L-histidine reduces inhibitory avoidance in Carassius auratus submitted to cerebellar ablation

The effect of post-training treatment with L-histidine (LH) on the memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance was investigated in Carassius auratus submitted to cerebellar ablation. The inhibitory avoidance procedure included 3 days: one habituation day, one training day (5 trials, T1-T5) and one test day. On the training day, each fish was placed individually in a white compartment separated from a black compartment by a sliding door. When the fish crossed into the black compartment, a weight was dropped in front of it (aversive stimulus) and the time to cross was recorded. Saline or LH (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 10 min after the trials. Data were log10 transformed and analyzed by ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P < 0.05). In T5, all groups [ablation/LH (N = 15; 189.60 ± 32.52), ablation/saline (N = 14; 204.29 ± 28.95), sham/LH (N = 14; 232.36 ± 28.15), and sham/saline (N = 15; 249.07 ± 25.82)] had similar latencies that were significantly higher than T1 latencies [ablation/LH (89.33 ± 20.41), ablation/saline (97.00 ± 25.16), sham/LH (73.86 ± 18.42), and sham/saline (56.71 ± 17.59)], suggesting acquisition of inhibitory avoidance. For the test, there was a significant reduction in latencies of ablation/LH (61.53 ± 17.70) and sham/saline (52.79 ± 25.37) groups compared to the ablation/saline (213.64 ± 29.57) and sham/LH (199.43 ± 24.48) groups, showing that cerebellum ablation facilitated retention of inhibitory avoidance and LH reversed the effect of ablation. The results support other evidence that LH impairs memory consolidation and/or reduces the interpretation of aversion value.

Processing, physicochemical, and sensory analyses of ostrich meat hamburger

The objective of this study was to assess the potential utilization of ostrich meat trimming in hamburger preparation, as well as its physicochemical and sensory characterization. Using ostrich meat trimmings from the legs and neck, four different formulations were prepared with varied amounts of bacon and textured soybean protein. Physical analysis of yield, shrinkage percentage, and water retention capacity and chemical analysis of proximate composition, cholesterol levels, and calories were performed. The formulations underwent sensory analysis by 52 potential ostrich meat consumers, who evaluated tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and purchase intent. The formulations containing textured soybean protein showed the highest yield, lowest shrinkage percentage, and highest water retention capacity. Lipid content varied from 0.58 to 4.99%; protein from 17.08 to 21.37%; ash from 3.00 to 3.62%; moisture from 73.87 to 76.27%; cholesterol from 22.54 to 32.11 mg.100 g-1; and calorie from 87.22 to 163.42 kcal.100 g-1. All formulations showed low cholesterol and calorie levels, even that containing 10% bacon and 3.5% textured soybean protein, which achieved the best scores and acceptance by the panelists.

Use of intravascular ultrasonography for the characterization of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic kidney disease

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease patients present a very high cardiovascular mortality. Nevertheless, a comparative description of lesion characteristics, using intravascular ultrasound in dialysis patients, has not yet been reported. The objective of the present study was to analyze the plaque morphology through intravascular ultrasound in comparison to their counterparts with normal renal function. METHODS: Patients were screened for coronary artery disease, and the coronary angiography was performed when indicated. Plaque morphology was evaluated by ultrasound, and findings were compared to a group of patients with coronary artery disease, who presented normal renal function, it carefully matched for all Framingham risk factors and lesion location at the coronary artery tree. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine patients from a single center of hemodialysis were screened for the study. Patients with coronary lesions confirmed at the angiography presented lower hemoglobin (10.8 ± 1.5 versus 12.0 ± 19; p < 0.046) levels and higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (110.6 ± 25.8 versus 75.5 ± 43.1; p < 0.004), when compared to the ones without coronary artery disease. The ultrasound revealed greater proximal reference diameter (4.1 ± 0.6 versus 3.7 ± 0.5; p < 0.007), smaller crossed sectional area (4.2±1.6 versus 5.2 ± 1.8; p < 0.02), and the calcification was located in a deeper arterial layer (69 versus 9%; p < 0.004) in patients with chronic kidney disease when compared to the Control Group. CONCLUSION: Lesions of the patients with chronic kidney disease presented a larger proximal diameter and intense calcification in the deeper layer of the vessel, which suggest a greater positive remodeling effect in response to a more aggressive atherosclerotic process in the medial section of the artery.

Uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: treatment with desloratidine versus gabapentin

INTRODUCTION: Uremic pruritus is common among dialysis patients. Effective treatments are not readily available. Early evidence with antihistamines and gabapentin indicate variable effects. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and side effects of gabapentin and desloratadine in patients with dialysis pruritus. METHODS: Prospective, open-label, cross-over clinical trial in 22 patients on chronic hemodialysis with sustained pruritus over a period of at least 60 days. After a one-week run-in period, we assigned patients to three weeks of either gabapentin 300 mg thrice weekly or desloratadine 5 mg thrice weekly. After a one-week washout period, each patient crossed-over to the alternate regimen for three more weeks. The primary endpoint of the study was the change in the visual analogue pruritus score (VAS). RESULTS: Nineteen subjects completed the two treatment blocks and were available for analysis. VAS scores decreased with both treatments (5.95 to 4.6 with gabapentin, p = 0.07; 5.89 to 3.4 with desloratadine, p = 0.004), but only desloratadine reached statistical significance. There were no differences when comparing the final pruritus score with gabapentin and desloratadine (4.6 versus 3.4, p = 0.16) Excessive sedation was common with gabapentin. Desloratadine was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Desloratadine provides significant relief of uremic pruritus compared with no therapy. gabapentin has marginal efficacy. Desloratadine is better tolerated than gabapentin.

Viability of part cargoes in tramp shipping company’s routing and scheduling decisions

Operational excellence of individual tramp shipping companies is important in today’s market, where competition is intense, freight revenues are modest and capital costs high due to global financial crisis, and tighter regulatory framework is generating additional costs and challenges to the industry. This thesis concentrates on tramp shipping, where a tramp operator in a form of an individual case company, specialized in short-sea shipping activities in the Baltic Sea region, is searching ways to map their current fleet operations and better understand potential ways to improve the overall routing and scheduling decisions. The research problem is related to tramp fleet planning where several cargoes are carried on board at the same time, which are here systematically referred to as part cargoes. The purpose is to determine the pivotal dimensions and characteristics of these part cargo operations in tramp shipping, and offer both the individual case company and wider research community better understanding of potential risks and benefits related to utilization of part cargo operations. A mixed method research approach is utilized in this research, as the objectives are related to complex, real-life business practices in the field of supply chain management and more specifically, maritime logistics. A quantitative analysis of different voyage scenarios is executed, including alternative voyage legs with varying cost structure and customer involvement. An on-line-based questionnaire designed and prepared by case company’s decision group again provides desired data of predominant attitudes and views of most important industrial customers regarding the part cargo-related operations and potential future utilization of this business model. The results gained from these quantitative methods are complied with qualitative data collection tools, along with suitable secondary data sources. Based on results and logical analysis of different data sources, a framework for characterizing the different aspects of part cargo operations is developed, utilizing both existing research and empirical investigation of the phenomenon. As conclusions, part cargoes have the ability to be part of viable fleet operations, and even increase flexibility among the fleet to a certain extent. Naturally, several hinderers for this development is recognized as well, such as potential issues with information gathering and sharing, inefficient port activities, and increased transit times.

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Clef d'un chiffre. En italien ; 2 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE, duchesse douairière DE FERRARE, « à monseigneur le duc [Alphonse II d'Este]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 3 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE,... à madame ma fille... la duchesse de Ferrare,... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 4 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE « à madame la princesse d'Urbin [sa fille]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 » ; 5 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE « à madame Lienor [d'Est]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 6 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE « au Sr Don Loys [d'Est]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 7 Promesse de payement faite par « JAQUES DE SAVOYE,... duca di Genevoys e di Nemours », à « Gio. Antonio Scalla, mercante gioliero de Milano... A Moncallieri, il VIII novembre 1581 » ; suivie de la quittance du joaillier, « 27 zuegno 1583 ». En italien ; 8 Lettre de « JEHAN BATISTE DE GONDI,... à madame [la duchesse de Ferrare]... De Paris, ce XXVIIe decembre 1567 » ; 9 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST [duchesse DE NEMOURS]... à monseigneur Guyon, receveur du domaine de Montargis... Escript à Paris, ce XVIIe jour de juin 1600 » ; 10 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST,... à monsieur de Selincourt,... bailly et gouverneur de Montargis... De Lyon, ce Xme d'avril 1596 » ; 11 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST,... à monsieur de Selincourt,... De Lagneux, ce 19me mars 1596 » ; 12 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST » à « monsieur de Selincourt,... De St Maur des Fossez, ce XXIXe aoust 1596 » ; 13 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST,... à monsieur de Selincourt,... De St Maur des Fossez, ce XXIXe aoust 1596 » ; 14 Lettre, en italien, de « FRANCESCO DI ESTE,... alla... duchessa de Nemors,... Di Ferrara, alli 28 de ottobre 1566 » ; 15 Lettre de madame D'« ANTREMONT,... à madame... la duchesse de Nemours et de Genevois,... De Sçaint André, se 25 de fevrier 1582 » ; 16 Mandement d'« ANNE D'EST,... duchesse de Genevoys et de Nemours,... à noz... feaulx conseilliers les president et maistres de nostre chambre des comptes de Genevoys... Donné à Verneuil, le unziesme jour de juing, l'an mil cinq cens quatre vingtz et deux » ; 17 Lettres patentes du roi « HENRY » III pour conclure l'« accord... entre monseigneur de Montpensier et monseigneur de Nevers,... Donné à Bloys, le XVIIIe jour d'avril, l'an de grace mil cinq cens quatre vingtz ung ». Copie ; 18 Minute d'une lettre du roi de France au pape, en faveur de Louis, « cardinal d'Est » ; 19 « Minute de contract » de vente passé entre « Stephano Capris, cittadino di Turino », et « Giacomo di Savoya, duca di Nemors et dil Genevoys,... fatto nella citta di Turino... all' ottavo giorno dil mese di febraro... l'anno doppo la... Nativita mille cinque cento octanta duoi ». En italien ; 20 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE [duc DE NEMOURS]... à monsieur... Dormy » ; 21 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monseigneur Dormy, conseiller et secretaire du roy et de ses finances... A Turin... ce 3me janvier 1613 » ; 22 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... De Nicy, ce 2e Xbre 1616 ». Cette lettre est accompagnée d'une note signée : « J. DE MONGOUMERY » ; 23 Requête adressée par « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à nosseigneurs de parlement », relativement à la terre de « Dhueul-sur-Oize » ; 24 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... De Lagneux, le XXVe aoust 1616 » ; 25 Lettre d'« ANNE DE LORRAINE,... à monsieur... Dormy,... De Beaumont, ce XVII 7bre 1603 » ; 26 « Articles par lesquelx le cappitaine JAQUES DEMOZZY entant soy justiffier envers monseigneur et madame de Genevois et de Nemours ». Copie ; 27 État de la taille en certaines villes et provinces de France ; 28 Fragment relatif à l'engagement, avec faculté de rachat, du comté de Valognes à « Claude de Tende ». Copie ; 29 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monseigneur de Moiron, recepveur general de mes finances de Genevois et Foucigny,... A Paris, ce XXIIIIe apvril 1599 » ; 30 « Brevet » d'assignation faite par « le duc de Genevois, de Nemours et de Chartres », aux religieuses Ursulines du faubourg St Jacques sur la pension dont il jouissait au trésor royal, d'une somme qui leur était due par suite de legs successifs. « A Paris... vingt quatriesme du mois de juillet mil six cens dix sept ». Copie ; 31 « Memoire de ce qui se presente necessaire pour le service de monseigneur... le duc de Nemours,... pendant qu'il est en court... 1615 » ; 32 Lettre, en italien, avec chiffre, de « VALERIO CATULE,... Di Milano, alli 11 febrajo 1613 » ; 33 « Roolle des personnes ordinaires qui sont à la suitte de monseigneur [le duc de Nemours]... A Paris, le premier jour du moys de mars mil six cent cinq » ; 34 « Coppie de transaction passée entre madame... Anne d'Est, duchesse [douairière] de Nemours,... et monseigneur... Henry de Savoye, duc de Nemours,... Faict et passé... en l'hostel de Nemours à Paris, le samedy... tiers jour d'avril, l'an mil six cens et quatre » ; 35 Promesse faite par « Me Loys Le Court, conseiller du roy et secretaire de ses finances... et Nicolas Picart, son gendre, escuier, sieur de Sainct Germain,... à... madame Anne d'Est, duchesse de Genevois, de Nemoux et de Chartres, à messire Guillaume Le Cirier, sieur de Neufchelles, et Guillaume Perdrier, sieur de Bobigny,... à cause du rachapt et payement d'arreraiges... faict... audict sieur Le Court,... de soixante treize escuz trente six solz huict deniers tournois de rente... affin que lesdicts dame et sieurs de Neufchelles et Bobigny n'ayent peine à cause dudict rachapt... Faict et passé multiple en l'hostel de Nemoux... le dimanche apres midy, vingtiesme jour de fevrier, l'an mil six cens » ; 36 Lettre de « MARIE DE LOMENIE,... à monsieur... le duc de Nemours,... A Mirebeau, ce XXVIme juing 1627 » ; 37 « Coppye de memoire et propos concernant les offres deliberées d'estre faictes par aulcuns des offyciers de finance qui desirent la revocquacion de la chambre de justice... Decembre M.VI.C.XXIIII » ; 38 « Roolle des personnes ordinaires qui sont à la suitte de monseigneur, de madame [le duc et la duchesse de Nemours] et de monsieur le prince de Genevois, durant le mois de juillet 1621 » ; 39 Procuration » donnée par « Henry de Savoye », duc de Nemours, et « Anne de Loraine », sa femme, « pour raison de la vente de la terre et seigneurie de la comté de Sainct Vallier... L'an mil six cens vingt, le dix septiesme jour de juillet ». Minute ; 40 Lettre de « CIZE,... à monseigneur [le duc de Nemours]... De Nissy, ce 29 juin 1620 » ; 41 « Roolle et distribution des estrennes ordonnées par monseigneur [le duc de Nemours] aux officiers du roy et autres, payées par Robert Guillin, le premier jour de janvier 1619 » ; 42 « Rolle et distribution des estrennes pour l'année 1620 » ; 43 « Roolle des personnes ordinayres qui sont à la suitte de monseigneur [le duc de Nemours] durant le mois de may 1618 » ; 44 Fragment d'un état des recettes et dépenses de la maison du duc de Nemours ; 45 Lettre de « LUCAS TASCHEREAU,... à monseigneur le duc de Nemours » ; 46 « Nombre des compagnies du regiment de Forestz » ; 47 « Estat des deniers paiez, non paiez et advancez pour l'extraordinaire de la guerre suivant les commandements et ordonnances de monseigneur le duc de Nemours, année M.V.C.IIII.XX.XIII » ; 48 « Inventaire des pieces que Me René Baudart, advocat et conseil de... messire Jaques de Savoye, duc de Genevoys et de Nemours,... veult et entend comunicquer à Me Pierre de La Lanne, advocat et conseil de damoiselle Françoise de Rohan, deffenderesse ». 11 avril 1573 ; 49 « Estat de ce qui est deu à monsieur le duc de Nemours, dont il demande à messieurs des comptes bailler advis au roy » ; 50 Requête adressée « à messieurs du conseil de monseigneur le duc de Ferrare et de Chartres », par « GIRARD GALIGRE, receveur du dommaine de Chartres ». Avec réponses en marge ; 51 « Brief Memoire du faict du proces pendant au conseil entre monseigneur [le duc de Nemours] et les bourgeois de Lyon » ; 52 Requête adressée « au roy et à nosseigneurs de son conseil » par « ANNE D'EST, procuratrisse du sieur duc de Nemours, son filz », relativement au même procès. Suivie de notes se rapportant à la même affaire. Copie ; 53 « Memoire de la conduitte du corps de monseigneur le duc de Nemours,... Du XV juillet 1632 » ; 54 Lettre d'« ANNE DE LORRAINE [duchesse DE NEMOURS]... à monsieur Dormy,... D'Annisi, ce 27 febvrier 1634 » ; 55 Lettre d'« ANNE DE LORRAINE,... à monsieur Dormy,... A Turin, ce 22 octobre 1633 » ; 56 Mandement de HENRI DE SAVOIE, « duc de Genevois et de Nemours, comte de Gisors,... à... Me Gilles Delaporte, fermier du domaine et peages des vicontez d'Andely et Vernon », de payer « à Mrs Claude Leprince et Pierre le Moyne,... la somme de trois cens livres... Faict à Paris, le XIIIIe jour de novembre M.VI.C.XXVI ». Copie ; 57 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... A Fontainebleau, ce 11e may 1626 » ; 58 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... A Fonteinebleau, ce 24e apvril 1626 » ; 59 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur... Dormy,... A Fonteinebleau, ce 12e septembre 1625 » ; 60 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... De Fontainebleau, ce 18 septembre 1625 » ; 61 Lettre, en italien, avec chiffre, de « GASPARO FOGLIANI,... De Parigi, li XX d'ottobre 1568 » ; 62 Lettre de « JEHAN BATISTE DE GONDI,... à madame [la duchesse de Ferrare]... De Paris, ce XXe d'aoust 1569 » ; 63 Requête adressée par « PHILIBERTE MINGON,... PHILIPPE NYCOLLIN, Me GUILLIAUME MECLARD, les vesves de Mes ORSET et GARIN, et... PIERRE DETHOYRE,... à monseigneur » le duc de Nemours ; 64 « Teneur d'arrest... du souverain senat de Savoye entre... Philippe Nycollin,... Pierre Dethoire, Me Guilliaume Meclard et consortz, demandeurs... d'une part, et les seigneurs... Descharmettes et le procureur fiscal de Genevois, deffendeurs, d'aultre, etc... A Chambery... le neufviesme jour du mois de mars mil six cens vingt septz ». Copie ; 65 Contrat en vertu duquel Henri de Savoye, duc de Nemours, afin de faciliter l'acquit de la dette contractée envers Louis Grippaz, joaillier, renonce en faveur des ayant cause, prêteurs et cautions de François Paquellet, seigneur de Moyron, à poursuivre ce que celui-ci lui pouvait devoir en qualité de receveur général de ses finances, 27 août 1614. Copie ; 66 Entérinement du précédent contrat à la chambre des comptes de Genevois, 30 août 1614. Copie

From inference to affordance : the problem of visual depth-perception in the optical writings of Descartes, Berkeley, and Gibson

This thesis explores the debate and issues regarding the status of visual ;,iferellces in the optical writings of Rene Descartes, George Berkeley and James 1. Gibson. It gathers arguments from across their works and synthesizes an account of visual depthperception that accurately reflects the larger, metaphysical implications of their philosophical theories. Chapters 1 and 2 address the Cartesian and Berkelean theories of depth-perception, respectively. For Descartes and Berkeley the debate can be put in the following way: How is it possible that we experience objects as appearing outside of us, at various distances, if objects appear inside of us, in the representations of the individual's mind? Thus, the Descartes-Berkeley component of the debate takes place exclusively within a representationalist setting. Representational theories of depthperception are rooted in the scientific discovery that objects project a merely twodimensional patchwork of forms on the retina. I call this the "flat image" problem. This poses the problem of depth in terms of a difference between two- and three-dimensional orders (i.e., a gap to be bridged by one inferential procedure or another). Chapter 3 addresses Gibson's ecological response to the debate. Gibson argues that the perceiver cannot be flattened out into a passive, two-dimensional sensory surface. Perception is possible precisely because the body and the environment already have depth. Accordingly, the problem cannot be reduced to a gap between two- and threedimensional givens, a gap crossed with a projective geometry. The crucial difference is not one of a dimensional degree. Chapter 3 explores this theme and attempts to excavate the empirical and philosophical suppositions that lead Descartes and Berkeley to their respective theories of indirect perception. Gibson argues that the notion of visual inference, which is necessary to substantiate representational theories of indirect perception, is highly problematic. To elucidate this point, the thesis steps into the representationalist tradition, in order to show that problems that arise within it demand a tum toward Gibson's information-based doctrine of ecological specificity (which is to say, the theory of direct perception). Chapter 3 concludes with a careful examination of Gibsonian affordallces as the sole objects of direct perceptual experience. The final section provides an account of affordances that locates the moving, perceiving body at the heart of the experience of depth; an experience which emerges in the dynamical structures that cross the body and the world.

"I might be a duck, but I'm human" : an analysis of clothing in Disney cartoons

Mickey Mouse, one of the world's most recognizable cartoon characters, did not wear a shirt in his earliest incarnation in theatrical shorts and, for many years, Donald Duck did not wear pants and still rarely does so. Especially when one considers the era in which these figures were first created by the Walt Disney Studio, in the 1920s and 1930s, why are they portrayed without full clothing? The obvious answer, of course, is that they are animals, and animals do not wear clothes. But these are no ordinary animals: in most cases, they do wear clothing - some clothing, at least - and they walk on two legs, talk in a more or less intelligible fashion, and display a number of other anthropomorphic traits. If they are essentially animals, why do they wear clothing at all? On the other hand, if these characters are more human than animal, as suggested by other behavioral traits - they walk, talk, work, read, and so on - why are they not more often fully clothed? To answer these questions I undertook three major research strategies used to gather evidence: interpretive textual analysis of 321 cartoons; secondary analysis of interviews conducted with the animators who created the Disney characters; and historical and archival research on the Disney Company and on the times and context in which it functioned. I was able to identify five themes that played a large part in what kind of clothing a character wore; first, the character's gender and/or sexuality; second, what species or "race" the character was; third, the character's socio-economic status; fourth, the degree to which the character was anthropomorphized; and, fifth, the context in which the character and its clothing appeared in a particular scene or narrative. I concluded that all of these factors played a part in determining, to some extent, the clothing worn by particular characters at particular times. However, certain patterns emerged from the analysis that could not be explained by these factors alone or in combination. Therefore, my analysis also investigates the individual and collective attitudes and desires of the men in the Disney studio who were responsible for creating these characters and the cultural conditions under which they were created. Drawing on literature from the psychoanalytic approach to film studies, I argue that the clothing choices spoke to an idealized fantasy world to which the animators (most importantly, Walt Disney himself), and possibly wider society, wanted to return.

William Still's Boarding House advertisement [n.d.]

Original advertisement for William Still's Boarding House, No. 832 South Street, below 9th, south side Philad'a [sic]. Not dated. The advertisement includes handwritten marginalia, possibly by William Still, on the left-hand side referring to St. Catharines. There is a small embossed stamp on the upper left-hand corner of the advertisement. This item was in the possession of the Rick Bell Family of St. Catharines.Handwritten marginalia (original spelling and punctuation): "Do remember me very kindly to all my enquiring friends _ I but seldom hear of late from St. Catherines" The street number printed in the original advertisement (374) has been crossed out in black ink and a handwritten "832" has been inserted. William Still was an African-American abolitionist from Philadelphia and clerk of the Anti-Slavery Society who by his own account assisted 649 slaves receive freedom. He kept records on fugitive slaves so their relatives could find them later. In 1872, he published his records in a book entitled, The Underground Railroad. Source: William Still Underground Railroad Foundation: http://www.undergroundrr.com/foundation/about.htm

Letter - American soldier's account of battles at Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie, 1814

Transcript (original grammar and spelling retained): My dear wife I take this time to inform you that I am well hoping that these few lines will Reach you and find you the same I shall in form you of all our Battles that we have had sence I left home we crossed in to Canada the 2 day of July and took fort Erie on the 3 day of July without loss of one man. We then marched down to Chipway eighteen miles below the Fort Erie we got there on the forth day and had our first battle on the 5 day our loss was not jistly known But the inemy loss was double to ours. The 6 day we started with the 2 Brigade to make a bridge a crost the crick two miles a bove the fort in Building the Bridge the inemy Brought up their Canon and playd upon us with their artiliery a bout two hours We drove them from the fort our loss was none the inemy loss was nineteen ciled dead on the ground we then marched to Queenston when we got thare our inemy had fledfrom the fort we then remained thair to Queenston ten days then we marched down to Fort George But that caurdly Chaney did not a rive with the fleet so we had to return back to Queenston thare was a bout six hundred militia formed on the heights of land thay fired up on us from their pickets and retreated to the mane body our flankers ciled and wounded and took about twenty before they got to the Maine body we then marched up the hill they gave us two firs but did not damage and then retreated from the field we stayed there one knight and then marched to Chipway and stayed there one night and the next day just as the sun set the first Brigade marched up in order to give them Battle a bout two miles from the Crick and began the Battle the 2 Brigade has to March up to the Niagara path and ingaged them we charged up on their artlery and took all their Canon Miller commanded the four companys that charged....the battles lasted three hours and forty minutes our loss was about 8 hundred cild and wounded our inemies loss was a bout fourteen hundred cild and wounded the next morning we Marched up in order to give them Battle a gin but thay was afraid to ingage us we then marched to Fort Erie and went to fortiffing and made a strong place the inemy folered us up and Began to cananade and held it fifty three days thay a tacked the fort the fifteenth of august thay atacked a bout one hiour be fore day Light we saw them and Blue up our maggerzean & two hundred of our inemy our loss wasa bout forty cild and wounded and our inemy loss was a bout one thousand on the 7 Day of September we atacked them and took their batteries and Broke all their canon and drove them from the field our loss was a Bout two hundred cild and wounded our inemy loss was a Bout 8 hundred cild and wounded...we crossed in to Canada with five thousand and came out with fifteen hundred we then Marched to Sackett’s harbor....am well and harty for the present....a bout comming home it uncarting for there is not any....given this winter as yet But I shall try to Come home if I Can But if I Cant I want you should take good car of the Phiddness[?] I have not Received any Money as yet But soon as I do receive some I send some home. I want you should write to me as soon as you receive this and and how Much Stock you wintor I Received your Letter with Great pleasure I feel uneasy a bout you I am a frade that you are sick or dead this is from your husband Chase Clough

Broadside reporting the Fenian Invasion of Canada, June 2, 1866

The Fenians were a group intent on securing Irish independence from England. The movement had its origins in Ireland in1857, under the leadership of James Stephens, with the assistance of John O'Mahony, an American who had raised funds for the cause. The American branch of this movement was especially successful, having raised $500 000 and enlisting about 10 000 American Civil War veterans. The group split into two separate factions, one desiring an invasion of Canada and the other preferring an uprising in Ireland. It soon became apparent that an uprising in Ireland was not imminent, and a decision was made to invade Canada. In April, 1866, a raid was launched against New Brunswick. It proved unsuccessful, and another raid was attempted on June 1, 1866, this time in Ridgeway, near Fort Erie, Ontario. The Canadian militiamen were defeated, but the Fenians subsequently withdrew. A third incident occurred on June 7, this time at Missisquoi Bay in Quebec, when the Fenians crossed the border, remained there for 2 days, and withdrew. A failed uprising in Ireland in 1867 signaled the demise of the movement. The Fenian threat helped to promote a sense of union among Canadians and provided an incentive for Confederation.

The electromyographic threshold in children: Differences in neuromuscular activation during progressive exercise between boys and men

The electromyographic threshold (EMGTh), defined as an upward inflexion in the rising EMG signal during progressive exercise, is thought to reflect the onset of increased type-II MU recruitment. The study’s objective was to compare the relative exercise intensity at which the EMGTh occurs in boys vs. men. Participants included 21 men (23.4±4.1 yrs) and 23 boys (11.1±1.1 yrs). Ramped cycle-ergometry was conducted to volitional exhaustion with surface EMG recorded from the vastus lateralis muscles. The EMGTh was mathematically determined using a composite of both legs. EMGTh was detected in 95.2% of the men and in 78.3% of the boys (χ2(1, n=44) =2.69, p =.10). The boys’ EMGTh was significantly higher than the men’s (86.4±9.6 vs. 79.7±10.0% of peak power-output at exhaustion; p <.05). These findings suggest that boys activate their type-II MUs to a lesser extent than men during progressive exercise and support the hypothesis of differential child–adult MU activation.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation of the Wrist Flexors

The present study examined a wrist extension-to-flexion contraction pattern that was theorized to result in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. However, the “reversal of antagonists” contraction pattern may have, alternatively, interfered with motor learning-related increases in strength. Participants (N=24) were matched on predicted strength and randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. Training occurred during three test sessions within a one-week period. Retention and transfer (crossed-condition) tests were administered during a fourth test session two- weeks later. Both groups exhibited comparable increases in strength (20.2%) and decreases in muscle coactivation (35.2%), which were retained and transferred. Decreases in error and variability of the torque traces were associated with parallel decreases in variability of muscle activity. The reversal of antagonists technique did not interfere with motor learning-related increases in strength and decreases in variability. However, the more complex contraction pattern failed to result in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of strength.

Broadside reporting the Fenian Invasion of Canada, June 2, 1866

The Fenians were a group intent on securing Irish independence from England. The movement had its origins in Ireland in1857, under the leadership of James Stephens, with the assistance of John O'Mahony, an American who had raised funds for the cause. The American branch of this movement was especially successful, having raised $500 000 and enlisting about 10 000 American Civil War veterans. The group split into two separate factions, one desiring an invasion of Canada and the other preferring an uprising in Ireland. It soon became apparent that an uprising in Ireland was not imminent, and a decision was made to invade Canada. In April, 1866, a raid was launched against New Brunswick. It proved unsuccessful, and another raid was attempted on June 1, 1866, this time in Ridgeway, near Fort Erie, Ontario. The Canadian militiamen were defeated, but the Fenians subsequently withdrew. A third incident occurred on June 7, this time at Missisquoi Bay in Quebec, when the Fenians crossed the border, remained there for 2 days, and withdrew. A failed uprising in Ireland in 1867 signaled the demise of the movement. The Fenian threat helped to promote a sense of union among Canadians and provided an incentive for Confederation.

Letter - Sean O'Sullivan to J. Diefenbaker, November 1969

A letter from Sean O'Sullivan to John Diefenbaker, 29 November 1969. O'Sullivan mentions a confrontation between Diefenbaker and Prime Minister Trudeau, during which Trudeau made an error and apologized to the House. Instead of seizing the moment to ridicule, Diefenbaker crossed the floor to accept the apology. O'Sullivan remarks "The gesture you made brought new honour to Parliament; an honour far too often lacking; and serves to remind all Canadians of the difference between a true leader and a petty political opportunist". He ends his letter by mentioning graffiti on the walls of Brock University that reads: "Mickey Mouse wears a Robert Stanfield watch".