Sex, drugs, and STIs: Syphilis infection and hepatitis B vaccine compliance among illicit drug users in Houston

Although the association between syphilis infection status and compliance with the hepatitis B virus vaccine has been the focus of investigation, there is a lack of data regarding the association between syphilis infection and HBV vaccine compliance. The author investigated the association between the exposure of syphilis infection and the outcome of HBV vaccine completion, defined as degree of constancy and accuracy with which a patient follows a prescribed regimen. A cohort design was employed using interview and serological data from the Drugs, AIDS, STDs, Hepatitis (DASH) Research Project; analysis was restricted to HIV and HBV seronegative (at baseline), illicit drug users residing in Harris County. Syphilis negative and syphilis positive infection status was determined from the serological data while covariates and outcome information were determined from the DASH Project Questionnaire; enrolled subjects (n=1160) were selected from the data. Association between exposure and outcome was assessed with logistic regression adjusted for data-based confounders. ^ A prevalence of 7% and 71% was found for syphilis and HBV vaccine compliance, respectively. When measuring the actual association between syphilis infection status and HBV vaccine compliance, an odds ratio of 1.49 (95% CI: 0.86, 2.72) was obtained. There was a non-significant association between these two variables. 78% of the study population was syphilis positive and completed the vaccine series compared to 70% of the population that was syphilis negative and received all three doses. This finding confirms that there is a difference between syphilis positive and negative drug users with respect to HBV vaccine compliance. The fact that differences were found in these drug users with respect to vaccine schedule supports the idea that sub-group differences may exist and thus merits further investigation. If these differences are confirmed, it is recommended that STI interventions identify community characteristics of their samples and target populations based on practices specific to that community. ^

Gender differences in life circumstances, monthly income, risky sexual and drug behaviors among injection drug users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This study investigated the gender difference between male and female injection drug users’ (IDUs) life circumstances, income and risky sexual and drug behaviors. The study sample comprised of 318 male and 249 female injection drug users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. There were gender differences between male and female IDUs in terms of life circumstances and sexual behaviors. There were no differences in the drug behaviors among the two sexes. Women were more likely to be 21-25 years of age, have had more sexual partners in the last 30 days, traded sex for money, and have been sexually abused as a child. On the other hand, the males were more likely to be 26-30 years of age and have never used a condom during sex in the last 30 days. Regardless of the differences in sexual risk behaviors by gender, both male and female injection drug users in Dar es Salaam are at risk of HIV/AIDS, blood borne and other sexually transmitted diseases associated with drug use.^

Examining seasonal variations in physical activity among low-income Hispanic walk-trail users living in the Cameron Park Colonia

This study examines variations in physical activity by season, and within seasons by age and gender among park users living in the Cameron Park Colonia, a low-income Hispanic community along the Texas-Mexico border. This is the first study of its kind to evaluate seasonal variations by physical activity among a Hispanic population. We hypothesized that (1) there are no differences in overall physical activity by season; (2) youth engage in more sport-related physical activity compared to adults, (3) males engage in more physical activity than females, and (4) there are differences in physical activity between walk-trail users compared to non walk-trail users in the park.^ Physical activity behavioral data was collected (males n=2,093; females n=1,014) at two time periods (winter 2007; summer 2007) via direct observations and assessed park use, walking trail use, and physical activity (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by seasons. Frequencies for physical activities were calculated for gender, age groups, and season. Separate Pearson's chi-square analyses were used to address variations in physical activity, age, gender, intensity level of physical activity by season, between walk-trails users and non walk-trail users.^ People visiting the park engaged in more sedentary behavior in winter than summer and a higher percentage engaged in MVPA in the summer than winter (p<.05). More females engaged in light activity compared to males (p<.05). Walk-trail users consisted mostly of females and engaged in more light activity than non walk-trail users (p<.05) who participated in more MVPA.^ Increasing access to parks and walk-trails may be an intervention strategy to increase physical activity among Hispanics. More research is needed to assess promoting trail use and determining long-term effects on physical activity among minority/ethnic groups at greater risk of a sedentary lifestyle and reasons for trail use and non-use. Future studies should focus on the types of activities Hispanics engage in at different parks particularly between men and women. As a result of this study city officials and planners may use this information to build and design parks that cater to the types of activities that Hispanics engage in and may use to meet physical activity guidelines.^

Factors associated with needle sharing among Black male injection drug users in Harris County, Texas

Background. Injection drug users (IDUs) are at increased risk for HIV transmission due to unique risk behaviors, such as sharing needles. In Houston, IDUs account for 18% of all HIV/AIDS cases among Black males. ^ Objectives. This analysis compared demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial characteristics of needle sharing and non-sharing IDUs in a population of Black males in Harris County, Texas. ^ Methods. Data used for this analysis were from the second IDU cycle of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. This dataset included a sample of 288 Black male IDUs. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed to determine statistically significant associations of needle sharing in this population and to create a functional model to inform local HIV prevention programs. ^ Results. Half of the participants in this analysis shared needles in the past 12 months. Compared to non-sharers, sharers were more likely to be homeless (OR=3.70, p<0.01) or arrested in the past year (OR=2.31, p<0.01), inject cocaine (OR=2.07, p<0.01), report male-to-male sex in the past year (OR=6.97, p<0.01), and to exchange sex for money or drugs. Sharers were less likely than non-sharers to graduate high school (OR=0.36, p<0.01), earn $5,000 or more a year (OR=1.15, p=0.05), get needles from a medical source (OR=0.59, p=0.03), and ever test for HIV (OR=0.17, p<0.01). Sharers were more likely to report depressive symptoms (OR=3.49, p<0.01), lower scores on the family support scale (mean difference 0.41, p=0.01) and decision-making confidence scale (mean difference 0.38, p<0.01), and greater risk-taking (mean difference -0.49, p<0.01) than non-sharers. In a multivariable logistic regression, sharers were less likely to have graduated high school (OR=0.33, p<0.01) and have been tested for HIV (OR=0.12, p<0.01) and were more likely to have been arrested in the past year (OR=2.3, p<0.01), get needles from a street source (OR=3.87, p<0.01), report male-to-male sex (OR=7.01, p<0.01), and have depressive symptoms (OR=2.36, p=0.02) and increased risk-taking (OR=1.78, p=0.01). ^ Conclusions. IDUs that shared needles are different from those that did not, reporting lower socioeconomic status, increased sexual and risk behaviors, increased depressive symptoms and increased risk-taking. These findings suggest that intervention programs that also address these demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors may be more successful in decreasing needle sharing among this population.^

HIV prevalence and contextual risk-factors among injection drug users in Harris County, Texas

Injection drug use is the third most frequent risk factor for new HIV infections in the United States. A dual mode of exposure: unsafe drug using practices and risky sexual behaviors underlies injection drug users' (IDUs) risk for HIV infection. This research study aims to characterize patterns of drug use and sexual behaviors and to examine the social contexts associated with risk behaviors among a sample of injection drug users. ^ This cross-sectional study includes 523 eligible injection drug users from Houston, Texas, recruited into the 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance project. Three separate set of analyses were carried out. First, using latent class analysis (LCA) and maximum likelihood we identified classes of behavior describing levels of HIV risk, from nine drug and sexual behaviors. Second, eight separate multivariable regression models were built to examine the odds of reporting a given risk behavior. We constructed the most parsimonious multivariable model using a manual backward stepwise process. Third, we examined whether HIV serostatus knowledge (self-reported positive, negative, or unknown serostatus) is associated with drug use and sexual HIV risk behaviors. ^ Participants were mostly male, older, and non-Hispanic Black. Forty-two percent of our sample had behaviors putting them at high risk, 25% at moderate risk, and 33% at low risk for HIV infection. Individuals in the High-risk group had the highest probability of risky behaviors, categorized as almost always sharing needles (0.93), seldom using condoms (0.10), reporting recent exchange sex partners (0.90), and practicing anal sex (0.34). We observed that unsafe injecting practices were associated with high risk sexual behaviors. IDUs who shared needles had higher odds of having anal sex (OR=2.89, 95%CI: 1.69-4.92) and unprotected sex (OR=2.66, 95%CI: 1.38-5.10) at last sex. Additionally, homelessness was associated with needle sharing (OR=2.24, 95% CI: 1.34-3.76) and cocaine use was associated with multiple sex partners (OR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.07-3.11). Furthermore, twenty-one percent of the sample was unaware of their HIV serostatus. The three groups were not different from each other in terms of drug-use behaviors: always using a new sterile needle, or in sharing needles or drug preparation equipment. However, IDUs unaware of their HIV serostatus were 33% more likely to report having more than three sexual partners in the past 12 months; 45% more likely to report to have unprotected sex and 85% more likely to use drug and or alcohol during or before at last sex compared to HIV-positive IDUs. ^ This analysis underscores the merit of LCA approach to empirically categorize injection drug users into distinct classes and identify their risk pattern using multiple indicators and our results show considerable overlap of high risk sexual and drug use behaviors among the high-risk class members. The observed clustering pattern of drug and sexual risk behavior among this population confirms that injection drug users do not represent a homogeneous population in terms of HIV risk. These findings will help develop tailored prevention programs.^

Investigating the epidemic of heroin use in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Recognizing the issues of heroin smokers

Since heroin was introduced to East Africa during the 1980s, heroin use practices have changed rapidly in response to various internal and external pressures. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the population of heroin users and locations of heroin use in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in order to understand recent contexts of heroin use. The study took place between June 30 and August 19, 2011, in all three districts (Kinondoni, Ilala, and Temeke) of Dar es Salaam. We mapped sites using a Global Positioning System device, counted numbers of heroin users, and conducted informal interviews with heroin users. The mixed-methods analyses of the data included quantifying the basic demographic and aggregate information about the sites and heroin users, as well as qualitative analysis and coding of fieldnotes from observations and responses to interviews which was used to identify themes and characteristics of heroin users. ^ We identified a total of 150 sites and counted a total of 1046 male and 46 female non-injecting drug users and 78 male and 9 female injecting drug users (IDUs) of heroin. We found that social organization existed at some of the sites, with 31% (n=47) of sites reporting having a leader and 44% (n=66) of sites reporting mutual aid between users frequenting the site. We had difficulty locating IDUs and female drug users, and the majority of users we encountered were heroin smokers of kokteli, a mixture of heroin, cannabis, and/or tobacco which is smoked like a cigarette. ^ This research highlighted heroin smokers’ desire for access to drug treatment services. The current methadone-based medication assisted treatment (MAT) program is funded and operates as an HIV prevention program for IDUs to reduce HIV infection in this population and slow or stop the spread of a second wave of HIV infection in the general population. However, smokers perceived MAT to be primarily a drug use prevention or cessation program and felt unjustly neglected from the intervention, leading to a tense relationship with IDUs. From a public health standpoint, future interventions should include heroin smokers to prevent HIV transmission. ^

A comparison of health behaviors of African -American male and female illicit drug users: Implications for community health practice

Prevalence of drug use, HIV, syphilis, and other STDs is particularly high in African-American populations. Although some studies have documented protective changes in health behaviors relevant to these outcomes, other research indicates that risky health behaviors are still widespread. Moreover, little is known about how African-American men and women have differed in their responses to calls to adopt protective behaviors. The study reported in this dissertation investigates gender differences in health risk behavior in a sample of 482 African American chronic, frequent injection drug and crack cocaine users residing in Houston, Texas. It uses baseline and 9 month follow-up data collected on this sample. Four major research questions are addressed. These questions are: Research question 1. What was the overall pattern of reduction in drug use for subjects in the sample? In particular, did subjects who reported a recent (30 day) reduction in drug use and needle sharing risk at baseline also report a reduction at follow-up? Research question 2. Is gender significantly associated with the overall pattern of risk reduction in drug injection observed in the two waves of the study? Research question 3. Is gender significantly associated with the overall pattern of reduction in the number of sexual partners observed in the two waves of the study? Research question 4. Is gender significantly associated with the overall pattern of increase in the use of barrier contraceptives in the two waves of the study? ^

Consumo de drogas adictivas en alumnos de la UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.

Este trabajo muestra los resultados de una encuesta realizada en 2010 sobre consumo de drogas adictivas en alumnos de 7 Facultades de la UNCUYO y los compara con los resultados obtenidos 12 años antes con una encuesta equivalente. La encuesta fue semiestructurada, con 17 preguntas, autocumplimentada, individual y anónima, con una muestra de 1108 alumnos de ambos sexos. De esa encuesta se utilizaron 7 preguntas específicas sobre drogas adictivas y una pregunta sobre consumo de medicamentos en general, con 46 opciones entre las que figuraban 10 denominaciones comerciales de benzodiacepinas, como drogas adictivas de prescripción. Para las comparaciones estadísticas se utilizó Chi cuadrado. El ranking de drogas utilizadas fue relativamente similar en 1998 y 2010 pero, exceptuando tabaco y “otras drogas" que se mantuvieron estables, el resto aumentó alrededor de 4 veces en el periodo. El 82,8% de los alumnos manifestó consumir alcohol (siempre + a veces); de 1 a 5 vasos semanales el 79%. En todas las Facultades, cerveza y Fernet encabezaron el ranquing de preferencias por bebidas alcohólicas. La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en el total de la muestra se mantuvo constante en 1998 y 2010 (alrededor del 28%) pero el consumo entre Facultades fue variable y en Artes fue significativamente más elevado (42%). Siguen en el ranking marihuana con 10% de prevalencia, tranquilizantes con alrededor del 6% y cocaína con poco más del 1%. Finalmente “otras drogas" (Hachis, LSD, extasis, anabólicos, anfetaminas, “hongos") representaron solamente un 3% de prevalencia. Artes y Ciencias Políticas mostraron las mayores prevalencias de consumo y Derecho e Ingeniería las menores. Esto indica implementar acciones preventivas y correctivas particulares para cada Facultad.

Aproximaciones a un análisis crítico del circuito del narcotráfico del cannabis en el Cono Sur, sus contradicciones y principales víctimas

A partir de las reflexiones sobre las contradicciones y posibilidades en el análisis de los discursos de científicos y las prácticas de los usuarios de Cannabis en Argentina, se pretende reconsiderar las tareas de las Ciencias Sociales en el escenario del presente social en transformación. El propósito es abordar un análisis desde una perspectiva geopolítica que no ignore los procesos ni la discusión científica que tienen lugar en los países de la región Cono Sur ya que dependen de un mismo circuito, el del tráfico ilegal de Cannabis, producido y prensado en Paraguay para comercializarlo en Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Con respecto a este último país, si bien significa un porcentaje pequeño de la producción, con la Regulación este 2014, se estipula que tenderá a salir del circuito como mercado de consumo en un tiempo corto. Al analizar los usos de esta planta podría resultar fructífero interpretar los alcances de reformas legislativas en el intento de reducir el poder económico de su tráfico ilegal en el Cono Sur, así como también cuando se trata de desvendar contradicciones inherentes al narcotráfico, que inyecta dinero ilegal a través del lavado de activos, invirtiéndolo en varios frentes, permitiendo su crecimiento exponencial. El narcotráfico se entiende a partir de esta investigación como circuito con actores invisibles y criminalizados y como segundo negocio ilegal más lucrativo y funcional a las crisis de sobreacumulación

Aproximaciones a un análisis crítico de las prácticas de los usuarios de Cannabis : Caso del Movimiento Cannábico Argentino

En la actualidad, la despenalización y regulación del cultivo y la tenencia para consumo personal es uno de los desafíos estratégicos que enfrentan las políticas públicas en la agenda del pensamiento social latinoamericano y argentino en el marco del reconocimiento de derechos. La crisis de diciembre de 2001 y la caída del valor de la moneda argentina desincentiva al narcotráfico de Cannabis proveniente de Paraguay hacia Argentina. El ?prensado paraguayo? se desvía al gran mercado en el que se convierte Brasil. Los largos períodos de falta de marihuana en Argentina y la consecuente especulación para la suba del precio promovieron el autocultivo y la transformación de las representaciones de los usuarios. En este contexto, la estigmatización de los usuarios favoreció su vinculación a través de Internet. Esta forma de comunicación generó una red que permitió el surgimiento del Movimiento Cannábico Argentino y su consolidación a lo largo de esta década. Los espacios de representación emergentes y las prácticas espaciales de los usuarios y cultivadores de Cannabis en Argentina tienen lógicas de intercambio, cooperación y autogestión, opuestas a las lógicas del circuito del narcotráfico. El fortalecimiento del Movimiento junto con el desarrollo de estas acciones colectivas de movilización en el espacio público disminuye la vinculación de los usuarios con la oferta ilegal proveniente del circuito del narcotráfico y su vulnerabilidad social

Aproximaciones a un análisis crítico de las prácticas de los usuarios de Cannabis : Caso del Movimiento Cannábico Argentino

En la actualidad, la despenalización y regulación del cultivo y la tenencia para consumo personal es uno de los desafíos estratégicos que enfrentan las políticas públicas en la agenda del pensamiento social latinoamericano y argentino en el marco del reconocimiento de derechos. La crisis de diciembre de 2001 y la caída del valor de la moneda argentina desincentiva al narcotráfico de Cannabis proveniente de Paraguay hacia Argentina. El ?prensado paraguayo? se desvía al gran mercado en el que se convierte Brasil. Los largos períodos de falta de marihuana en Argentina y la consecuente especulación para la suba del precio promovieron el autocultivo y la transformación de las representaciones de los usuarios. En este contexto, la estigmatización de los usuarios favoreció su vinculación a través de Internet. Esta forma de comunicación generó una red que permitió el surgimiento del Movimiento Cannábico Argentino y su consolidación a lo largo de esta década. Los espacios de representación emergentes y las prácticas espaciales de los usuarios y cultivadores de Cannabis en Argentina tienen lógicas de intercambio, cooperación y autogestión, opuestas a las lógicas del circuito del narcotráfico. El fortalecimiento del Movimiento junto con el desarrollo de estas acciones colectivas de movilización en el espacio público disminuye la vinculación de los usuarios con la oferta ilegal proveniente del circuito del narcotráfico y su vulnerabilidad social

Aproximaciones a un análisis crítico del circuito del narcotráfico del cannabis en el Cono Sur, sus contradicciones y principales víctimas

A partir de las reflexiones sobre las contradicciones y posibilidades en el análisis de los discursos de científicos y las prácticas de los usuarios de Cannabis en Argentina, se pretende reconsiderar las tareas de las Ciencias Sociales en el escenario del presente social en transformación. El propósito es abordar un análisis desde una perspectiva geopolítica que no ignore los procesos ni la discusión científica que tienen lugar en los países de la región Cono Sur ya que dependen de un mismo circuito, el del tráfico ilegal de Cannabis, producido y prensado en Paraguay para comercializarlo en Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Con respecto a este último país, si bien significa un porcentaje pequeño de la producción, con la Regulación este 2014, se estipula que tenderá a salir del circuito como mercado de consumo en un tiempo corto. Al analizar los usos de esta planta podría resultar fructífero interpretar los alcances de reformas legislativas en el intento de reducir el poder económico de su tráfico ilegal en el Cono Sur, así como también cuando se trata de desvendar contradicciones inherentes al narcotráfico, que inyecta dinero ilegal a través del lavado de activos, invirtiéndolo en varios frentes, permitiendo su crecimiento exponencial. El narcotráfico se entiende a partir de esta investigación como circuito con actores invisibles y criminalizados y como segundo negocio ilegal más lucrativo y funcional a las crisis de sobreacumulación

Aproximaciones a un análisis crítico del circuito del narcotráfico del cannabis en el Cono Sur, sus contradicciones y principales víctimas

A partir de las reflexiones sobre las contradicciones y posibilidades en el análisis de los discursos de científicos y las prácticas de los usuarios de Cannabis en Argentina, se pretende reconsiderar las tareas de las Ciencias Sociales en el escenario del presente social en transformación. El propósito es abordar un análisis desde una perspectiva geopolítica que no ignore los procesos ni la discusión científica que tienen lugar en los países de la región Cono Sur ya que dependen de un mismo circuito, el del tráfico ilegal de Cannabis, producido y prensado en Paraguay para comercializarlo en Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Con respecto a este último país, si bien significa un porcentaje pequeño de la producción, con la Regulación este 2014, se estipula que tenderá a salir del circuito como mercado de consumo en un tiempo corto. Al analizar los usos de esta planta podría resultar fructífero interpretar los alcances de reformas legislativas en el intento de reducir el poder económico de su tráfico ilegal en el Cono Sur, así como también cuando se trata de desvendar contradicciones inherentes al narcotráfico, que inyecta dinero ilegal a través del lavado de activos, invirtiéndolo en varios frentes, permitiendo su crecimiento exponencial. El narcotráfico se entiende a partir de esta investigación como circuito con actores invisibles y criminalizados y como segundo negocio ilegal más lucrativo y funcional a las crisis de sobreacumulación

Tabulation of multiple responses

Although multiple response questions are quite common in survey research, Stata's official release does not provide much possibility for an effective analysis of multiple response variables. For example, in a study on drug addiction an interview question might be, "Which substances did you consume during the last four weeks?" The respondents just list all the drugs they took if any, e.g., an answer could be "cannabis, cocaine, heroin" or "ecstasy, cannabis" or "none", etc. Usually, the responses to such questions are held as a set of variables and, therefore, cannot be easily tabulated. I will address this issue and present a new module to compute one- and two-way tables of multiple responses. The module supports several types of data structure, provides significance tests, and offers various options to control the computation and display of the results.

Time series distances measures to analyze in-air signatures to authenticate users on mobile phones

Improving the security of mobile phones is one of the crucial points required to assure the personal information and the operations that can be performed from them. This article presents an authentication procedure consisting of verifying the identity of people by making a signature in the air while holding the mobile phone. Different temporal distance algorithms have been proposed and evaluated through a database of 50 people making their signatures in the air and 6 people trying to forge each of them by studying their records. Approaches based on DTW have obtained better EER results than those based on LCS (2.80% against 3.34%). Besides, different signal normalization methods have been evaluated not finding any with better EER results that when no normalization has carried out.