694 resultados para Work Integrated Learning
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Lcole ne semble plus en mesure de rpondre par elle-mme aux besoins multidimensionnels des lves en difficult qui sont maintenant intgrs dans la classe ordinaire. (Cooper, 1999; Deslandes & Bertrand, 2001; Dryfoos, 1994; Greenberg, 2004; Ministre de l'ducation du Loisir et du Sport, 2005; Paavola, 1995; Riddle & Tett, 2001; The Learning Partnership, 2004). Les quipes de soutien lenseignant semblent un moyen efficace dappuyer lenseignant et llve, mais cette approche est trs peu utilise dans les milieux ducatifs au Canada. Certains lves prsentant des problmes complexes ne reoivent pas lappui ncessaire faute dun manque de spcialiste lintrieur du cadre scolaire. Dans cette perspective, les services intgrs pourraient tre une voie propice pour le travail de partenariat mais plusieurs obstacles semblent empcher la collaboration et la coopration entre les intervenants scolaires et les partenaires de la communaut. La prsente recherche a identifi un modle qui permet dappuyer lenseignant dans sa pratique afin daider llve en difficult et de le maintenir dans la classe ordinaire. Le modle dquipe de soutien lenseignant mis en uvre dans les coles dun conseil francophone scolaire de lOntario est un modle driv de Chalfant, Pysh et Moultrie (1979). Vers les annes 1970, ces quipes ont t formes en vue doffrir un appui lenseignant de classe ordinaire pour viter les placements d'lves en ducation spciale lintention est encore la mme en 2010. Par ce modle, nous favorisons lentre des services intgrs lintrieur du cadre scolaire et les partenaires travaillent en quipe afin de favoriser le succs scolaire des lves. Un coordonnateur du milieu scolaire est le lien qui assure la coordination et les suivis des diffrentes recommandations proposes par lquipe. Le travail de collaboration et de coopration est essentiel pour assurer le succs scolaire de llve. Les rsultats de cette mise en uvre nous ont permis de constater que le modle est efficace dans latteinte de ses buts. Dune faon gnrale, les intervenants scolaires affirment se sentir effectivement appuys par les quipes de soutien tant dans la formation, les changes et les discussions que dans les ressources matrielles. Ce qui ressort le plus souvent de leurs propos est quils apprcient la relle collaboration et la concertation qui existent entre tous les intervenants qui assurent les suivis. Quatre-vingt-treize pour cent des rpondants qui ont particip aux quipes de soutien affirment quil y a eu des changements positifs chez les lves. Diffrents dfis ont aussi t relevs. Mentionnons entre autre, la lourdeur du rle du coordonnateur, la grandeur du territoire du Conseil (perte de temps sur la route), des cas de conflits existants entre les parents et lcole. Indpendamment de ces dfis, lapplication du modle dquipe de soutien lenseignant rpond lobjectif dinclusion scolaire des lves en difficult tout en permettant aux enseignants de ne pas se sentir seuls ni dtre effectivement seuls assumer ce mandat.
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Thesis (French) including 3 main articles (English)
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Lobjectif de cette thse par articles est de prsenter modestement quelques tapes du parcours qui mnera (on espre) une solution gnrale du problme de lintelligence artificielle. Cette thse contient quatre articles qui prsentent chacun une diffrente nouvelle mthode dinfrence perceptive en utilisant lapprentissage machine et, plus particulirement, les rseaux neuronaux profonds. Chacun de ces documents met en vidence lutilit de sa mthode propose dans le cadre dune tche de vision par ordinateur. Ces mthodes sont applicables dans un contexte plus gnral, et dans certains cas elles on tt appliques ailleurs, mais ceci ne sera pas abord dans le contexte de cette de thse. Dans le premier article, nous prsentons deux nouveaux algorithmes dinfrence variationelle pour le modle gnratif dimages appel codage parcimonieux spike- and-slab (CPSS). Ces mthodes dinfrence plus rapides nous permettent dutiliser des modles CPSS de tailles beaucoup plus grandes quauparavant. Nous dmontrons quelles sont meilleures pour extraire des dtecteur de caractristiques quand trs peu dexemples tiquets sont disponibles pour lentranement. Partant dun modle CPSS, nous construisons ensuite une architecture profonde, la machine de Boltzmann profonde partiellement dirige (MBP-PD). Ce modle a t conu de manire simplifier dentranement des machines de Boltzmann profondes qui ncessitent normalement une phase de pr-entranement glouton pour chaque couche. Ce problme est rgl dans une certaine mesure, mais le cot dinfrence dans le nouveau modle est relativement trop lev pour permettre de lutiliser de manire pratique. Dans le deuxime article, nous revenons au problme dentranement joint de machines de Boltzmann profondes. Cette fois, au lieu de changer de famille de modles, nous introduisons un nouveau critre dentranement qui donne naissance aux machines de Boltzmann profondes multiples prdictions (MBP-MP). Les MBP-MP sont entranables en une seule tape et ont un meilleur taux de succs en classification que les MBP classiques. Elles sentranent aussi avec des mthodes variationelles standard au lieu de ncessiter un classificateur discriminant pour obtenir un bon taux de succs en classification. Par contre, un des inconvnients de tels modles est leur incapacit de gnrer deschantillons, mais ceci nest pas trop grave puisque la performance de classification des machines de Boltzmann profondes nest plus une priorit tant donn les dernires avances en apprentissage supervis. Malgr cela, les MBP-MP demeurent intressantes parce quelles sont capable daccomplir certaines tches que des modles purement superviss ne peuvent pas faire, telles que celle de classifier des donnes incompltes ou encore celle de combler intelligemment linformation manquante dans ces donnes incompltes. Le travail prsent dans cette thse sest droul au milieu dune priode de transformations importantes du domaine de lapprentissage rseaux neuronaux profonds qui a t dclenche par la dcouverte de lalgorithme de dropout par Geoffrey Hinton. Dropout rend possible un entranement purement supervis darchitectures de propagation unidirectionnel sans tre expos au danger de sur- entranement. Le troisime article prsent dans cette thse introduit une nouvelle fonction dactivation spcialement con cue pour aller avec lalgorithme de Dropout. Cette fonction dactivation, appele maxout, permet lutilisation de aggrgation multi-canal dans un contexte dapprentissage purement supervis. Nous dmontrons comment plusieurs tches de reconnaissance dobjets sont mieux accomplies par lutilisation de maxout. Pour terminer, sont prsentons un vrai cas dutilisation dans lindustrie pour la transcription dadresses de maisons plusieurs chiffres. En combinant maxout avec une nouvelle sorte de couche de sortie pour des rseaux neuronaux de convolution, nous dmontrons quil est possible datteindre un taux de succs comparable celui des humains sur un ensemble de donnes coriace constitu de photos prises par les voitures de Google. Ce systme a t dploy avec succs chez Google pour lire environ cent million dadresses de maisons.
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Objective: An interprofessional steering committee was created at Universit de Montrals Faculty of Medicine to examine how social media are integrated in medical and health professional education in universities across the globe, and to propose a strategic plan for integrating social media in the Facultys various curricula. This presentation will summarize the steering committees work and describe the librarians contribution. Methods: The Committees project leader first conducted a literature search on best practices of social media in medical and health professional curricula. A reference website was then created (mse.med.umontreal.ca) to provide easy access to a large number of the articles and resources reviewed. A steering committee was constituted and 11 meetings were held over a 9-month period. The Committee comprised 18 members and included assistant deans, academic program directors, professors, communication advisors, undergraduate and graduate students and a librarian. An online survey on social media use by students and professors of the Faculty was conducted, ten pilot projects were put forward and a three-year strategic plan was proposed. Results: A total of 1508 students and 565 professors participated in the survey. Results showed that both groups had a strong interest in learning how social media could be integrated in academic and professional activities. Participants reported concern with risks associated with social media use and expressed the need for a Faculty policy and guidelines. The librarians contribution to the steering committee included: writing posts on the websites internal blog, assisting in the design of the survey questionnaires and writing the final reports survey results chapter. She also proposed two pilot projects: creating a social media learning portal and an altmetrics workshop. Conclusions: Based on the literature review and the survey results, the Committee affirmed the importance of integrating social media in the various study programs of the Faculty of Medicine. Despite the restricted timeline, this interprofessional steering committee was able to carry out its mandate because of the leadership and expertise of each of its members. As the librarian had the most experience with the use of social media in a professional context, her knowledge was instrumental in assisting the project leader in a group mainly composed of social media non-users.
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Introduction: Aboriginal peoples are underrepresented within the healthcare professions, and recruitment of Aboriginal students has become a priority for medical schools in Canada. Because of very low high-school completion rates among youth living on-reserve, the Universit de Montrals Faculty of Medicine launched in 2011 the Mini-cole de la sant, a program where health sciences students visit aboriginal schools. Through activities and games, students introduce children to the discovery of health professions. In 2014, the Health Library joined the project with the development of a science books collection for the school libraries and by having a librarian participate in the school visits. Description: In collaboration with the two Atikamekw elementary schools to be visited in 2014, 70 children books on science, human anatomy and the health professions were selected and purchased for each school by the Health Library. A librarian joined the health sciences students during the schools visits and the book collection was integrated in the activities organised during the day. The books were afterwards donated to the school library. Outcomes: Children, school teachers and administrators greatly appreciated the collection. The books were integrated in the library school collections or in the classrooms collections. Discussion: Quality school libraries play an important role in student learning, and access to science and health sciences books could enhance childrens interest for the health professions. By participating in this project, the library is supporting the Health sciences faculties in achieving their goal of reaching out to Aboriginal children and making them aware that a career in health sciences is possible for them. The collaboration has been successful and will be pursued: the Health library will work with the high schools in the same Atikamekw communities to develop science book collections and the schools will be visited in 2015. A Masters in Library and Information Science student will be joining the Mini-cole. Upgrading all donated collections is planned as well.
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Cette lecture, tant critique, comparative, et thorique que pdagogique, sancre dans le constat, premirement, quil advient aux tudiantEs en littrature de se (re)poser la question des cots et complicits quapprendre lire et crire prsuppose aujourdhui; deuximement, que nos pratiques littraires se trament au sein de lieux empreints de diffrences, que lon peut nommer, selon le contexte, mtaphore, rcit, ville; et, troisimement, que les efforts et investissements requis sont tout autant couteux et interminable quun plaisir et une ncessit politique. Ces conclusions tendent vers labstrait et le thorique, mais le langage en lequel elles sont articules, langage corporel et urbain, de la dpendance et de la violence, cherche dautant plus une qualit matrielle et concrte. Or, lintroduction propose un survol des lectures et comparaisons de Heroine de Gail Scott qui centre ce projet; identifie les contextes institutionnels, historiques, et personnels qui risquent, ensuite, de dcentrer celui-ci. Le premier chapitre permet de cerner le matrialisme littraire qui me sert de mthode par laquelle la littrature, la fois, sollicite et offre une rponse ces interrogations thoriques. Inspire de luvre de Gail Scott et Rjean Ducharme, premirement, et de Walter Benjamin, Elisabeth Grosz, et Pierre Macherey ensuite, matrialisme fait rfrence cette collection de figures de pratiques littraires et urbaines qui proviennent, par exemple, de Georges Perec, Michel DeCerteau, Barbara Johnson, et Patricia Smart, et qui invitent ensuite une rflexions sur les relations entre corporalit et narrativit, entre la ncessit et la contingence du littraire. De plus, une collection de figures dun Montral littraire et dune cit pdagogique, acquis des uvres de Zygmunt Bauman, Partricia Godbout, et Lewis Mumford, constitue en effet un vocabulaire nous permettant de mieux dcouvrir (et donc enseigner) ce que lire et apprendre requiert. Le deuxime chapitre propose une lecture compare de Heroine et des romans des auteures qubcoises Anne Dandurand, Marie Gagnon, et Tess Fragoulis, dans le contexte, premirement, les dbats entourant linstitutionnalisation de la littrature (anglo)Qubcoise et, deuximement, des questions pdagogiques et politiques plus larges et plus urgentes que nous pose, encore aujourdhui, cette violence rcurrente qui sacharna, par exemple, sur la Polytechnique en 1989. Or, cette intersection de la violence meurtrire, la pratique littraire, et la pdagogie qui en rsulte se pose et sarticule, encore, par le biais dune collection de figures de styles. En fait, travers le roman de Scott et de luvre critique qui en fait la lecture, une srie de craques invite reconnatre Heroine comme tant, ce que jappelle, un rcit de dpendance, au sein duquel se concrtise une temporalit rcursive et une logique dintrojection nous permettant de mieux comprendre la violence et, par consquent, le pouvoir dune pratique littraire sur laquelle, ensuite, jappuie ma pdagogie en devenir. Jetant, finalement, un regard rtrospectif sur loeuvre dans son entier, la conclusion de ce projet se tourne aussi vers lavant, cest--dire, vers ce que mes lectures dites matrialistes de la littrature canadienne et qubcoise contribuent mon enseignement de la langue anglaise en Core du Sud. Cest dans ce contexte que les propos de Jacques Rancire occasionnent un dernier questionnement quant lhistorique des dbats et des structures pdagogiques en Core, dune part, et, de lautre, les conclusions que cette lecture de la fiction thorique de Gail Scott nous livre.
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One major component of power system operation is generation scheduling. The objective of the work is to develop efficient control strategies to the power scheduling problems through Reinforcement Learning approaches. The three important active power scheduling problems are Unit Commitment, Economic Dispatch and Automatic Generation Control. Numerical solution methods proposed for solution of power scheduling are insufficient in handling large and complex systems. Soft Computing methods like Simulated Annealing, Evolutionary Programming etc., are efficient in handling complex cost functions, but find limitation in handling stochastic data existing in a practical system. Also the learning steps are to be repeated for each load demand which increases the computation time.Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a method of learning through interactions with environment. The main advantage of this approach is it does not require a precise mathematical formulation. It can learn either by interacting with the environment or interacting with a simulation model. Several optimization and control problems have been solved through Reinforcement Learning approach. The application of Reinforcement Learning in the field of Power system has been a few. The objective is to introduce and extend Reinforcement Learning approaches for the active power scheduling problems in an implementable manner. The main objectives can be enumerated as:(i) Evolve Reinforcement Learning based solutions to the Unit Commitment Problem.(ii) Find suitable solution strategies through Reinforcement Learning approach for Economic Dispatch. (iii) Extend the Reinforcement Learning solution to Automatic Generation Control with a different perspective. (iv) Check the suitability of the scheduling solutions to one of the existing power systems.First part of the thesis is concerned with the Reinforcement Learning approach to Unit Commitment problem. Unit Commitment Problem is formulated as a multi stage decision process. Q learning solution is developed to obtain the optimwn commitment schedule. Method of state aggregation is used to formulate an efficient solution considering the minimwn up time I down time constraints. The performance of the algorithms are evaluated for different systems and compared with other stochastic methods like Genetic Algorithm.Second stage of the work is concerned with solving Economic Dispatch problem. A simple and straight forward decision making strategy is first proposed in the Learning Automata algorithm. Then to solve the scheduling task of systems with large number of generating units, the problem is formulated as a multi stage decision making task. The solution obtained is extended in order to incorporate the transmission losses in the system. To make the Reinforcement Learning solution more efficient and to handle continuous state space, a fimction approximation strategy is proposed. The performance of the developed algorithms are tested for several standard test cases. Proposed method is compared with other recent methods like Partition Approach Algorithm, Simulated Annealing etc.As the final step of implementing the active power control loops in power system, Automatic Generation Control is also taken into consideration.Reinforcement Learning has already been applied to solve Automatic Generation Control loop. The RL solution is extended to take up the approach of common frequency for all the interconnected areas, more similar to practical systems. Performance of the RL controller is also compared with that of the conventional integral controller.In order to prove the suitability of the proposed methods to practical systems, second plant ofNeyveli Thennal Power Station (NTPS IT) is taken for case study. The perfonnance of the Reinforcement Learning solution is found to be better than the other existing methods, which provide the promising step towards RL based control schemes for practical power industry.Reinforcement Learning is applied to solve the scheduling problems in the power industry and found to give satisfactory perfonnance. Proposed solution provides a scope for getting more profit as the economic schedule is obtained instantaneously. Since Reinforcement Learning method can take the stochastic cost data obtained time to time from a plant, it gives an implementable method. As a further step, with suitable methods to interface with on line data, economic scheduling can be achieved instantaneously in a generation control center. Also power scheduling of systems with different sources such as hydro, thermal etc. can be looked into and Reinforcement Learning solutions can be achieved.
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The present work deals with the An integrated study on the hydrogeology of Bharathapuzha river basin ,south west coast of india. To study the spatial and temporal behaviour of the groundwater system of the Bharathapuzha river basin.To discover the sub-surface parameter by ground resistivity surveys.T o determine the groundwater quality of the Bharathapuzha river basin for the different seasons {pre monsoon and post monsoon with reference to the domestic and irrigational water quality standards.Present study will provide a good database on the hydrogeological aspects within the river basin.The study area covers l7 block Panchayats. Of these, Chitoor block is over exploited, Kollengode, Trithala, and Palakkad are critical in category and Kuttippuram and Sreekrishnapuram blocks are semi critical in terms of groundwater development.Comparison of Geomorphology map with drainage map shows that the geomorphology has a clear control on the drainage net work of the basin. The structural hill area shows a highest drainage network, where as pediment shows lowest drainage network.There are many discontinuous lineament in the Bharathapuzha river basin which can be connected by a straight line.Ground water flow directions are generally towards the western portions of the study area. From the northern region Water flows towards the central and also water from the eastern and southern side confluences at the centre and move towards western side of the basin.The positive correlation of transmissivity and storativity values show good aquifer conditions exists in the present study area .
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Bank switching in embedded processors having partitioned memory architecture results in code size as well as run time overhead. An algorithm and its application to assist the compiler in eliminating the redundant bank switching codes introduced and deciding the optimum data allocation to banked memory is presented in this work. A relation matrix formed for the memory bank state transition corresponding to each bank selection instruction is used for the detection of redundant codes. Data allocation to memory is done by considering all possible permutation of memory banks and combination of data. The compiler output corresponding to each data mapping scheme is subjected to a static machine code analysis which identifies the one with minimum number of bank switching codes. Even though the method is compiler independent, the algorithm utilizes certain architectural features of the target processor. A prototype based on PIC 16F87X microcontrollers is described. This method scales well into larger number of memory blocks and other architectures so that high performance compilers can integrate this technique for efficient code generation. The technique is illustrated with an example
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Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) has become of fundamental importance for research in area of micro and nano-technology. The continuous progress in these fields requires ultra sensitive measurements at high speed. The imaging speed limitation of the conventional Tapping Mode SPM is due to the actuation time constant of piezotube feedback loop that keeps the tapping amplitude constant. In order to avoid this limit a deflection sensor and an actuator have to be integrated into the cantilever. In this work has been demonstrated the possibility of realisation of piezoresistive cantilever with an embedded actuator. Piezoresistive detection provides a good alternative to the usual optical laser beam deflection technique. In frames of this thesis has been investigated and modelled the piezoresistive effect in bulk silicon (3D case) for both n- and p-type silicon. Moving towards ultra-sensitive measurements it is necessary to realize ultra-thin piezoresistors, which are well localized to the surface, where the stress magnitude is maximal. New physical effects such as quantum confinement which arise due to the scaling of the piezoresistor thickness was taken into account in order to model the piezoresistive effect and its modification in case of ultra-thin piezoresistor (2D case). The two-dimension character of the electron gas in n-type piezoresistors lead up to decreasing of the piezoresistive coefficients with increasing the degree of electron localisation. Moreover for p-type piezoresistors the predicted values of the piezoresistive coefficients are higher in case of localised holes. Additionally, to the integration of the piezoresistive sensor, actuator integrated into the cantilever is considered as fundamental for realisation of fast SPM imaging. Actuation of the beam is achieved thermally by relying on differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between aluminum and silicon. In addition the aluminum layer forms the heating micro-resistor, which is able to accept heating impulses with frequency up to one megahertz. Such direct oscillating thermally driven bimorph actuator was studied also with respect to the bimorph actuator efficiency. Higher eigenmodes of the cantilever are used in order to increase the operating frequencies. As a result the scanning speed has been increased due to the decreasing of the actuation time constant. The fundamental limits to force sensitivity that are imposed by piezoresistive deflection sensing technique have been discussed. For imaging in ambient conditions the force sensitivity is limited by the thermo-mechanical cantilever noise. Additional noise sources, connected with the piezoresistive detection are negligible.
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Angesichts der Geschichte der Entwicklungspolitik, ist diese Arbeit darauf ausgerichtet, einige Beobachtungen in Bezug auf die so genannte Entwicklung hervorzuheben; insbesondere auf die andauernde prekre Situation und Armut in lndlichen afrikanischen Gebieten. Armut ist nach Amartya SEN weiter przisiert von J.L. Dubois die Deprivation von Fhigkeiten, die Individuen und lokale Gemeinschaften zu ausgeschlossenen und vergessenen Akteuren des Systems machen. Das nennt Paulo Freire, das Menschen zu Objekten gemacht werden. Es rechtfertigt die starke Annahme, die in dieser Studie getroffen wird, dass vielmehr die Menschen als Subjekte ihrer Vernderung und Entwicklung im Mittelpunkt stehen. Die Arbeit zeigt und erklrt in historischer Chronologie, wie die Entwicklungspolitiken und unterschiedliche Beteiligte auf allen Ebenen diese Situation verursachen. Trotz alledem bleiben die Individuen und lokalen Gemeinschaften, die in Symbiose mit ihrer natrlichen Umwelt leben, die reich an verschiedenen Ressourcen und Potentialen ist, als Reaktion darauf und gleichzeitig als berlebensstrategie zutiefst verbunden mit dem, was sie vor Ort haben, womit sie eine tiefere und intensive Beziehung besitzen, wenn man von ihrer Geschichte, ihrer Kultur und der Handlungslogik ausgeht. Fr externe Akteure, die sie ber das vorhandene System dominieren und beeinflussen bleiben sie Objekte, aber in der Vielzahl ihrer endogenen Initiativen, zeigen sie die Fhigkeit und Substanz, die beweisen, dass sie auf ihrer Ebene das eigentliche Subjekt sind, die dynamischen Akteure. Aber isolierte Initiativen auf spezifische reale Bedrfnisse bei gleichzeitiger Dominierung durch das System mit seiner Marktlogik, fhrt dies langfristig nur zu dem Zirkulus Vitiosus der Armut. Daher ist eine ganzheitliche Sicht entscheidend fr nachhaltige Entwicklung und fr die notwendige Vernderung. Es geht nicht nur um die Vernderung des Systems und die Wahl politischer Manahmen, sondern genau genommen um das Verhalten der Akteure auf allen Ebenen und die Art der Beziehungen zwischen ihnen allen. Es ist eine Frage des erneuten berdenkens des Entwicklungspfades, der andere Logik, Visionen, Interessen und Strategien aller Beteiligten, unserer so genannten Akteure einschliet. Ob dies von endogenen Initiativen oder neuen gemeinsamen Projekten ausgeht: man wird in einen Prozess kollektiven Lernens eintreten, den Paul Singer und Clarita Mller-Plantenberg erlutern und entwickeln in dem Konzept der Inkubation und Solidarischen konomie, die Eigeninitiative, Selbstbestimmung und Selbstverwaltung von lokalen Gemeinschaften und die ffnung fr eine Neu-Konzeptualisierung und Institutionalisierung einschliet. So ein Prozess ist nur mit einem interdisziplinren Rahmen mglich. Dieser Rahmen soll auf einer zustzlicher Kommunikation zwischen den Akteuren und Sozialwissenschaften beruhen und mit jenen, die auf dem Feld der Technologie arbeiten. So knnen dann technische Experten angesichts eines technischen Projektfehlers, der aufgrund von bestimmten sozialen und kulturellen Realitten zustande kam sagen, es ist kein Scheitern ; es war ein Schritt innerhalb eines Lernprozesse der in die technischen Projekte und Studien einbezogen werden muss. Wir haben das Energiethema gewhlt; und insbesondere, Energie fr eine nachhaltige lndliche Entwicklung in Subsahara-Afrika, um den Weg von der Theorie in die Praxis zu illustrieren und experimentell auszuprobieren, den Weg von den Beobachtungen zu der Vernderung, wobei Fragen, Annahmen, Strategien und konkrete Aktionen fr den Wandel behandelt werden. Wir nennen unseren experimentellen Weg: DRIEE, das heit auf Deutsch Lndliche Entwicklung und Inkubation von Energieunternehmen. Dabei gehen wir davon aus, dass: - Energie im Allgemeinen auf der internationalen Ebene fast gleichbedeutend mit Elektrizitt ist. Heute bestehen die wichtigsten Bedrfnisse nach Energie dort wo die agro-pastorale Produktion, das Kochen, die Nahrungsmittelkonservierung und Verarbeitung etc. stattfindet. - Diese lndliche Bevlkerung zu etwa 80% der nationalen Wirtschaft ausmacht. Dass sie gleichzeitig aber nur zu weniger als 5% der Energieproduktion Zugang hat, was oft auf Licht reduziert ist und nicht einmal ihrer Produktion zugute kommen kann. - Die Projekte fr Energie und Elektrizitt vor allem auf die Technologischen Fragen konzentriert sind und weniger auf die Bedrfnisse. Fast die Gesamtheit der Fonds fr Energie wird in Bezug auf die Investitionen Infrastruktur der Produktion und Verteilung durch die konventionellen zentralisierten Netze geplant. Angesichts dieser Analysen gehen die in dieser Arbeit vorgenommenen Studien in Gambia und Kamerun von Bestandsaufnahmen und / oder beschreibenden regionalen Analysen aus: - von Bedrfnissen, von Praktiken und lokalen Initiativen von Fragen der Energie, fr einzelne Professionen, Haushalte, Gruppen, spezifische Gruppen, wie Frauen, lndliche Gemeinden mit ihren spezifischen Charakteristika. - Von Potentialen: natrliche lokale Energieressourcen, soziokulturelle Ressourcen so z.B. die empirisch feststellbaren menschliche Ressourcen wie endogenes Wissen und praktische organisatorische Fhigkeiten gegenber den Problemen der Energie. Dieser experimentelle Schritt von Handlungsforschung (DRIEE) in Kamerun fhrte zu der Grndung einer Organisation, ber die und mit der wir die Logik der Inkubation und Solidarischen konomie einfhren. Das ist FERDEDSI, das heit auf Deutsch Forum fr Erneuerbare Energie Nachhaltige Entwicklung und Internationale Solidaritt. Zunchst war dies eine Energiegenossenschaft und dann (im Prozess) wurde es zu einer institutionellen Nische von mehreren Mikro Initiativen in lndlichen Gebieten. FERDEDSI ist ein Prozess der Inkubation und ein Inkubator ist also gleichzeitig ein inkubiertes Energieunternehmen aber auch ein Inkubator fr lokale Organisationen. Die ersten Aktionen finden in den Departments von Noun und Mnoua in der westlichen Provinz von Kamerun statt. Whrend der Forschungsperiode findet akademische Austausch statt (Nord-Sd und Sd-Sd), diese ist dabei zu formalen Partnerschaften zu werden, nicht nur zwischen Universitten sondern genauer lokale Organisationen und Universitten. Dieser letzte Typ von Partnerschaften, die die solidarische konomie ausmachen ist auch eine Innovation des Prozesses fr die afrikanischen Flle, die dem Beispiel dessen, was in Lateinamerika geschieht, folgen. So kommt es zu gegenseitiger sinnvoller Ausbildung in den internationalen Arbeitsgruppen und Seminaren der Universitt.
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This study investigated the relationship between higher education and the requirement of the world of work with an emphasis on the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) on graduates' competencies. The implementation of full PBL method is costly (Albanese & Mitchell, 1993; Berkson, 1993; Finucane, Shannon, & McGrath, 2009). However, the implementation of PBL in a less than curriculum-wide mode is more achievable in a broader context (Albanese, 2000). This means higher education institutions implement only a few PBL components in the curriculum. Or a teacher implements a few PBL components at the courses level. For this kind of implementation there is a need to identify PBL components and their effects on particular educational outputs (Hmelo-Silver, 2004; Newman, 2003). So far, however there has been little research about this topic. The main aims of this study were: (1) to identify each of PBL components which were manifested in the development of a valid and reliable PBL implementation questionnaire and (2) to determine the effect of each identified PBL component to specific graduates' competencies. The analysis was based on quantitative data collected in the survey of medicine graduates of Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. A total of 225 graduates responded to the survey. The result of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that all individual constructs of PBL and graduates' competencies had acceptable GOFs (Goodness-of-fit). Additionally, the values of the factor loadings (standardize loading estimates), the AVEs (average variance extracted), CRs (construct reliability), and ASVs (average shared squared variance) showed the proof of convergent and discriminant validity. All values indicated valid and reliable measurements. The investigation of the effects of PBL showed that each PBL component had specific effects on graduates' competencies. Interpersonal competencies were affected by Student-centred learning ( = .137; p < .05) and Small group components ( = .078; p < .05). Problem as stimulus affected Leadership ( = .182; p < .01). Real-world problems affected Personal and organisational competencies ( = .140; p < .01) and Interpersonal competencies ( = .114; p < .05). Teacher as facilitator affected Leadership ( = 142; p < .05). Self-directed learning affected Field-related competencies ( = .080; p < .05). These results can help higher education institution and educator to have informed choice about the implementation of PBL components. With this information higher education institutions and educators could fulfil their educational goals and in the same time meet their limited resources. This study seeks to improve prior studies' research method in four major ways: (1) by indentifying PBL components based on theory and empirical data; (2) by using latent variables in the structural equation modelling instead of using a variable as a proxy of a construct; (3) by using CFA to validate the latent structure of the measurement, thus providing better evidence of validity; and (4) by using graduate survey data which is suitable for analysing PBL effects in the frame work of the relationship between higher education and the world of work.
Resumo:
The challenge of reducing carbon emission and achieving emission target until 2050, has become a key development strategy of energy distribution for each country. The automotive industries, as the important portion of implementing energy requirements, are making some related researches to meet energy requirements and customer requirements. For modern energy requirements, it should be clean, green and renewable. For customer requirements, it should be economic, reliable and long life time. Regarding increasing requirements on the market and enlarged customer quantity, EVs and PHEV are more and more important for automotive manufactures. Normally for EVs and PHEV there are two important key parts, which are battery package and power electronics composing of critical components. A rechargeable battery is a quite important element for achieving cost competitiveness, which is mainly used to story energy and provide continue energy to drive an electric motor. In order to recharge battery and drive the electric motor, power electronics group is an essential bridge to convert different energy types for both of them. In modern power electronics there are many different topologies such as non-isolated and isolated power converters which can be used to implement for charging battery. One of most used converter topology is multiphase interleaved power converter, pri- marily due to its prominent advantages, which is frequently employed to obtain optimal dynamic response, high effciency and compact converter size. Concerning its usage, many detailed investigations regarding topology, control strategy and devices have been done. In this thesis, the core research is to investigate some branched contents in term of issues analysis and optimization approaches of building magnetic component. This work starts with an introduction of reasons of developing EVs and PEHV and an overview of different possible topologies regarding specific application requirements. Because of less components, high reliability, high effciency and also no special safety requirement, non-isolated multiphase interleaved converter is selected as the basic research topology of founded W-charge project for investigating its advantages and potential branches on using optimized magnetic components. Following, all those proposed aspects and approaches are investigated and analyzed in details in order to verify constrains and advantages through using integrated coupled inductors. Furthermore, digital controller concept and a novel tapped-inductor topology is proposed for multiphase power converter and electric vehicle application.
Resumo:
One objective of artificial intelligence is to model the behavior of an intelligent agent interacting with its environment. The environment's transformations can be modeled as a Markov chain, whose state is partially observable to the agent and affected by its actions; such processes are known as partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). While the environment's dynamics are assumed to obey certain rules, the agent does not know them and must learn. In this dissertation we focus on the agent's adaptation as captured by the reinforcement learning framework. This means learning a policy---a mapping of observations into actions---based on feedback from the environment. The learning can be viewed as browsing a set of policies while evaluating them by trial through interaction with the environment. The set of policies is constrained by the architecture of the agent's controller. POMDPs require a controller to have a memory. We investigate controllers with memory, including controllers with external memory, finite state controllers and distributed controllers for multi-agent systems. For these various controllers we work out the details of the algorithms which learn by ascending the gradient of expected cumulative reinforcement. Building on statistical learning theory and experiment design theory, a policy evaluation algorithm is developed for the case of experience re-use. We address the question of sufficient experience for uniform convergence of policy evaluation and obtain sample complexity bounds for various estimators. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms on several domains, the most complex of which is simulated adaptive packet routing in a telecommunication network.
Resumo:
As AI has begun to reach out beyond its symbolic, objectivist roots into the embodied, experientialist realm, many projects are exploring different aspects of creating machines which interact with and respond to the world as humans do. Techniques for visual processing, object recognition, emotional response, gesture production and recognition, etc., are necessary components of a complete humanoid robot. However, most projects invariably concentrate on developing a few of these individual components, neglecting the issue of how all of these pieces would eventually fit together. The focus of the work in this dissertation is on creating a framework into which such specific competencies can be embedded, in a way that they can interact with each other and build layers of new functionality. To be of any practical value, such a framework must satisfy the real-world constraints of functioning in real-time with noisy sensors and actuators. The humanoid robot Cog provides an unapologetically adequate platform from which to take on such a challenge. This work makes three contributions to embodied AI. First, it offers a general-purpose architecture for developing behavior-based systems distributed over networks of PC's. Second, it provides a motor-control system that simulates several biological features which impact the development of motor behavior. Third, it develops a framework for a system which enables a robot to learn new behaviors via interacting with itself and the outside world. A few basic functional modules are built into this framework, enough to demonstrate the robot learning some very simple behaviors taught by a human trainer. A primary motivation for this project is the notion that it is practically impossible to build an "intelligent" machine unless it is designed partly to build itself. This work is a proof-of-concept of such an approach to integrating multiple perceptual and motor systems into a complete learning agent.
