1000 resultados para ambiente de cultivo e anatomia vegetal
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The competitiveness in the rural sector and the need to make viable and sustainable property, direct the farmer to seek new production strategies. In this sense, the book Techniques of sustainable agricultural management has as objective contributed information on concepts, management practices, technological innovations, which are applicable in the agricultural production. The same is composed of 13 chapters, topics covered in aquaculture production, management and dairy production, as general aspects of hematology fish; dynamics of decision-making and adaptive flow dairy production systems; importance of performance measures and body biometrics in small ruminants; milk production in beef cows; parasitism in beef cattle; performance of dairy cows in production; efficiency of cross beef cattle in finishing phase; development of Marchangus: five years; and, bovine growth efficiency. In vegetable production area are addressed matters relating on management and olive cultivation, species of great economic importance and diversification as alternative on the property; functional foods in fruit and vegetables; influence of environmental factors, harvesting and drying in the production and composition of essential oils of Mentha spp; and, implication of the contamination of corn grain by mycotoxins in livestock production. At the end of the book, the expectation of the authors is to have contributed with relevant themes of Brazilian agriculture, which could reflect positively on knowledge, values and quality of available material.
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Since centuries ago, the Asians use seaweed as an important source of feeding and are their greatest world-wide consumers. The migration of these peoples for other countries, made the demand for seaweed to increase. This increasing demand prompted an industry with annual values of around US$ 6 billion. The algal biomass used for the industry is collected in natural reservoirs or cultivated. The market necessity for products of the seaweed base promotes an unsustainable exploration of the natural banks, compromising its associated biological balance. In this context, seaweed culture appears as a viable alternative to prevent the depletion of these natural supplies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide space and produce information that can facilitate the evaluation of important physical and socio-economic characteristics for the planning of seaweed culture. This objective of this study is to identify potential coastal areas for seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the integration of social-environmental data in the SIG. In order to achieve this objective, a geo-referred database composed of geographical maps, nautical maps and orbital digital images was assembled; and a bank of attributes including physical and oceanographical variables (winds, chains, bathymetry, operational distance from the culture) and social and environmental factors (main income, experience with seaweed harvesting, demographic density, proximity of the sheltered coast and distance of the banks) was produced. In the modeling of the data, the integration of the space database with the bank of attributes for the attainment of the map of potentiality of seaweed culture was carried out. Of a total of 2,011 ha analyzed by the GIS for the culture of seaweed, around 34% or 682 ha were indicated as high potential, 55% or 1,101 ha as medium potential, and 11% or 228 ha as low potential. The good indices of potentiality obtained in the localities studied demonstrate that there are adequate conditions for the installation of seaweed culture in the state of Rio Grande do Norte
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O cultivo do arroz no RS é fortemente relacionado com recursos hídricos, pois este se faz sob irrigação e durante o beneficiamento, especialmente no caso da parboilização, são necessários volumes consideráveis de água. Em vista disso, os solutos presentes nestas águas permitem estimar o impacto desta cultura e sua industrialização na qualidade do ambiente hídrico no RS. Foi desenvolvida uma rotina analítica para caracterização físico-química das águas da cadeia produtiva do arroz, onde foram analisados nitrogênio total, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrogênio orgânico, açucares redutores, açucares redutores totais, sólidos totais, sólidos fixos, sólidos voláteis, ácidos voláteis, alcalinidade, pH, nitrato, nitrito e fósforo. Também um método multimicotoxinas foi desenvolvido avaliando a eficiência de cinco sistemas de extração-partição para aflatoxina B1 (AFA B1), aflatoxina B2 (AFA B2), ocratoxina A (OTA), zearalenona (ZEA) e deoxinivalenol (DON). A partição liquido-liquido com clorofórmio foi a mais eficiente recuperando 89; 96; 89; 97 e 72%, respectivamente de cada micotoxina. A comparação entre volumes de solventes, onde o número de etapas envolvidas e o tempo necessário para efetuar a determinação confirmaram a simplicidade, a economia e a rapidez deste sistema de partição a ser adotado para extrair micotoxinas de água da cadeia produtiva de arroz. O método foi aplicado para determinação de micotoxinas em amostras de águas de irrigação e parboilização de arroz de diferentes procedências verificando-se que as últimas aparecem contaminadas com micotoxinas, AFA B1 9,0 ng mL-1 e DON 110 ng mL-1 . Foi realizado também um estudo de migração de micotoxinas AFA B1, OTA, ZEA e DON e outros solutos sob condições de encharcamento (4 e 6 h) em dois níveis de fortificação, durante a parboilização do grão ficando demonstrado que durante o processo ocorria a lixiviação de solutos e micotoxinas para água de encharcamento do arroz.
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No município de Penápolis e região, os fatores econômicos, climáticos e políticos, influenciaram na substituição da cultura do café por outras atividades agropecuárias, como a cana-de-açúcar e a pastagem, oprimindo assim, a agricultura familiar tornando-a inviável, provocando o êxodo rural em busca de outras fontes de renda. O objetivo desse trabalho é o de verificar a viabilidade de manter o agricultor familiar na região através do resgate da cafeicultura com manejo agroecológico que supere as adversidades ambientais e socioeconômicas. A implementação de uma lavoura experimental de café com princípios agroecológicos e o levantamento de dados dos produtores e de suas propriedades, vislumbra o fortalecimento da cultura na região, com novos modelos de produção. Conclui-se que a possibilidade de intensificação do cultivo do café com vertente agroecológica na região de estudo, como uma opção de resistência ao avanço da cana-de-açúcar, depende em grande parte de uma decisão política de estímulo e de motivação dos agricultores familiares.
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Dissertação de mest. em Aquacultura, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2003
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Os microrganismos do solo são componentes essenciais na manutenção do equilíbrio físico-químico e biológico do mesmo e exercem importante função que inclui a degradação de resíduos de plantas e animais e a liberação de nutrientes na cadeia alimentar. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a microbiota de um solo com cobertura de mata (SMS) e outro cultivado com hortaliças (SHC), supressivos ou não a Rhizoctonia solani. Foram feitas extrações do DNA total dos solos e a partir dos mesmos, amplificação por PCR dos genes 16S rDNA, clonagem dos fragmentos e seqüenciamento dos genes do RNA ribossomal. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que essa metodologia foi eficiente para avaliação de bactérias. No solo supressivo de mata os filos mais encontrados pertencem aos das Acidobactérias, Verrucomicrobia e Actinobactérias e no solo conducente cultivado com hortaliças a maioria pertence aos filos das Proteobactérias, Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes.
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2009
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2001
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La investigación se desarrolló en áreas de producción de la Empresa Azucarera Majibacoa de la provincia Las Tunas, Cuba; para hacer una evaluación económica, energética y ambiental de tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en caña planta de primavera quedada, en un suelo del tipo Vertisol. En el área experimental se trazaron parcelas, según un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro réplicas, se evaluaron nueve tecnologías, donde se combinaron el control mecánico y el químico, se utilizó la limpia manual, la tracción animal, el cultivo mecanizado y como medios de aplicación de herbicidas, máquina y asperjadora manual. A las diferentes tecnologías se le determinó utilidades económicas, eficiencia energética, carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera y efectos sobre la compactación del suelo a través de la resistencia a la penetración. Se obtuvo que las tecnologías más eficientes de modo general resultaron aquellas que incluyeron el herbicida Isoxaflutol, donde se utilizó menor cantidad de pases de implementos agrícolas y aplicaciones de herbicidas.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2016.
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A podridão radicular causada por Pythium spp. é uma das principais doenças em cultivos hidropônicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de Pseudomonas chlororaphis (63-28) sobre a podridão radicular e o crescimento vegetal em pimentão hidropônico. Plantas de pimentão cv. 35-206 RZ foram cultivadas em unidades hidropônicas, e infestadas com P. chlororaphis sete dias antes da inoculação com o patógeno. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, testemunha inoculada com o patógeno, P. chlororaphis, P. chlororaphis com a adição do patógeno. As variáveis avaliadas foram: severidade da doença, expansão foliar, clorofila foliar e incidência do patógeno. A severidade da doença decresceu em 51% nas plantas inoculadas com a bactéria aos 12 dias após a inoculação, em comparação com a testemunha inoculada. O conteúdo de clorofila decresceu em 12% nas plantas inoculadas com Pythium, em comparação com a testemunha. Plantas tratadas com P. chlororaphis sem a presença do patógeno tiveram maior taxa de expansão foliar. Conclui-se que P. chlororaphis é um promissor agente de controle biológico da podridão radicular e promotor de crescimento de pimentão hidropônico.
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The aims of this study were: i) assessing the trophic state of the Mendubim reservoir (semi-arid, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; 05° 38 99,0 S 36°55 98,0 W) based on chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and water transparency; ii) relating the patterns of temporal variation of zooplankton and phytoplankton to the trophic state of the reservoir and iii) investigating the carrying capacity of the reservoir for cage fish farming. The samplingwas done monthly from July 2006 to July 2007 in three stations at the reservoir: next to the dam (barrage), in the central region and in the mouth of the main tributary. The abiotic and biotic variables analyzed were: Secchi depth, volatiles and fixed suspended solids, chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and nitrogen, TN:TP ratio and mesozooplankton and phytoplankton composition and biomass. The results showed that the reservoir can be considered as mesotrophic with mean concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a equal to 1711, 1 μg.L-1, 30,8 μg.L-1 and 5,62 μg.L-1 respectively. The Cyanophyceae class was the most representative in terms of density, with the presence of potentially toxic species such as Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix planctonica, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon sp. ,Aphanocapsa delicatissima and Pseudanabaena acicularis. Among the zooplankton, the genus Notodiaptomus presented the largest biomass values. Overall, our results show that the light limitation should explain the weak relationship between chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. We concluded that the water of Mendubim reservoir is suitable for intensive fish cage aquaculture. Based on the carrying capacity calculations for this reservoir, we found that the maximum sustainable yield of tilapias in cages in the reservoir is 126 ton per year assuming a factor of food conversion of 1.5: 1.0 and a phosphorus content in the fish food of 1%
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Actually in the oil industry biotechnological approaches represent a challenge. In that, attention to metal structures affected by electrochemical corrosive processes, as well as by the interference of microorganisms (biocorrosion) which affect the kinetics of the environment / metal interface. Regarding to economical and environmental impacts reduction let to the use of natural products as an alternative to toxic synthetic inhibitors. This study aims the employment of green chemistry by evaluating the stem bark extracts (EHC, hydroalcoholic extract) and leaves (ECF, chloroform extract) of plant species Croton cajucara Benth as a corrosion inhibitor. In addition the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of bioactive trans-clerodane dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) isolated from the stem bark of this Croton was also evaluated. For this purpose, carbon steel AISI 1020 was immersed in saline media (3,5 % NaCl) in the presence and absence of a microorganism recovered from a pipeline oil sample. Corrosion inhibition efficiency and its mechanisms were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Culture-dependent and molecular biology techniques were used to characterize and identify bacterial species present in oil samples. The tested natural products EHC, ECF and DCTN (DMSO as solvent) in abiotic environment presented respectively, corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 57.6% (500 ppm), 86.1% (500 ppm) and 54.5% (62.5 ppm). Adsorption phenomena showed that EHC best fit Frumkin isotherm and ECF to Temkin isotherm. EHC extract (250 ppm) dissolved in a polar microemulsion system (MES-EHC) showed significant maximum inhibition efficiency (93.8%) fitting Langmuir isotherm. In the presence of the isolated Pseudomonas sp, EHC and ECF were able to form eco-compatible organic films with anti-corrosive properties
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The objective of this study was to examine the growth of Gracilaria cervicornis cultured in a shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pond and to determine the absorption efficiency and the kinetics parameters (Vmax, Ks e Vmax:Ks) of this macroalgae for the nutrients N-NO3-, N-NH4+ and P-PO4-3, aiming at its use as bioremediatory of eutrophicated environments. For this study, two experiments (field and laboratory) were developed. In the field study, the seaweed was examined in relation to the growth and the biomass. In the laboratory experiment, the absorption efficiency of G. cervicornis was measured through the monitoring of the concentration of the three nutrients (N-NO3-, N-NH4+ e P-PO4-3) during 5 hours and the kinetic parameters were determined through the formula of Michaelis-Menten. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that G. cervicornis benefited from the available nutrients in the pond, increasing 52.4% of its biomass value after 30 days of culture. It was evidenced that the variability of the biomass could be explained through the salinity, availability of light (transparency and solid particle in suspension) and concentration of N-NO3- in the environment. In the laboratory experiment, the highest absorption efficiency was found in the treatments with low concentration (5 µmol.L-1), being evidenced a reduction of up to 85,3%, 97,5% and 81,2% of N-NH4+, N-NO3- and P-PO43-, respectively. Regarding the kinetic parameters, G. cervicornis presented better ability in absorbing N-NH4+ in high concentrations (Vmax = 158,5 µmol g-1 dry wt h-1) and P-PO43- in low concentrations (Ks = 5 µmol.L-1 e Vmax:Ks = 10,3). The results of this study show that G. cervicornis could be cultivated in shrimp ponds, presents a good capacity of absorption for the tested nutrients and is a promising candidate for biorremediation in shrimp pond effluent