O espelho de Glatzel na avaliação da permeabilidade nasal em adultos

Introdução O espelho de Glatzel (EG) é correntemente utilizado em consultórios fonoaudiológicos para a avaliação rápida da permeabilidade nasal. O mesmo foi descrito inicialmente em 1898 por Zwaardemaker. Porém, estudos de validação inexistem na literatura. Este estudo teve por objetivos verificar a reprodutibilidade do EG e a correlação intra-sujeito entre área de condensação e percepção subjetiva de permeabilidade nasal. Material e Métodos Vinte e cinco sujeitos foram avaliados com o EG por cinco minutos consecutivos (475 medidas por sujeito); cada meia hora por quatro horas; cada dia no início da tarde, por cinco dias e toda a quinta-feira por cinco semanas consecutivas. Utilizou-se uma escala análoga visual para avaliar a percepção de respiração nos períodos de horas, dias e semanas. Resultados O coeficiente de correlação total (área direita mais esquerda) encontrado entre área de condensação e percepção subjetiva foi de r=0,04 (p=0,3761). No lado esquerdo foi de r=0,08 (p=0,0984) e no lado direito de r=0,05 (p=0,2862). Os coeficientes de variação unilaterais medianos foram menores que 15% e os totais menores que 12%, independente do intervalo de tempo entre teste e re-teste. Conclusão Não se evidenciou correlação significativa entre a percepção subjetiva e a área de condensação nasal. A variabilidade unilateral foi maior do que quando considerados os valores totais (direito mais esquerdo) e não houve diferença na variabilidade das medidas de área de condensação nasal nos diferentes momentos do tempo.

Atitudes relativas a meios de comunicação: um estudo exploratório sobre o Wap

The new economy stimulated by the bigger Internet participation as an interaction mean between people and business has been changing the companies¿ management routine. Nowadays, Internet access goes through telephones, in the houses and offices, or through nets of the Intranet kind, with the users in their working settings. The Internet personal access added, with mobility, surely will bring changes to our contacting form to the outside world as well as it will create a possibility of giving the customers a bigger variety of products and services. The present study aims are: (i) to verify the customers behaviours related to this new media, presented in the mobiles digital screens; (ii) to explore some of their main features, and (iii) to compare them with the other media features, as the radio and the TV ones. The applied research methodology was the data collecting through phone interviews. To obtain a Confidence Interval of 95%, 470 WAP, Internet, radio and TV current users¿ answers were gotten. To compare the media, the Fishbein multi-attributes model was used what possibilities to form comparative scores of the attributes built for the research. To mark the discussion concerning the public behaviour related to the differentiated use of the mentioned media out, the study produced uses the McLuhan theoretical reference (1969), specially concerning to his theoretical building, denominated hot and cold means. But this referential theoretic mark could not be supported by the accomplished quantitative study result. The comparison of built attribute scores averages has differentiated the hot media WAP, like radio, as well as the cold media one, like TV. This way, showing that the access new technology appearance, WAP, not only enlarges the Internet use, but also appoints to a new theoretic classification possibility to this new media. The accomplished quantitative research revealed that, through the user point of view, the ¿Contents¿ category is considered as one of the most important WAP aspects. The TV and the radio received significantly lower grades in this subject. The public considers that is important that the WAP information is ¿trustworthy¿, ¿easy¿ to find, ¿available¿, ¿sufficient¿ and that attends the ¿urgency¿ expected by the user. It was observed that the WAP score ¿emotion¿ is inferior to the radio and TV and superior to the Internet ones. But, the differences found are not significant. Considering the low score of importance given to the attributes group ¿emotion¿, is not recommended the WAP use as media when the emotional users aspects are wanted to be reached.

Variações das propriedades granulométricas dos sedimentos da Barreira Costeira da Pinheira (SC) durante a sua progradação no holoceno superior

A barreira costeira da Pinheira esta localizada no litoral Centro-Sul do estado de Santa Catarina. Sua rnorfologia e estratigrafia são típicas de uma barreira regressiva. Durante o Holoceno Superior (Últimos 5 ka), a barreira progradou cerca de 5.500 metros, a uma taxa media de 1 ,I mlano. Sua progradação foi determinada por um rebaixamento de aproximadamente 2 m do nível do mar e, principalmente, por uma expressivo aporte de sedimentos arenosos em seu sistema praial, provenientes da plataforma continental adjacente. Nos Últimos 3.500 metros de progradaHo da barreira, ocorridos nos Últimos 3.1 ka, cerca de 60 cordões de dunas frontais foram formados. O intervalo de tempo decorrido entre a formação de dois cordões sucessivos foi de aproximadamente 52 anos. O estudo das propriedades granulométricas do sistema praia-duna atual e de dois dos cordões antigos de dunas frontais, denominados cordões intermediArio e interno, e formados, respectivamente, há cerca de 1280 e 3140 anos AP, revelou que, nos Últimos 3 ka não ocorreram variações significativas destas propriedades. Esta não variação, no tempo, das propriedades granulométricas é atribuída a natureza policíclica do estoque de areia consumido na progradação da barreira e a sua manutenção como fonte de sedimentos durante a progradação, elou a uma relativa constância, nos últimos 3 ka, das condições dinâmicas gerais dos sistema praia-duna atual da enseada da Pinheira. O estudo comparativo entre os diferentes sub-ambientes, ou zonas do sistema praia-duna atual (face da praia, berma e duna frontal), mostrou que o desvio padrão e a assimetria são potencialmente importantes na distinção entre depdsitos eolicos (dunas frontais) e praiais (face da praia) da barreira.

Avaliação da simulação de efeitos unilaterais de concentrações horizontais: uma aplicação do modelo PC-AIDS

É consenso na análise antitruste que o ato de concentração de empresas com participação significativa deve sofrer averiguações quanto a sua aprovação em decorrência dos efeitos prejudiciais que pode gerar sobre a concorrência na indústria. Concorrência é sempre desejável por favorecer melhores níveis de bem-estar econômico. À luz das investigações econômicas que os sistemas de defesa da concorrência realizam, este trabalho analisa as mensurações da simulação de efeitos unilaterais de concentrações horizontais. As avaliações realizadas testam a utilização do modelo PC-AIDS (Proportionaly Calibrated AIDS), de Epstein e Rubinfeld (2002). Dentre algumas conclusões que se extraem do uso do modelo temos que: (i) em mercados com baixa concentração econômica, o modelo avaliado para um intervalo da vizinhança da elasticidade-preço própria estimada, traz mensurações robustas, e (ii) para mercados com alta concentração econômica uma atenção maior deve ser dada à correspondência dos valores calibrados e estimados das elasticidades-preços próprias, para que não ocorra sub ou superestimação dos efeitos unilaterais do ato de concentração. Esse resultado é avaliado no caso Nestlé/Garoto.

Avaliação da produtividade de biomassa de capim elefante e sorgo sacarino no Estado do Ceará para uso energético

Com a crescente elevação nas possibilidades de utilização da biomassa nos mais diversos setores da indústria, o presente estudo visa identificar uma alternativa para aumentar a produção utilizando, para tanto, o capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) e sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L.). Os experimentos foram realizados na Fazenda Vitória (4°21'36"S 38°5'17"W) em Beberibe – CE, em uma área total de 1.944 m2. A semeadura foi realizada em 36 parcelas de 54 m2, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo 9 tratamentos (genótipos) e 4 repetições. Foram utilizados seis diferentes genótipos de sorgo sacarino, s_1, s_2, s_3, s_4, s_5 e s_6. Fazem parte do estudo, ainda, um híbrido de capim elefante e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), comercialmente conhecido como paraíso, e dois tratamentos de capim elefante, Cameroon e Napier. Para o sorgo sacarino, foram realizadas três colheitas, a primeira avaliada semanalmente e as demais com avaliação única. Para o capim elefante foram realizadas duas colheitas, a primeira com intervalo de 186 dias e a segunda com intervalo de 92 dias. Esse intervalo possibilitou a comparação da produtividade de biomassa de cada tratamento de forma trimestral e semestral. Os resultados observados mostraram que os tratamentos de maior destaque de produtividade de biomassa (base seca) foram com capim elefante, independente do período. Com base nessas informações, concluiu-se que, analisando apenas a produtividade de biomassa, o mais indicado dos tratamentos estudados é o capim elefante Napier ou Cameroon. No entanto, constatou-se que o sorgo sacarino apresentou grande potencial de produtividade com um aditivo, seu mosto pode ser utilizado no processo de fermentação para obtenção do etanol.

Estudo paramétrico da segregação gravitacional na injeção contínua de vapor

Steam injection is the most used method of additional recovery for the extraction of heavy oil. In this type procedure is common to happen gravitational segregation and this phenomenon can affect the production of oil and therefore, it shoulds be considered in the projects of continuous steam injection. For many years, the gravitational segregation was not adequately considered in the calculation procedures in Reservoir Engineering. The effect of the gravity causes the segregation of fluids inside the porous media according to their densities. The results of simulation arising from reservoirs could provide the ability to deal with the gravity, and it became apparent that the effects of the gravity could significantly affect the performance of the reservoir. It know that the gravitational segregation can happen in almost every case where there is injection of light fluid, specially the steam, and occurs with greater intensity for viscous oil reservoirs. This work discusses the influence of some parameters of the rock-reservoir in segregation as viscosity, permeability, thickness, cover gas, porosity. From a model that shows the phenomenon with greater intensity, optimized some operational parameters as the rate flow rate steam, distance between the wells injector-producer, and interval of completion which contributed to the reduction in gravity override, thus increasing the oil recovery. It was shown a greater technical-economic viability for the model of distance between the wells 100 m. The analysis was performed using the simulator of CMG (Computer Modeling Group-Stars 2007.11, in which was observed by iterating between studied variables in heavy oil reservoirs with similar characteristics to Brazilian Northeast

Aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Eretmochelys imbricata (testudines, cheloniidae) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Female hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting along the southeastcoastline of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil (6º13'40"S, 35º03'05"W) were captured and weighed during the four months from January to April 2007, in the course of the annual egglaying season, which extended from 06 rd November 2006 to 30 rd May 2007. In all, 99 weight measurements were performed. On first contact the females exhibited an average post-oviposition weight of 79.1 kg (range 56.2-98.9 kg, SD = 10.9 kg, n = 44 females). Those individuals which were subsequently recaptured showed a mean weight loss of 1.7 kg (range 0.7-4.5 kg, SD = 1.0 kg, n = 39 sets of measurements on 20 females) in the interval between two consecutive post-ovipositions, separated by a maximum time interval of 17 days. In the cases where the female aborted the nesting process, the pre-oviposition weight was measured. The clutch weight, that is to say, the weight loss between consecutive pre-oviposition and post-oviposition measurements (separated by a maximum time interval of 3 days), was found to be 5.2 kg (range 4.3-6.0 kg, SD = 0.9 kg, n = 6 sets of measurements). This value is significantly higher (t-test, p<0.001) than the loss between two consecutive post-oviposition measurements with the same female. The mean recovery in body weight, that is to say, the average gain in weight between successive post-oviposition and pre-oviposition captures of the same individual (separated by a time interval of 12 to 17 days), was found to be 3.0 kg (range 1.9-4.3 kg, SD = 1.0 kg, n = 4 sets of measurements) Although the small sample size makes it unwise to generalise, the recovery in body weight was found to be always significantly lower (t-test, p<0.005) than the clutch weight. This fact is in agreement with the observed weight loss tendency throughout the breeding season for this species. Considering the clutch weight and the internidal recovery in body weight we found that the total weight loss of the adult hawksbill females after three to five nesting events varied from 10.4% (range 8.7-11.9%, SD = 1.6%, n = 3) to 14.1% (range 11.8-15.4%, SD = 1.3%, n = 6) in relation to their initial pre-oviposition weight. If there were no body weight recovery during the internesting interval we estimate that a female that nests three to five times in the course of the season would lose from 19% to 31% of its initial weight. We emphasise that our clutch weight estimate was performed by weighing the females and not by multiplying the number of eggs in the nest by their average unit weight. In this way, our measurements take into account the loss of liquid during the oviposition. Despite the unequivocal evidence of body weight recovery during the internidal interval, it is not clear if the cause of this process is rehydration or feeding

Estudo da frequência e perfil epidêmico-sorológico da toxoplasmose ocular em pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de oftalmologia do hospital universitário onofre lopes no município de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

Toxoplasmosis, provoked by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most prevalent parasitoses in the world. In humans, transmission occurs by three evolutionary forms of the parasite: oocysts, tissue cysts and tachyzoites. Wild and domestic felines are definitive hosts. The ocular form of toxoplasmosis can be of congenital origin with early or late clinical manifestations, or acquired after birth. T. gondii is considered the main culprit for most cases of infectious uveitis. This study aimed at assessing ocular toxoplasmosis, relating it to factors associated to the patient s lifestyle and describing the epidemic-serological and clinical profile of affected individuals. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a population of 159 patients. Univariate analysis (odds ratio) was used to evaluate the data, with a confidence interval of 95% and p-value < 0.05. A prevalence of 4% of ocular toxoplasmosis was observed in the population of patients treated at an ophthalmological clinic. Of patients directly examined by immunoenzymatic assay (MEIA-AxSYM®- Microparticle Enzyme Immune Assay), considering only uveitis, a frequency of anti-T. gondii of 73%, most of whom exhibited titulation between 40-99 UI IgG/mL. With respect to location of ocular lesions, bilaterality was observed in 57% of patients assessed by the ophthalmoscopy technique. When compared with the results of an active search of medical records, a similarity in ocular toxoplasmosis (74%) and bilateral lesion location (55%) was observed. Type I lesion was the most frequent type observed, with intraocular disposition in the macula. An epidemiological survey revealed that direct contact with cats; consuming raw or poorly cooked meat and direct contact with the soil were significantly associated with greater likelihood of acquiring ocular toxoplasmosis. Sample characterization in relation to age range was significant for patients between 31 and 40 years [χ², chi-square test (p = 0.04)], but population traits such as schooling, sanitary district, and monthly income were not significant. Results confirm that ocular toxoplasmosis is widely distributed in the metropolitan area of Natal, Brazil, with significant prevalence of ocular lesions provoked by T.gondii. It is suggested that sanitary authorities exert greater control in order to minimize the risk of toxoplasmic infection, mainly in pregnant women.

Redução da morbi-mortalidade na síndrome de hellp completa com o uso de altas doses de dexametasona

Objective: To determine the clinical maternal and neonatal outcomes in HELLP syndrome patients treated with dexamethasone who either developed renal injury or renal insufficiency and to identify predictive values of urea and creatinine for the identification of subjects with HELLP syndrome at risk of developing renal insufficiency. Methods: Non-radomized intervention study of dexamethasone use in HELLP syndrome. A total of 62 patients were enrolled at Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco (MEJC). Patients received a total of 30 mg of dexamethasone IV, in three doses of 10 mg every 12 hours. A clinical and laboratory follow up were performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Patients were followed up to 6 months after delivery. Patients were grouped in accordance to renal function, i.e, normal and some type of renal lesion. Renal lesion was considered when creatinine was equal or greater than 1.3 mg/dl and diuresis less than 100 ml in 4 hours period and renal insufficiency was defined when dialysis was needed. Results: A total of 1230 patients with preeclampsia were admitted at MEJC. Of those 62 (5%) developed HELLP syndrome. There was no statistical difference in the groups with renal involvement or normal renal function with respect to the demographics, type of anesthesia used and delivery, and weight of the newborn. An improvement in the AST, ALT, LDH, haptoglobine, antithrombine, fibrinogenen and platelets was observed within 72 hours after dexamethosone use. There was a significant increase in the diuresis within the interval of 6 hours before the delivery and 24 hours after it. Of the 62 patients, 46 (74. 2%) had normal renal function and 16 (25.8%) evolved with renal lesion, with 5 (8.1%) needing dialysis. These 5 patients who received dialysis recovered the xi renal function. The delay in administering dexamethasone increased in 4.6% the risk of development of renal insufficiency. Patients with renal insufficiency had received significantly more blood products than subjects without renal lesion (p=0.03). Diuresis, leukocytes, uric acid, urea, creatinine were significantly different between the groups with normal renal function, renal lesion and renal insufficiency. The levels of creatinine 1.2mg/dl and uric acid 51mg/dl, at admission are predictive of subjects who will evolve with renal lesion (p<0.001). Maternal mortality was 3.2%. None of the subjects with renal insufficiency evolved with chronic renal disease. Conclusions: Dexamethasone in patients with HELLP syndrome seems to reduce significantly the hepatic microthrombosis and normalize hemostasis as seen by improvement of liver function. Renal injury can be considered, in HELLP syndrome, when creatinine levels are greater than 1.3 mg/dl and diuresis less than 100 ml/h in interval of 4 hours. The level of creatinine greater than 1.2 mg/dl and urea greater than 51mg/dl are predictive of subjects with HELLP syndrome who will develop renal injury. Patients who receive more red cell packs develop renal insufficiency. Finally, the delay in administering dexamethasone increases the risk of developing renal insufficiency

Prevalência e fatores associados à dor em professores de educação física em academias de ginástica da cidade do Salvador-BA

Physical Education professionals are usually exposed to excessive physical workloads that evolve into painful symptomatology and muscle and bone disorders that originate from the work-related exercises. Purposo: The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with pain painful symptomatology in teachers in gymnastics academies. An analytical transversal cut study was performed involving 163 gymnastics teachers working in the main gyms in the city of Salvador-BA. For evaluation of pain, validated versions in Portuguese of the McGill Protocol and the Wisconsin Pain Inventory were used. For obtain results of descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data was performed, followed by TStudent, and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests to verify possible correlations between the presence of pain and other variables which were considered independent. Finally, for the identification of potential risk factors associated with pain, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed. For all statistical analysis, we cnsidered p< 0.05. Results: The painful symptoms was reported by 88.3% of the subjects surveyed. High pain levels were observed in 63.8% of the interviewed professionals, where the intensity varied from moderate to severe. Pain in the lumbar region was present in 55.2% of subjects. Positive correlations were found between the level of pain intensity and the variables related with the workload activity and daily life of the teachers in almost all body joints analyzed. Some factors had been verified associates to the painful sintomatologia as the age of the professionals, the daily hours load of labor work, and the lack of interval of rest between the lessons. Conclusions: We found a high prevalence in gym teachers working in the city of Salvador-BA, which interfered in various daily activities of their home and professional lives. The most affected region was the lumbar region, followed by the knees, neck, shoulders, ankles, hands, hips, feet, elbows and forearms. The factors associated with development of painful symptomatology were the age of the professionals, daily hours of work and the lack of rest intervals between lessons. The high prevalence of pain in Physical Education teachers can be regarded as a serious occupational health problem, which would demand the urgent deployment of preventive intervention programs to minimize the impact of pain among these professionals

Avaliação do sistema conservante em formulação com extrato hidroalcóolico de schinus terebinthifolius raddi nacardiaceae

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is used in the treatment of skin and mucosal injuries, infections of respiratory, digestive and genitourinary systems. Currently one of the biggest problems faced for the industry of phytopharmaceuticals with regard to the quality of raw materials is the microbial contamination. The aim this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of the hidroalcoholic extract of aroeira, beyond testing the effectiveness of the preservative system in hidrogel to the base of this extract. The extracts were prepared by maceration in the ratio of 1:10 of solvent plant/with alcohol 40%. The methods for microbial count were pour plate and test for specific microorganisms, analyzing in third copy each one of the samples. The antimicrobial activity of aroeira extracts was performed using an agar diffusion method, using strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, T. rubrum, M. gypseum, A. flavus and A. niger. The formula with aroeira was evaluated by the challenge test. This method consisted of artificial contamination the sample with separate inóculos of A. niger, C. albicans, E. coli e S. aureus aeruginosa and determinations of survivors for the method of counting for pour plate , during times 0, 24h, 48h, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. How much to the results, one verified that the extract of aroeira in the 13,5 concentration mg/mL presented antimicrobial activity for cepas of E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, producing inhibition zone, on average with 13 mm of diameter. However it did not present no fungi activity. The formula with aroeira containig both methylparaben and propylparaben showed a good efficacy in challenge test front to strains of A. niger, C. albicans, E. coli, S. aureus. The A criteria of European Pharmacopoeia, adopted in this work, was verified that this product revealed the good preservative efficacy for the challenge test, time interval of the 28 days. However, it is interesting to extend this study, in order to carry through the sped up stability and the test of shelf, to establish the validity of this formularization

Controle de qualidade físico-químico e biodisponibilidade relativa em ratos de suspensões orais de naproxeno sódico obtidas de farmácias de manipulação na cidade do Natal RN

Compounded medicines have been reported by the ANVISA due to decreased of the therapeutic response or toxicity of these formulations. The aim of this work was to investigate the physicochemical quality control among naproxen sodium oral suspensions 25 mg/mL obtained from six compounding pharmacies (A, B, C, D, E and F) and the manufactured suspension (R). In the quality control test, the tests of pH, content, homogeneity, volume and physical and organoleptic characteristics were performed according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The analytical method for determination of naproxen in suspensions was validate. This method showed excellent precision, accuracy, linearity and specificity. In the content test the suspensions B, C and E showed lower value and the F suspension showed a high value of the content. The products C and E were disapproved in the description of the physical and organoleptic characteristics test. In the pH test, three suspensions were outside specifications (C, E and F). Only the products R, A and D showed satisfactory results in these tests and therefore they were approved for relative bioavailability test. The R, A and D suspensions were orally administered to Wistar rats and the blood samples were taken at time intervals of 10, 20, 40, 60 min, 3, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h. The plasma samples were immediately stored at 80 ºC until analysis of HPLC. The bioanalytical method validation showed specificity, linearity (R2 0.9987), precision, accuracy, good recovery and stability. The chromatographic conditions were: flow rate of 1.2 mL.min-1 with a mobile phase of acetonitrile : sodium phosphate buffer pH 4.0 (50:50, v/v) at 280 nm, using a C18 column. The confidence interval of 90% for the Cmax and AUCt ratio was within the range of 80 - 125% proposed by the FDA. Only one suspension, obtained from the compounding pharmacy D, was considered bioequivalent to the rate of absorption under the conditions proposed by this study. Thus, the results indicate the need for strict supervision from the relevant authorities to ensure the patient safety and the quality of compounded drugs by pharmacies

Monitoramento da broca-pequena-do-fruto para tomada de decisão de controle em tomateiro estaqueado

Avaliou-se a relação entre o índice de plantas com ovos e de adultos da broca-pequena-do-fruto capturados em armadilhas com feromônio sexual, bem como a influência da infestação na produção da cultura do tomate. Estas avaliações objetivaram aperfeiçoar a tomada de decisão de controle pela densidade de adultos capturados nas armadilhas. em Monte Mor, estado de São Paulo, áreas comerciais de cultivo de tomate foram divididas em parcelas experimentais para a instalação de armadilhas. em intervalos médios de 3,7 dias foi avaliada a densidade de adultos capturados e a infestação de plantas com ovos nos frutos. O estudo foi conduzido entre as safras de 2003 e 2007 para os cultivos em ciclo de verão e inverno. As avaliações foram realizadas até o término da colheita e foi definida a produção comercializada e a descartada. O controle químico foi realizado quando a infestação atingia o nível de 5% de plantas com ovos nos frutos. A pressão populacional foi mais expressiva nos cultivos em ciclo de verão. O aumento no número de machos capturados nas armadilhas com feromônio sexual correspondeu a um incremento na infestação de ovos nos frutos e houve influência positiva da infestação de plantas com a produção descartada. A instalação das armadilhas deve anteceder o florescimento e a tomada de decisão de controle ocorrer no prazo médio de oito dias após a captura média de 0,24 e 0,23 adultos na armadilha por dia para os cultivos de tomate em ciclo de verão e inverno, respectivamente.

Amostragem para diagnose do estado nutricional de mangueiras

Dentre todas as etapas que permeiam um laudo foliar, ainda a amostragem continua sendo a mais sujeita a erros. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o tamanho de amostras foliares e a variação do erro amostral para coleta de folhas de pomares de mangueiras. O experimento contou com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições e quatro tratamentos, que constaram da coleta de uma folha, em cada uma das quatro posições cardeais, em 5; 10; 20 e 40 plantas. Com base nos resultados dos teores de nutrientes, foram calculados as médias, variâncias, erros-padrão das médias, o intervalo de confiança para a média e a porcentagem de erro em relação à média, através da semi-amplitude do intervalo de confiança expresso em porcentagem da média. Concluiu-se que, para as determinações químicas dos macronutrientes, 10 plantas de mangueira seriam suficientes, coletando-se uma folha nos quatro pontos cardeais da planta. Já para os micronutrientes, seriam necessárias, no mínimo, 20 plantas e, se considerarmos o Fe, seria necessário amostrar, pelo menos, 30 plantas.

Distribuição espacial de Huanglongbing (Greening) em citros utilizando a geoestatística

Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar a distribuição espacial e a expansão da Huanglongbing (greening) em talhões de citros de uma propriedade agrícola localizada no município de Araraquara-SP, utilizando a geoestatística. Para determinar o número de plantas com greening, foram realizadas inspeções periódicas em intervalos de três meses, no período de março de 2005 a julho de 2007, contando-se, em cada talhão, o número de plantas com os sintomas característicos da doença. Realizou-se a análise descritiva dos dados e, para verificar a distribuição espacial do greening, utilizou-se a geoestatística através do ajuste de semivariogramas e da interpolação dos dados por krigagem. A dependência espacial de plantas com greening apresentou raio de agregação de 300 a 560 m, indicando distribuição agregada da doença. Por meio dos mapas de krigagem, observou-se que o foco inicial de plantas doentes ocorreu nos limites da fazenda, com expansão do greening por toda a área. O intervalo de inspeção de três meses não foi adequado para a redução do greening na fazenda.