumption. The present research deals with the production of strawberry set-type yoghurt by mixing goat and buffalo s milk and it has the objective of taking advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of each milk to produce a final product with desirable attributes. It was conducted by analyzing five experimental groups with different proportions of goat and buffalo s milk: C 100% goat s milk; 7C3B - 70% goat s milk and 30% buffalo s milk, 5C5B - 50% goat s milk and 50% buffalo s milk, 3C7B 30% goat s milk and 70% buffalo s milk; B - 100% buffalo s milk. Each group was evaluated for total solids content and the acidification profile was monitored every 30 minutes by pH analysis. The yoghurt samples were analyzed for physical-chemical (pH, acidity, protein, fat, total and reducing sugars, ash and total solids), rheological (syneresis and viscosity) and sensory characteristics (appearance, odor, consistency and flavour). Samples with higher percentual of bubaline milk reached Vm faster, but the time necessary for pH 4.6 (Te) were similar between groups. Statistical differences (p<0.05) were observed for fat and total solids content of yoghurt, with superior values for groups higher proportions of buffalo s milk. The parameters of behavior reached by the model of Ostwald of Waale pointed yoghurt samples as non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic fluids. Yoghurt made only with goat s milk (C) had higher values (p<0.05) for syneresis, which can be explained by its fragile coagulum. Additionally, this group also had the lowest sensory scores for the attributes consistence and taste, while bubaline yoghurt (B) obtained the best acceptance indexes for all of the appraised parameters

Efeito de herbicidas sobre agentes fitopatogênicos

Na agricultura moderna, diversas tecnologias auxiliam no aumento da produtividade, sendo o herbicida uma delas, mas existem consequências atreladas ao seu uso, como os diversos efeitos sobre organismos não alvos. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se verificar esses efeitos sobre agentes fitopatogênicos, assim como avaliar o efeito do herbicida glyphosate sobre diversas doenças, em plantas de soja transgênicas. Verificou-se forte ação fungicida com o uso do herbicida glyphosate, assim como os outros avaliados in vitro, sobre os fungos testados, e os mesmos resultados foram observados nas plantas em condição de campo.

Recuperação do nitrogênio da mistura de uréia e sulfato de amônio por plantas do milho

A mistura de uréia com fertilizantes de características ácidas aplicada ao solo pode aumentar a concentração de íons H+ próximos do grânulo e promover a redução da perda de N por volatilização. O experimento foi desenvolvido em vasos com 15 kg de Latossolo Vermelho textura média, sob túnel plástico, em Botucatu (SP), nos quais foram crescidas plantas de milho (duas plantas por vaso) até o pendoamento (66 dias após a emergência - DAE). Como tratamentos foi realizada a adubação (100 mg dm-3 N), no estádio de cinco folhas (30 DAE) utilizando os seguintes fertilizantes ou misturas físicas: (1) uréia (UR), enriquecida com 15N; (2) sulfato de amônio (SA), enriquecido com 15N; (3) sulfnitro (80% de N-UR e 20% de N-SA no mesmo grânulo); (4) mistura de UR (80% N) e SA (20% N e enriquecido com 15N); (5) mistura de UR (50% N) e SA (50% N), enriquecidos com 15N; (6) mistura de UR (50% N) e SA (50% N e enriquecido com 15N), (7) mistura de UR (50% N) e SA (50% N), enriquecido com 15N, diluídos em água (solução contendo 3% de N) e mais um tratamento que não recebeu N. A mistura de UR e SA não promoveu aumento na recuperação do N da uréia na planta de milho. do total de 15N-fertilizante aplicado, aproximadamente, 67% foram recuperados pela planta de milho (29% nas folhas, 25% no caule e 13% nas raízes) e 6% no solo, com uma perda estimada de 27%. O 15N da uréia foi recuperado em menor quantidade no caule em relação ao N do sulfato de amônio.

Comparação entre planejamento estatístico experimental e análise dimensional em operações de mistura e separação para sistema óleo-água

This work aims to determine a better methodology to help predicting some operational parameters to a new design of mixer-settler on treating wastewater produced by petroleum industry, called MDIF (Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases/ Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion MSPI). The data from this research were obtained from the wastewater treatment unit, called MSPI-TU, installed on a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of PETROBRAS/UO-RNCE. The importance in determining the better methodology to predict the results of separation and extraction efficiency of the equipment, contributes significantly to determine the optimum operating variables for the control of the unit. The study was based on a comparison among the experimental efficiency (E) obtained by operating MSPI-TU, the efficiency obtained by experimental design equation (Eplan) from the software Statistica Experimental Design® (version 7.0), and the other obtained from a modeling equation based on a dimensional analysis (Ecalc). The results shows that the experimental design equation gives a good prediction of the unit efficiencies with better data reliability, regarding to the condition before a run operation. The average deviation between the proposed by statistic planning model equation and experimental data was 0.13%. On the other hand, the efficiency calculated by the equation which represents the dimensional analysis, may result on important relative deviations (up 70%). Thus, the experimental design is confirmed as a reliable tool, with regard the experimental data processing of the MSPI-TU

Caracterização do comportamento geotécnico de mistura de resíduo de pneus e solo laterítico

A technological alternative for the correct disposal of tires is the use in the construction of embankment with soil and shredded tires. The use of waste tires in tropical soils requires prior knowledge of the properties and limitations of these materials. In this work, the results of an experimental program was devised to characterize the behavior of mixtures of waste tires and a lateritic soil. The residue used in this study is classified as tire buffings with an average size of 1.4 mm. The laboratory program included testing of particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction, direct shear tests, permeability and confined compression tests with pure soil, pure tire and the mixtures. Proportions of 0% (pure soil), 10%, 20%, 40%, 50 % and 100% (pure tire) by weight were used. For the confining stress levels used in the study, the presence of tire residue provided a considerable increase in shear strength of the mixture. The maximum shear strength was obtained for a residue content of 40% by weight. Permeability tests on samples of waste under a confining stress of 100 kPa showed that the permeability increases significantly with increasing residue content until a residue content of 20%. The increase in permeability after that value showed to be negligible. Confined compression tests showed that the soil mixed with tire residue becomes more compressible than the pure soil. The secant constrained modulus (Msec) for the same vertical stress decreases with increasing percentage of residue.

Incorporação do lodo de tanque séptico como matéria-prima de uma mistura asfáltica

In Natal/RN, 68% of the population uses some kind of individual system for their domestic sewers treatment, being that the most used it is septic tank, followed by sumidouro. Every treatment system of sewers, usually used, generates a by-product denominated sludge. That residue presents some components, in its constitution, undesirable under the environmental and sanitary point of view. In such case, to assure that the system treatment has satisfactory results, it is necessary to do the adjusted disposition of the sludge sewage. Several countries are looking for technical alternatives for the use and disposition of residues. Under technical and environmental conditions appropriate, these materials can be used, decreasing the consumption of the natural resources and the treatment need, storage or elimination of the wastes, what decrease the risks created. Some of the alternatives of recycling of the sludge sewage are: the application in the agriculture, in the production of energy and as raw material in the civil construction. This study evaluated asphalt mixtures behavior that partially substituted conventional aggregates by septic tank sludge. The septic tank sludge gave origin to two raw materials called raw sludge and sludge ash. The raw sludge was put as a small aggregate and the sludge ash as filler. In the first experiment it was made a comparison between the mixture with conventional aggregates and the mixtures that replaced sand by raw sludge in the proportions from 5% to 40%. In the second experiment, it was made comparison between mixtures with 1%, 2% and 3% of sludge ash and cement. The stages developed along the study were: physical characterization of the conventional materials; physical, chemistry, thermal, mineralogical characterizations and analysis of environmental risk of the raw sludge; physical characterization and analysis of environmental risk of the sludge ash; analysis of the mixtures performance through its volumetric and mechanical characteristics; forecast of the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence. For the grain size composition used and with the percentage asphalt adopted, the mixtures with up to 7,5% of raw sludge in his composition attend to the National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT) specifications. However, in agreement with the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence, the mixtures with addition of raw sludge don't present satisfactory acting. In such case, they could be used in arid and semi-arid areas. The raw sludge application in mixtures increased their voids volume and their stability. However, it damaged mixtures adhesiveness. Mixtures with sludge ash and with cement presented similar behavior. However, mixtures with sludge ash presented a better performance than mixtures with cement as for their stability and their tensile strength ratio. The mixture with 1% of sludge ash is better. The wastes studied don't represent environmental risk

Estudos de sinterização da mistura de pós cerâmicos diatomita-titânia

This work is part of an effort of consolidation of a daily search for powder technology at the Department of Physics of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. This work objective the study and development of new ceramic materials from raw materials abundant at the region. For this, were studied ceramic mixtures of powders from diatomite-titania to aiming at a new ceramic material from powder technology. The experimental work involved a characterization of ceramic powders from a diatomite-titania mixture. The powders obtained were pressed and then parameters like variation of mass, linear shrinkage, activation energy and the mechanism of sintering are studied in function of the time and temperature of sintering, beyond microstructural analysis. The obtained results allow us estimate the optimizing of sintering conditions of this material

Eficácia do carfentrazone-ethyl no controle de plantas aquáticas latifoliadas em caixas-d'água

Atualmente, alguns herbicidas estão sendo desenvolvidos para o controle de plantas daninhas aquáticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do carfentrazone-ethyl em ambiente aquático para o controle pós-emergente de aguapé, alface-d'água e salvínia. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em caixas-d'água, no período de julho a setembro de 2004, no NUPAM - FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as unidades experimentais constituídas pelas caixasd'água. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: testemunha sem herbicida; Aurora 400 CE (75, 150 e 300 mL ha-1); Roundup (3,0 L ha-1), Aurora 400 CE + Roundup (75 mL + 3,0 L ha-1) e Aurora 400 CE + Arsenal N.A. (75 mL + 2,0 L ha-1). Observou-se que o tratamento Aurora 400 CE (300 mL ha-1) é altamente eficaz no controle de alface-d'água (Pistia stratiotes); o tratamento Roundup (3,0 L ha-1) é altamente eficaz no controle de aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes); o tratamento Aurora 400 CE + Roundup (75 mL + 3,0 L ha-1) é eficaz no controle de aguapé (E. crassipes), alface-d'água (P. stratiotes) e salvínia (Salvinia auriculata); e o tratamento Aurora 400 CE + Arsenal (75 mL + 2,0 L ha-1) é eficaz no controle de aguapé (E. crassipes) e alface-d'água (P. stratiotes). A mistura Aurora 400 CE + Roundup (75 mL + 3,0 L ha-1) apresentou-se viável e foi o único tratamento eficaz no controle das três espécies estudadas.

Estudo da viabilização do uso da mistura híbrida ferrocarbonila / ferrita de NI0,5Zn0,5Fe2o4 como material absorvedor de radiação eletromagnética

Were synthesized ferrites of NiZn on systems Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4, the precursors citrate method. The decomposition of the precursors was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and spectroscopy in the infrared region, the temperature of 350°C/3h. The evolution of the phases formed after calcinations at 350ºC/3h, 600, 1000 and 1100ºC/2h was accompanied by X-ray diffraction using the Rietveld refinement method for better identification os structures formed. Was observed for samples calcined at different temperatures increased crystallinity with increasing calcination temperature, being observed for the samples calcined at 900 and 1100 º C/2h was the precipitation of a secondary phase, the phase hematite. The ferrocarbonila of industrial origin was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld for the identification of its structure. The carbonyl iron was added NiZn ferrite calcined at 350ºC/3h, 600, 900, 1000 and 1100ºC/2h to the formation of hybrid mixtures. They were then analyzed by Xray diffraction and Rietveld. The NiZn ferrite and ferrocarbonila as well as the hybrid mixtures were subjected to analysis of scanning electron microscopy, magnetic measurements and reflectivity. The magnetic measurements indicated that the ferrite, the ferrocarbonila, as well as hybrid mixtures showed characteristics of soft magnetic material. The addition of ferrocarbonila in all compositions showed an increase in the results of magnetic measurements and reflectivity. Best result was observed in the increase of the magnetization for the hybrid mixture of Ferrocarbonila / ferrite of NiZn calcined at 600ºC/2h. The mixture Ferrocarbonila / ferrite calcined 1000°C/2h presented better absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave

Estudo da mistura comercial dolomita-quartzo, dopada com Hg(I), Cd(II) e Cr(III), para adsorção de H2S

The present work was to carry out a study on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in arrays synthesized from a commercial clay mineral formed by a mixture of dolomite and quartz. To produce the ion exchange matrix were made using aqueous solutions of salts of cobalt II chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) II cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd (NO3)2.4H2O) I mercuric chloride (HgCl) nitrate and chromium III pentahydrate (Cr (NO3)3.5H2O). The arrays were subjected to hydrogen sulphide gas passage for one hour. To check the amount of gas adsorbed was used gravimetric process. The best result was in the adsorption matrix doped with cadmium and the solution retained for a longer time than the largest amount of H2S was the cobalt matrix. The matrix unmodified exhibited poor adsorption capacity. The characterization of the matrices were used XRD, XRF and IV. Mother with cadmium showed a high capacity in ion exchange, because the percentage of cadmium increased from 0% to 81.38% by replacing atoms of calcium and silicon which increased from 96.54% to 17.56% and 15, 72% to 0.32%, respectively, but also the best performance in adsorption of H2S adsorbing 11.89507 mg per gram of matrix

Produtividade e qualidade de sementes de soja em função de estádios de dessecação e herbicidas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a melhor época de aplicação de dessecantes, de forma a permitir antecipação da colheita sem prejudicar a produtividade e qualidade de sementes de soja. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (3x3) + 1, com quatro repetições. Um dos fatores foi constituído pelos herbicidas dessecantes paraquat, glufosinato de amônio e glyphosate, nas doses de 400, 400 e 960 g i.a. ha-1, respectivamente. Outro fator constituiu-se de três estádios de aplicação dos herbicidas, via pulverização (R6, R7.2 e R8.1). Avaliaram-se a antecipação da colheita, massa de 100 sementes, produtividade, germinação e vigor das sementes. A utilização de herbicidas, aliada aos estádios fenológicos de aplicação, permitiu antecipar a colheita de um a seis dias. A dessecação de plantas de soja em pré-colheita com os herbicidas nos diferentes estádios fenológicos não afetou a produtividade. O herbicida glufosinato de amônio reduziu a germinação de sementes de soja quando aplicado no estádio R6. O herbicida glyphosate reduziu o vigor das sementes de soja quando aplicado nos estádios R6 e R7.2. O herbicida paraquat promoveu os melhores índices de germinação e vigor de sementes de soja quando utilizado nos estádios R6 e R7.2.