982 resultados para Z boson
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Se presenta un estudio sobre: el conjunto N de los números naturales, el conjunto NxN, representación gráfica de NxN, relación E de equivalencia, el conjunto Z, elementos canónicos, notación, interpretación gráfica de NxN entre E, representación gráfica de Z, adición de números enteros, isomorfismo entre N y Z, resolución de la ecuación a+x=b, multiplicación de números enteros, propiedad distributiva, anillo Z de los números enteros, isomorfismo, y observación.
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Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n
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Comprobar si existen diferencias significativas en la afectividad en niños deficientes mentales y en niños normales. Sujetos normales: 65 niñas y 35 niños. Sujetos con deficiencias: 43 niñas y 57 niños. Estudio acerca de la afectividad. Comienza abordando el concepto de afectividad y otros términos afines a él que podrían dar lugar a confusión. Seguidamente, un breve repaso por los métodos de estudio de la afectividad, para pasar e exponer alguna de las teorías más relevantes que a lo largo de la historia de la psicología se han referido al tema de este estudio. Más adelante trata la evolución afectiva desde el punto de vista cronológico, abarcando desde el nacimiento hasta ya terminada la adolescencia, ya que la intención de el estudio en un primer momento fue exponer también la evolución de la afectividad de los sujetos deficientes mentales. El capítulo siguiente se refiere a la educación afectiva, desde la familia, responsable principal de esta educación, y desde la escuela, por ser la institución en la que la familia delega la función educadora como complementaria a su labor. La parte práctica trata de un estudio comparativo de la afectividad en los niños deficientes mentales y en niños normales de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y 15 años. 1) Los resultados obtenidos a través del Z test demuestran que los sujetos deficientes mentales poseen un impulso afectivo ligeramente mayor que los sujetos normales, pero ésta mayor capacidad afectiva está descontrolada. No controlan su estado de ánimo y éste puede ser muy variable. 2) Los niños normales poseen una capacidad afectiva que evoluciona según la edad desde el descontrol del estado emocional hacia un control progresivo de la manifestación de la afectividad. 3) En éste grupo de sujetos, las niñas evolucionan más rápidamente hacia el control de los afectos, pero ya a los 13 años, tanto los niños como las niñas han conseguido dominar su afectividad, siendo está equilibrada y estable. 4) Una nota común a ambos grupos es la falta de flexibilidad en el pensamiento. Ambos, tiene un pensamiento estereotipado, más agudizado en las edades inferiores de los niños deficientes mentales. 5) La afectividad no es un aspecto aislado de la personalidad, y todas las demás facetas del individuo están condicionadas por ella. Conociendo como puede ser la evolución afectiva, de niños y jóvenes, podremos evitar numerosos trastornos de conducta y problemas en el rendimiento escolar como consecuencia de una perturbación emocional. 6) Intentar un estudio de la afectividad en los adultos, es una tarea difícil ya que en muchas ocasiones aparentan sentimientos que no tienen, que no sienten. Estudiar la afectividad del niño o del joven es más sencillo por ser éstos más auténticos en su actuación cotidiana. Pero en éste caso surge el problema del adultomorfismo, el medir al niño o al joven en relación a nosotros y no ser considerados en sí mismos como niños o jóvenes que son. 7) Conocer el mundo del niño es un cometido básico de todas aquellas personas (padres, profesores,...) que van a tener una vinculación más o menos fuerte con ellos, y que van a pretender 'educarle como persona'; reto cotidiano, pero no por ello menos importante cada vez que se plantea.
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Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Psychologiii
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Wydział Chemii
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Wydział Chemii: Pracownia Chemii Nukleozydów i Nukleotydów
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In recent years, a large number of papers have reported the response of the cusp to solar wind variations under conditions of northward or southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Z-component (BZ). These studies have shown the importance of both temporal and spatial factors in determining the extent and morphology of the cusp and the changes in its location, connected to variations in the reconnection geometry. Here we present a comparative study of the cusp, focusing on an interval characterised by a series of rapid reversals in the BZ-dominated IMF, based on observations from space-borne and ground-based instrumentation. During this interval, from 08:00 to 12:00 UT on 12 February 2003, the IMF BZ component underwent four reversals, remaining for around 30 min in each orientation. The Cluster spacecraft were, at the time, on an outbound trajectory through the Northern Hemisphere magnetosphere, whilst the mainland VHF and Svalbard (ESR) radars of the EISCAT facility were operating in support of the Cluster mission. Both Cluster and the EISCAT were, on occasion during the interval, observing the cusp region. The series of IMF reversal resulted in a sequence of poleward and equatorward motions of the cusp; consequently Cluster crossed the high altitude cusp twice before finally exiting the dayside magnetopause, both times under conditions of northward IMF BZ. The first magnetospheric cusp encounter, by all four Cluster spacecraft, showed reverse ion dispersion typical of lobe reconnection; subsequently, Cluster spacecraft 1 and 3 (only) crossed the cusp for a second time. We suggest that, during this second cusp crossing, these two spacecraft were likely to have been on newly closed field lines, which were first reconnected (opened) at low latitudes and later reconnected again (re-closed) poleward of the northern cusp.
Experimental comparison of the comprehensibility of a Z specification and its implementation in Java
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Comprehensibility is often raised as a problem with formal notations, yet formal methods practitioners dispute this. In a survey, one interviewee said 'formal specifications are no more difficult to understand than code'. Measurement of comprehension is necessarily comparative and a useful comparison for a specification is against its implementation. Practitioners have an intuitive feel for the comprehension of code. A quantified comparison will transfer this feeling to formal specifications. We performed an experiment to compare the comprehension of a Z specification with that of its implementation in Java. The results indicate there is little difference in comprehensibility between the two. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Rate coefficients for reactions of nitrate radicals (NO3) with the anthropogenic emissions 2-methylpent-2-ene, (Z)-3-methylpent-2-ene.. ethyl vinyl ether, and the stress-induced plant emission ethyl vinyl ketone (pent-1-en-3-one) were determined to be (9.3 +/- 1.1) x 10(-12), (9.3 +/- 3.2) x 10(-12), (1.7 +/- 1.3) x 10(-12) and (9.4 + 2.7) x 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). We performed kinetic experiments at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using a relative-rate technique with GC-FID analysis. Experiments with ethyl vinyl ether required a modification of our established procedure that might introduce additional uncertainties, and the errors suggested reflect these difficulties. Rate coefficients are discussed in terms of electronic and steric influences. Atmospheric lifetimes with respect to important oxidants in the troposphere were calculated. NO3-initiated oxidation is found to be the strongly dominating degradation route for 2-methylpent-2-ene, (Z)-3-methylpent-2-ene and ethyl vinyl ether. Atmospheric concentrations of the alkenes and their relative contribution to the total NMHC emissions from trucks can be expected to increase if plans for the introduction of particle filters for diesel engines are implemented on a global scale. Thus more kinetic data are required to better evaluate the impact of these emissions.
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The night-time atmospheric chemistry of the biogenic volatile organic compounds (Z)-hex-4-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol ('leaf alcohol'), (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol and (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, has been studied at room temperature. Rate coefficients for reactions of the nitrate radical (NO3) with these stress-induced plant emissions were measured using the discharge-flow technique. We employed off-axis continuous-wave cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) for the detection of NO3, which enabled us to work in excess of the hexenol compounds over NO3. The rate coefficients determined were (2.93 +/- 0.58) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (2.67 +/- 0.42) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (4.43 +/- 0.91) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (1.56 +/- 0.24) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), and (1.30 +/- 0.24) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for (Z)-hex-4-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3en-1-ol, (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol and (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol. The rate coefficient for the reaction of NO3 with (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol agrees with the single published determination of the rate coefficient using a relative method. The other rate coefficients have not been measured before and are compared to estimated values. Relative-rate studies were also performed, but required modification of the standard technique because N2O5 (used as the source of NO3) itself reacts with the hexenols. We used varying excesses of NO2 to determine simultaneously rate coefficients for reactions of NO3 and N2O5 with (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol of (5.2 +/- 1.8) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and (3.1 +/- 2.3) x 10(-18) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Our new determinations suggest atmospheric lifetimes with respect to NO3-initiated oxidation of roughly 1-4 h for the hexenols, comparable with lifetimes estimated for the atmospheric degradation by OH and shorter lifetimes than for attack by O-3. Recent measurements of [N2O5] suggest that the gas-phase reactions of N2O5 with unsaturated alcohols will not be of importance under usual atmospheric conditions, but they certainly can be in laboratory systems when determining rate coefficients.
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Rate coefficients for reactions of nitrate radicals (NO3) with (Z)-pent-2-ene, (E)-pent-2-ene, (Z)-hex-2-ene, (E)-hex-2-ene, (Z)-hex-3-ene, (E)-hex-3-ene and (E)-3-methylpent-2-ene were determined to be (6.55 +/- 0.78) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (3.78 +/- 0.45) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (5.30 +/- 0.73) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (3.83 +/- 0.47) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (4.37 +/- 0.49) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (3.61 +/- 0.40) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and (8.9 +/- 1.5) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. We performed kinetic experiments at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using a relative-rate technique with GC-FID analysis. The experimental results demonstrate a surprisingly large cis-trans (Z-E) effect, particularly in the case of the pent-2-enes, where the ratio of rate coefficients is ca. 1.7. Rate coefficients are discussed in terms of electronic and steric influences, and our results give some insight into the effects of chain length and position of the double bond on the reaction of NO3 with unsaturated hydrocarbons. Atmospheric lifetimes were calculated with respect to important oxidants in the troposphere for the alkenes studied, and NO3-initiated oxidation is found to be the dominant degradation route for (Z)-pent-2-ene, (Z)-hex-3-ene and (E)-3-methylpent-2-ene.