Ecologia parasitária de isópodos e biologia reprodutiva em tibiro, Oligoplites spp (Osteichthyes: carangidae) das águas costeiras de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier) and Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) are coastal pelagic fish species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parasitism by isopods and the reproductive biology of the leather jack, Oligoplites spp. A total of 113 individuals of Oligoplites spp (35 of O. saurus and 78 of O. palometa) were captured during the period between January, 2005 and July, 2007 from the coastal waters of Natal, RN. The morphometric and meristic characters were registered; macroscopic analyses were done to collect the isopod parasites and the gonads were observed to verify the reproductive aspects. The crustacean isopod parasite, Cymothoa spinipalpa (Isopoda: Cymothidae) was encountered on the tongue in the oral cavity in both fish hosts. The parasitic indices of C. spinipalpa showed high values of prevalance of 51,4% for O. saurus and 64,1% for O. palometa. The host presented significant correlations between body mass and body length of O. palometa and the number of parasites. Body lengths of female C. spinipalpa were small due to the limited space available in the oral cavity of the host. There was a significant difference in the sex ratio of O. palometa, males outnumbered the females. The isopod parasites showed specificity to the oral cavity of hosts. Macroscopic analyses of gonads showed four stages of gonadal development for both sex of O. palometa: immature, maturing, mature and spent

Influência de fatores ambientais na incidência do vírus da infecção hipodermal e necrose hematopoiética (IHHNV) no camarão Litopenaeus vannamei cultivado em fazendas do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN)

The shrimp farming industry is the most profitable area of the aquaculture at Rio Grande do Norte (RN) state, which is one of the largest producers in Brazil. However the infections that affect the shrimp cause major economic losses. The infection is a result of the interaction between the shrimp, the environment and pathogen. The change of these factors may lead to a condition of stress and susceptibility to opportunistic infections. One of these infections caused by Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) is widely distributed in several countries and affects a wide range of hosts. To optimize conditions for production of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, the more species cultivated in Brazil, it is necessary to understand the effects of environmental factors in the susceptibility of this species to infections. The aim of this study was to determine the IHHNV prevalence and to investigate the influence of environmental factors as salinity, temperature, stocking density, dissolved oxygen and rainfall in the IHHNV incidence in L. vannamei grown in farms, in the RN state. To determine the IHHNV prevalence were used 1089 samples of L. vannamei collected in seven farms. To perform the study about the influence of environmental factors, 525 samples of L. vannamei shrimp were collected in eight farms located in regions of low (0-1 ), medium (21-30 ) and high (38-57 ) salinity, using extensive (≤15 shrimp/m2 ), semi-intensive (18-33 shrimp/m2) or intensive (>36 shrimp/m2) stocking density systems. The IHHNV infection was determined in pleopod and hemolymph using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The environmental factors were recorded during the collection of animals, using a refractometer to measure the salinity and a multi-parameter meter to measure the temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water. The IHHNV prevalence in RN was 43% (468 infected shrimp out of 1089), varying on different farms. On the seven farms studied, IHHNV prevalence ranged from 18.6% to 54.8%. The infection rates in the shrimp cultured in low, medium and high salinity were respectively 43.10% (125/290), 31.2% (15/48) and 24.6% (46/187) and was significantly higher in shrimp grown in low salinity (P<0.001). The infection rates in ponds of extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems were respectively, 28.7%, 28.28% and 47.84%, and was significantly higher in high stocking densities (P<0.001). This study indicated a high IHHNV prevalence and a significant effect of salinity and stocking density, but not of the temperature, rainfall and dissolved oxygen on the IHHNV infection rate in the L. vannamei shrimp cultured in the northeastern Brazil

Prevalência da infecção por HPV e perfil das mulheres frente ao exame de papanicolau no município de São José de Mipibú/RN.

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major sexually transmitted disease all over the world. There are many factors associated to infection and the virus persistency in the organism. This study aims to evaluate the women's knowledge, attitudes and practice about the Papanicolaou test (Pap), as well as analyze the HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infections prevalences in sexually active women from the city of São José do Mipibu/RN/Brazil. This research was divided in two steps (step I and step II), using different methodologies and samples each. The samples collected in each step, even socio-demographic or from uterus cervix, are from different patients e were analyzed separated. In step I was evaluated 267 rural and urban zone women s knowledge, attitudes and practices about the Pap by home interview. In the step II were included 605 women with age ranged from 15 to 71 years old, with mean of 33,5 years old and from each one were collected two cervical samples, one for Pap and other for molecular biology, beside the epidemiological interview to investigate the correlation between prevalence of HPV infection and risk factors. To molecular analyses, the samples were processed using a mammal rapid DNA extraction technique protocol. For C. trachomatis DNA detection were used the CP24/27 primers, and GP5+/GP6+ to HPV. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 8% polyacrylamide gels, followed by silver staining. The results of the step I showed that, in spite of only 46,1% of the interviewed women they have demonstrated to possess appropriate knowledge on the Pap test, the attitude and practice proportions were significantly larger, 63,3% and 64,4% respectively. The largest education degree presented association with adaptation of the knowledge, attitudes and practice, while neglect, lack of solicitation of the exam for the doctor and shame, came as main barriers for the accomplishment of the exam. In the stage II the HPV general prevalence was 28,9%, being 26,7% in the women with normal cytology or benign alterations, 26,7% in the ones that had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and 80% in those with Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). the HPV infection prevalence was larger in the patients with up to 30 years of age and in the unmarried women, and those that had more than one sexual partner presented larger infection risk. The results show that the sexual relationship with multiple partners increased the infection risk for HPV and consequently the possibility of the occurrence of lesions uterine cervix

Efeito da salinidade, densidade de estocagem e da infecção hipodermal e necrose hematopoiética (IHHN) na imunidade do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei cultivados em fazendas do Rio Grande do Norte

The main problem faced by the shrimp industry are the infectious diseases. The hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis infection (IHHN) is one of the major cause of disease in the cultured shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Environmental changes involving water quality, oxygen concentration, salinity, temperature, stocking density, presence of pathogens, among others, triggering a stressing condition for the cultured shrimp, weakening them and allowing the outbreak of diseases. The stress on the animal leads to a change in the molecules immune response components, which can be used as indicators of shrimp health. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of salinity, stocking density and IHHNV infection on the L. vannamei shrimp. The immune parameters used to check the shrimp health were the total hemocytes counts (THC), the agglutinating activity (AA) and the clotting time (CT) of the serum of shrimp. These parameters were analyzed in healthy and IHHNV-infected shrimp, grown in low (0-0.5 ), medium (19-24 ) and high (> 38 ) salinity, and extensive (7-12 cam.m-2), semi-intensive (15-25 cam.m-2) and intensive (33-45 cam.m -2) stocking density. The IHHNV infection rate was significantly higher in low salinity (P<0.005) and intensive density (P<0.005), both stressful conditions for L. vannamei. Low salinity significantly increased THC (P<0.05) and decreased and CT (P<0.05) in healthy and infected shrimp, but AA (P<0.05) significantly decreased in healthy shrimp at medium salinity. Culture intensification did not affect the THC, AA and CT of healthy and infected shrimp (P>0.05). The IHHNV infection did not affect any immune parameters of shrimp cultured at different salinities and stocking densities. It is necessary to emphasize that this study was conducted in shrimp grown in ponds, where several environmental factors are acting simultaneously. Thus, further studies are needed about the influence of other environmental factors on the immune parameters of shrimp cultured in pond

Influência do vírus da hepatite G (GBV-C) na resposta imune frente à infecção por Leishmania chagasi

GB virus type C (GBV-C) appears to promote a Th1 response and is associated with prolonged survival in HIV-infected people. L. chagasi causes a spectrum of illness that varies from severe visceral leishmaniasis, a disease that in the majority of cases is fatal if not treated, to self resolution of infection and development of positive DTH response that is protective against symptomatic disease. To determine if GBV-C viremia might influence the outcome of Leishmania infection, we characterized GBV-C status in a cohort of subjects residing in a L. chagasi endemic area in Brazil. GBV-C viremia was more prevalent in blood donors from urban than in periurban regions of Natal, Brazil (16% and 7.5% respectively). Evidence of prior GBV-C (anti-E2 antibodies) was detected in 24% and 12%of these groups respectively. Anti-E2 increased with age (p= 0.0121). No difference in GBV-C viremia was found in the DTH+ and VL groups (p= 0.269); however, subjects with visceral leishmaniasis were more likely to have anti-E2 than DTH+ subjects (p=0.0012), and DTH induration was smaller in subjects with E2 antibodies (4.5 mm) compared those without (7.12 mm) (p= 0.002). Furthermore, the size of the Leishmania DTH response was greater in GBV-C viremica subjects (6.8 mm) compared to non-viremic subjects (3.3 mm; p= 0.0054). There findings suggest that GBV-C virus may promote a type 1 immune response that could influence the outcome of Leishmania infection

Ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii e avaliação da imunização em caprinos do sertão do cabugi, Rio Grande do Norte

Toxoplasmosis is one zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii protozoan. Goats, amongst the production animals, are one of the species most susceptible to this parasite, being one them main involved agents in ovine and goat abortions, determining great economic losses and implications for public health, since the presence it parasite in the products of goat origin, consist in one of the main sources of infection for the man. In this study 244 blood samples in 8 farms situated in 4 cities from the Sertão do Cabugi region, Rio Grande do Norte State, northeast of Brazil and, tested by ELISA assay. The results had shown a prevalence of 47.13% for anti- T. gondii antibodies and a significant association between positivity and variable evaluated as age, locality and property. The IgG avidity assay evaluated in 115 positive samples was carried to discriminate acute and chronic infection. Twelve samples (10.4%) had presented antibodies of low avidity while 103 (89.6%) presented high avidity antibodies; indicating that most of the animals was precocious exposure to the parasite. Significant difference was verified only for the variable sex. We also evaluate the capacity of recombinant adenoviruses codifying SAG1, SAG2, SAG3 and CMV in inducing activation of specific immune response in goat. These 109 animals received 109 pfu of the AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3, AdCMV or PBS in vaccine protocol with 3 immunizations. Serum samples of the each animal, before and after mmunization, had been submitted to the ELISA. The results demonstrate that the immunizations had induced the production of IgG antibodies specific against T. gondii proteins

Infecção natural de bezerras por Babesia spp. em propriedades de uma área de instabilidade enzoótica.

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a primo-infecção por Babesia spp. em bezerras de áreas de instabilidade do Piauí.

Gradiente de infecção do cancro europeu das pomáceas, em mudas de macieira, nas condições de Vacaria, RS.

Estudos de gradiente fazem parte da análise espacial de epidemias, na qual a quantidade de doença diminui com a distância a partir de uma fonte de inóculo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o gradiente de infecção do cancro europeu das pomáceas (Neonectria ditissima) nas condições de Vacaria, RS.

Infecção de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em cebola sob diferentes temperaturas.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura na infecção de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em cebola. Mudas de cebola, da variedade Alfa São Francisco, foram inoculadas numa suspensão de esporos, na concentração de 105 esporos/mL até o ponto de escorrimento. Após a inoculação, as mudas foram cobertas com saco plástico preto umedecido, vedado próximo à base dos vasos, por 24 horas, para simular o período de molhamento do campo, e mantidas em estufas sob as temperaturas de 15 oC, 20 oC, 25 oC, 30 oC, 35 oC e 40 oC. Foi determinada a severidade da doença considerando-se a porcentagem da área foliar com sintomas. As variáveis significativas no teste F da análise de variância foram submetidas à análise de regressão. A elevação da temperatura propiciou aumento na severidade da antracnose da cebola.

Avaliação da resposta imune de camundongos BALB/c a uma proteína recombinante visando o desenvolvimento de vacina contra tristeza parasitária bovina

2015

Qualidade microbiológica e parasitária do biofertilizante Hortbio.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as contagens microbianas e as formas parasitárias no Hortibio, um biofertilizante desenvolvido pela Embrapa Hortaliças.

Diversidade e similaridade dos parasitos em Megalechis thoracata e Callichthys callichthys, Callichthyidae da Amazônia Oriental (Brasil).

Em populações de peixes habitando um mesmo ambiente (simpatria) e que são ecologicamente similares e geneticamente relacionadas, aumenta a possibilidade dessas populações de hospedeiros apresentar uma similar estrutura e composição das comunidades de parasitos. Porém, as comunidades de parasitos são sistemas ecológicos altamente complexos e dinâmicos, resultantes da interação de diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos. No sistema do Rio Amazonas, Callichthys callichthys Linnaeus, 1758 e Megalechis thoracata Valenciennes 1840 (Callichthyidae) são onívoras, com dieta composta de vegetais, algas, insetos e detritos. Este estudo comparou a estrutura e composição das comunidades de parasitos dessas duas espécies de Callichthyidae coletados na bacia Igarapé Fortaleza, um tributário do Rio Amazonas, na região de Macapá, estado do Amapá. Dos 38 espécimes de C. callichthys (17,3 ± 1,3 cm e 94,2 ± 22,3 g) e 38 espécimes de M. thoracata (15,3 ± 1,1 cm e 68,5 ± 16,8 g), 44,7% e 36,8%, respectivamente, estavam infectados por uma ou mais espécies de parasitos, e um total de 447 parasitos foram coletados em ambos os hospedeiros. A similaridade entre as comunidades de parasitos das duas espécies de hospedeiros foi elevada (61%), uma vez que compartilharam Genarchella genarchella, larvas de Eustrogylides sp., Rhabdochona sp. e plerocercoides de Proteocephalidae e níveis de infecção similares. Porém, Posthodiplostomum sp. infectou somente C. callichthys, enquanto Gorytocephalus spectabilis infectou somente M. thoracata. Metacercária de Posthodiplostomum sp. foi o parasito dominante para C. callichthys e G. genarchella, para M. thoracata. A maioria das infracomunidades de parasitos apresentou padrão de dispersão agregada. A comunidade de parasitos mostrou predominância de endoparasitos e similar riqueza de espécies, índice de Shannon e equitabilidade entre C. callichthys e M. thoracata. A condição corporal de ambos os hospedeiros não foi influenciada pelo baixo parasitismo. Os resultados indicam C. callichthys e M. thoracata como hospedeiros intermediários ou paratênico dos endohelmintos encontrados. A variação na comunidade parasitária, entre hospedeiros simpátricos, provavelmente ocorreu pela distribuição destes no ambiente, estrutura genética e imunológica, bem como a composição de espécies de parasitos nas comunidades.

Restrição hídrica para infecção de sementes de cenoura com Alternaria radicina.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial hídrico mais adequado para infecção de sementes de cenoura por Alternaria radicina.

Especificidade na infecção de raízes por Azospirillum spp. em plantas com via fotossintética C3 e C4.

Resultados anteriores sobre a especificidade hospedeira na infecção de gramíneas com Azospirillum spp foram confirmados no presente trabalho, com maior número de espécies. No solo ocorreram as duas espécies de Azospirillum - A. brasilense e A. lipoferum - e, ainda estirpes denitrificantes (nir+) e não denitrificantes (nir-). Os isolamentos de raízes esterilizadas de cereais de clima temperado com via fotossintética C3 (trigo, cevada, aveia, e centeio), foram predominantemente da espécie. A. brasilense; e os de raízes esterilizadas de gramíneas tropicais com via C4 foram predominantemente da espécie A. lipoferum. Em ambos os casos parece que as plantas, especialmente as C3, apresentam seletividade para estirpes não denitrificantes. A única exceção nestas observações foi a cana-de-açúcar, que se comportou como os cereais temperados. Por outro lado, a tiririca, uma Cyperacea com via C4, foi infectada por A. lipoferum, como as gramíneas com via C4.

Diagnóstico da infecção por Babesia bovis por meio da técnica qPCR em bovinos da raça angus.

2016