Diseño conceptual de un Sistema Experto Informático, como herramienta de apoyo en el proceso de elaboración de nuevas leyes, procedimientos, normas y reglamentos en el Ecuador

La presente tesis se compone de 5 capítulos, en cada uno de ellos se realizó la correspondiente investigación, estudio y análisis. Es importante mencionar que para el desarrollo de la misma se hizo uso de la metodología de recopilación, análisis y aplicación de la información más relevante concerniente al tema investigado. En el primer capítulo se realiza el planteamiento del problema, objetivo general y específicos, la hipótesis, justificación y alcance de la tesis. El segundo capítulo comprende el marco conceptual, que contempla algunas definiciones relativas a campos como el Desarrollo, la Transparencia, Gobierno Electrónico y TIC’s, sin profundizar en las conceptualizaciones teóricas de dichos temas, sino abordándolos desde el punto de vista del desarrollo. En el tercer capítulo se realiza un estudio sobre los sistemas de información, analizando los conceptos generales, fundamentos, componentes, ciclos de vida y aplicaciones en el gobierno electrónico. En el cuarto capítulo se estudian los sistemas expertos, se analizan sus características generales, los tipos existentes y los usos actuales. En el capítulo quinto se desarrolla la propuesta del Diseño conceptual de un Sistema Experto como herramienta de apoyo para la elaboración de nuevas leyes en el Ecuador. Finalmente se establecen las principales conclusiones y recomendaciones del trabajo.

Marco conceptual del derecho humano a la salud: propuesta para Venezuela desde la perspectiva crítica de los derechos humanos y la corriente contrahegemónica latinoamericana de salud colectiva y epidemiología crítica

Este ejercicio de repensar el derecho humano a la salud en clave transformadora tiene como propósito avanzar en la definición de un lenguaje del derecho que no sólo resulte políticamente correcto, sino que posibilite el desarrollo de acciones judiciales, legislativas y políticas (sociales, económicas, culturales y ambientales) en torno a la salud también políticamente correctas. El enfoque basado en los derechos humanos tiene como basamento el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos constituido en marco referencial de la promoción, prevención y protección de los derechos. Los instrumentos internacionales universales y regionales vinculantes y no vinculantes, la jurisprudencia y la doctrina hacen parte de esta matriz referencial globalizada y legitimada. La teoría crítica de los derechos humanos, uno de los referentes teóricos de este trabajo de investigación, cuestiona no sólo el carácter abstracto de las normas también el sistema de valores en que se basa su desarrollo. La idea de definir y desarrollar el derecho humano a la salud en términos más reales, más “humanos” y comprometidos con la opción transformadora de realidades sociales constitutivas de la violación sistemática de este derecho hace parte del propósito de la tesis. El marco conceptual que aquí se propone tiene en el enfoque de la determinación social de la salud, desarrollado por la corriente crontrahegemónica latinoamericana de Salud Colectiva y la Epidemiología Crítica, otro referente clave para el desarrollo del derecho humano a la salud ya no sólo como un derecho social fundamental, también como un derecho socialmente determinado. Ello implica que el derecho de acceso a bienes, servicios y sistemas de salud supone también el acceso a condiciones de vida humana y natural saludable. La determinación social en clave interpretativa del derecho humano a la salud explica el poder determinante individual en relación con el poder determinante colectivo de la salud en varias dimensiones que dan cuenta de la interacción que hay entre las condiciones biológicas, los estilos de vida, las condiciones y modos sociales y, los procesos generales sociales y productivos que impactan la vida y la salud de las personas y de la naturaleza también. En otras palabras, impactan las condiciones en que se ejerce el derecho humano a la salud. La extensión del contenido y alcance en relación con las obligaciones del derecho, con base en el enfoque de la determinación social de la salud, se constituye además en oportunidad para el desarrollo de marcos más efectivos en prevenir, garantizar, respetar y proteger el derecho humano a la salud. La metodología de la investigación es de carácter cualitativo con apoyo en fuentes documentales, referencia bibliográfica, instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y marco constitucional venezolano, doctrina y jurisprudencia del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos.

¿Vivimos en democracia?: aproximación conceptual al régimen político ecuatoriano 2007-2015

Este trabajo pretende esclarecer conceptualmente el carácter del régimen político ecuatoriano. Para ello, se divide en ocho secciones. En la introducción se fija la pregunta, el problema y los alcances de esta investigación. En la segunda sección, se analiza la definición del Ecuador como una democracia híbrida de Simón Pachano y Sergio García (2014). Tercero, se presenta el diseño metodológico para un estudio conceptual basándome en la ya clásica escala de abstracción de Giovanni Sartori (1970, 1979). Cuarto, se analiza cuatro modelos de definición de democracia para demostrar que, sobre ninguno de ellos, el régimen político de la revolución ciudadana merecería seguir denominándose democrático. Quinto, se explora la literatura sobre los diferentes regímenes no democráticos: totalitarismo, dictadura y autoritarismo. Se concluye que el presente régimen no merecería el calificativo de totalitario, que sí operó como una dictadura durante su fase constituyente y que en la actualidad cumple con las características de un régimen autoritario. Sexto, se disecciona las diferentes tipologías de autoritarismo y desde allí se determina que el ecuatoriano es un régimen autoritario electoral. Séptimo se propone que acompaña al actual régimen político un sistema de partidos hegemónico. Finalmente, se destaca la importancia académica y política de definir el régimen político ecuatoriano; la necesidad de clasificarlo con rigurosidad debido a las consecuencias que aquello tiene no solo como un problema interpretativo y metodológico para las ciencias políticas sino de praxis para los actores que intervienen en el escenario político.

Biased representation of disturbance rates in the roadside sampling frame in boreal forests: implications for monitoring design

The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is the principal source of data to inform researchers about the status of and trend for boreal forest birds. Unfortunately, little BBS coverage is available in the boreal forest, where increasing concern over the status of species breeding there has increased interest in northward expansion of the BBS. However, high disturbance rates in the boreal forest may complicate roadside monitoring. If the roadside sampling frame does not capture variation in disturbance rates because of either road placement or the use of roads for resource extraction, biased trend estimates might result. In this study, we examined roadside bias in the proportional representation of habitat disturbance via spatial data on forest “loss,” forest fires, and anthropogenic disturbance. In each of 455 BBS routes, the area disturbed within multiple buffers away from the road was calculated and compared against the area disturbed in degree blocks and BBS strata. We found a nonlinear relationship between bias and distance from the road, suggesting forest loss and forest fires were underrepresented below 75 and 100 m, respectively. In contrast, anthropogenic disturbance was overrepresented at distances below 500 m and underrepresented thereafter. After accounting for distance from road, BBS routes were reasonably representative of the degree blocks they were within, with only a few strata showing biased representation. In general, anthropogenic disturbance is overrepresented in southern strata, and forest fires are underrepresented in almost all strata. Similar biases exist when comparing the entire road network and the subset sampled by BBS routes against the amount of disturbance within BBS strata; however, the magnitude of biases differed. Based on our results, we recommend that spatial stratification and rotating panel designs be used to spread limited BBS and off-road sampling effort in an unbiased fashion and that new BBS routes be established where sufficient road coverage exists.

Digitisation, representation, and formalisation - Digital libraries of mathematics

One of the main tasks of the mathematical knowledge management community must surely be to enhance access to mathematics on digital systems. In this paper we present a spectrum of approaches to solving the various problems inherent in this task, arguing that a variety of approaches is both necessary and useful. The main ideas presented are about the differences between digitised mathematics, digitally represented mathematics and formalised mathematics. Each has its part to play in managing mathematical information in a connected world. Digitised material is that which is embodied in a computer file, accessible and displayable locally or globally. Represented material is digital material in which there is some structure (usually syntactic in nature) which maps to the mathematics contained in the digitised information. Formalised material is that in which both the syntax and semantics of the represented material, is automatically accessible. Given the range of mathematical information to which access is desired, and the limited resources available for managing that information, we must ensure that these resources are applied to digitise, form representations of or formalise, existing and new mathematical information in such a way as to extract the most benefit from the least expenditure of resources. We also analyse some of the various social and legal issues which surround the practical tasks.

Mechanisms for the land/sea warming contrast exhibited by simulations of climate change

The land/sea warming contrast is a phenomenon of both equilibrium and transient simulations of climate change: large areas of the land surface at most latitudes undergo temperature changes whose amplitude is more than those of the surrounding oceans. Using idealised GCM experiments with perturbed SSTs, we show that the land/sea contrast in equilibrium simulations is associated with local feedbacks and the hydrological cycle over land, rather than with externally imposed radiative forcing. This mechanism also explains a large component of the land/sea contrast in transient simulations as well. We propose a conceptual model with three elements: (1) there is a spatially variable level in the lower troposphere at which temperature change is the same over land and sea; (2) the dependence of lapse rate on moisture and temperature causes different changes in lapse rate upon warming over land and sea, and hence a surface land/sea temperature contrast; (3) moisture convergence over land predominantly takes place at levels significantly colder than the surface; wherever moisture supply over land is limited, the increase of evaporation over land upon warming is limited, reducing the relative humidity in the boundary layer over land, and hence also enhancing the land/sea contrast. The non-linearity of the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship of saturation specific humidity to temperature is critical in (2) and (3). We examine the sensitivity of the land/sea contrast to model representations of different physical processes using a large ensemble of climate model integrations with perturbed parameters, and find that it is most sensitive to representation of large-scale cloud and stomatal closure. We discuss our results in the context of high-resolution and Earth-system modelling of climate change.

Can wavelets improve the representation of forecast error covariances in variational data assimilation?

Two wavelet-based control variable transform schemes are described and are used to model some important features of forecast error statistics for use in variational data assimilation. The first is a conventional wavelet scheme and the other is an approximation of it. Their ability to capture the position and scale-dependent aspects of covariance structures is tested in a two-dimensional latitude-height context. This is done by comparing the covariance structures implied by the wavelet schemes with those found from the explicit forecast error covariance matrix, and with a non-wavelet- based covariance scheme used currently in an operational assimilation scheme. Qualitatively, the wavelet-based schemes show potential at modeling forecast error statistics well without giving preference to either position or scale-dependent aspects. The degree of spectral representation can be controlled by changing the number of spectral bands in the schemes, and the least number of bands that achieves adequate results is found for the model domain used. Evidence is found of a trade-off between the localization of features in positional and spectral spaces when the number of bands is changed. By examining implied covariance diagnostics, the wavelet-based schemes are found, on the whole, to give results that are closer to diagnostics found from the explicit matrix than from the nonwavelet scheme. Even though the nature of the covariances has the right qualities in spectral space, variances are found to be too low at some wavenumbers and vertical correlation length scales are found to be too long at most scales. The wavelet schemes are found to be good at resolving variations in position and scale-dependent horizontal length scales, although the length scales reproduced are usually too short. The second of the wavelet-based schemes is often found to be better than the first in some important respects, but, unlike the first, it has no exact inverse transform.

The representation of conditional expectations of non-Gaussian noise

For Wiener spaces conditional expectations and $L^{2}$-martingales w.r.t. the natural filtration have a natural representation in terms of chaos expansion. In this note an extension to larger classes of processes is discussed. In particular, it is pointed out that orthogonality of the chaos expansion is not required.

A Conceptual Model for Group Support Systems in Local Councils

This paper proposes a conceptual model of a context-aware group support system (GSS) to assist local council employees to perform collaborative tasks in conjunction with inter- and intra-organisational stakeholders. Most discussions about e-government focus on the use of ICT to improve the relationship between government and citizen, not on the relationship between government and employees. This paper seeks to expose the unique culture of UK local councils and to show how a GSS could support local government employer and employee needs.

View-based approaches to spatial representation in human vision

In an immersive virtual environment, observers fail to notice the expansion of a room around them and consequently make gross errors when comparing the size of objects. This result is difficult to explain if the visual system continuously generates a 3-D model of the scene based on known baseline information from interocular separation or proprioception as the observer walks. An alternative is that observers use view-based methods to guide their actions and to represent the spatial layout of the scene. In this case, they may have an expectation of the images they will receive but be insensitive to the rate at which images arrive as they walk. We describe the way in which the eye movement strategy of animals simplifies motion processing if their goal is to move towards a desired image and discuss dorsal and ventral stream processing of moving images in that context. Although many questions about view-based approaches to scene representation remain unanswered, the solutions are likely to be highly relevant to understanding biological 3-D vision.

Devolution and the political representation of business interests in the UK

The devolution of political power in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the developing regional agenda in England are widely read as a significant reconfiguration of the institutions and scales of economic governance. The process is furthest developed in Scotland while Wales and Northern Ireland, in their own distinct ways, provide intermediate cases. Devolution is least developed in England where regional political identities are generally weak and the historical legacy of regional institutions is limited. Within the overall context of devolution government policy has continued to emphasize partnership forms of. governance. Accordingly, the political representation of business interests has a particular salience in the new arrangements. This paper reports on findings from a study designed to examine the relationship between devolution and changes in the political representation of business interests in the territories and regions of the UK. It highlights a number of changes in the nature and extent of business representation. While some of these are significant the evidence suggests that they fail to mark a fundamental shift in the institutional foundation for sub-national business interest representation in the UK. Indeed the political geography of business representation remains dominated by an overarching centralism that is likely to provide a significant check on the further devolution of political power and democratic authority. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.