Haja-asutusalueen keskijänniteverkon kaapeloinnin ja automaation suunnittelumetodiikka

Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan erilaisia keskijänniteverkon kehittämismenetelmiä sekä suunnittelua haja-asutusalueelle. Suunnittelumetodiikan perustana on vertailla sähköverkon käyttövarmuuden tunnuslukujen sekä kokonaiskustannusten kehittymistä erilaisilla investointiratkaisuilla. Lähemmässä tarkastelussa ovat erilaiset kaapelointimenetelmät sekä automaatiolaitteet kuten maastoon sijoitettavat katkaisijat sekä kauko-ohjattavat erottimet. Kehittämisratkaisujen vertailemiseksi sähköverkosta muodostetaan laskentaa varten malli, jonka avulla on mahdollista tarkastella mm. käyttövarmuuden tunnuslukujen sekä verkon kustannusten kehittymistä. Verkon kustannuksissa otetaan huomioon investointikustannukset, käyttö- ja kunnossapitokustannukset, viankorjauskustannukset sekä keskeytyskustannukset. Keskeytysten laskentaa varten toteutetaan erilliset laskentalohkot, jotta keskeytyskustannukset saadaan mallinnettua tarkasti. Kaapelointistrategia-analyysissä vertaillaan kaapeloinnin erilaisia toteuttamisperiaatteita. Erilaisia tutkittavia kaapelointimenetelmiä ovat vyörytysmenetelmä, vikaherkimpien kohteiden uusinta, vanhimpien kohteiden uusinta, täydellinen kaapelointi sekä optimiverkostoratkaisu, jossa on hyödynnetty keskijännitejohtojen kaapeloinnin lisäksi mm. automaatioratkaisuja ja 1000 V tekniikkaa. Kaapelointimenetelmiä vertailtaessa on havaittu, että vikaherkimmistä kohteista aloitettava saneeraus tuottaa parhaimman tuloksen, jos optimiratkaisua ei oteta huomioon.

Avoimen AMR-palvelualustan tiedonsiirtomenetelmien selvitys ja analyysi

Sähköenergiamittareiden etälukuun (AMR) siirtyminen on kasvanut Suomessa, kuten muissakin Euroopan maissa viime vuosina merkittävästi. Tavoitteena on, että vuonna 2014 80 % kaikista Suomen sähköenergiamittareista olisi etäluettavia ja rekisteröisivät tunnittaiset kulutustiedot. AMR-tekniikan avulla voidaan toteuttaa myös muita palveluja kulutustietojen rekisteröinnin lisäksi. AMR-mittareiden etäluenta ja niiden kautta siirrettävät signaalit vaativat mittareilta tiedonsiirtotapoja. Työssä tarkastellaan TeliaSoneran AMR-palvelualustan ominaisuuksia ja arkkitehtuuria. Selvitetään AMR-mittareiden toiminnallisia vaatimuksia ja mahdollisia tiedonsiirtotapoja mittareiden ja etäluentajärjestelmän välillä. Arvioidaan näiden selvitysten perusteella ja myös kustannusten kannalta eri tiedonsiirtomenetelmien soveltuvuutta eri ympäristöihin. Lisäksi suoritetaan arviointi ja käytännön laboratoriotestauksia valitulle sähköverkkoa tiedonsiirrossa hyödyntävälle AMR-mittarille. Tavoitteena on selvittää ja analysoida vertailtavan mittarin yhteensopivuutta TeliaSoneran päätelaitteiden ja AMR-palvelualustan kanssa. Analysoidaan näiden tarkasteltavien mittareiden ominaisuuksia ja elinkaarta. Laboratoriotesteillä selvitetään myös tarkasteltavien sähköverkkotiedonsiirto AMRmittareiden häiriösietoisuutta verkossa esiintyviä häiriöitä vastaan. Näiden pohjalta tehdään johtopäätökset ja suositukset.

Learning Preferences with Kernel-Based Methods

Learning of preference relations has recently received significant attention in machine learning community. It is closely related to the classification and regression analysis and can be reduced to these tasks. However, preference learning involves prediction of ordering of the data points rather than prediction of a single numerical value as in case of regression or a class label as in case of classification. Therefore, studying preference relations within a separate framework facilitates not only better theoretical understanding of the problem, but also motivates development of the efficient algorithms for the task. Preference learning has many applications in domains such as information retrieval, bioinformatics, natural language processing, etc. For example, algorithms that learn to rank are frequently used in search engines for ordering documents retrieved by the query. Preference learning methods have been also applied to collaborative filtering problems for predicting individual customer choices from the vast amount of user generated feedback. In this thesis we propose several algorithms for learning preference relations. These algorithms stem from well founded and robust class of regularized least-squares methods and have many attractive computational properties. In order to improve the performance of our methods, we introduce several non-linear kernel functions. Thus, contribution of this thesis is twofold: kernel functions for structured data that are used to take advantage of various non-vectorial data representations and the preference learning algorithms that are suitable for different tasks, namely efficient learning of preference relations, learning with large amount of training data, and semi-supervised preference learning. Proposed kernel-based algorithms and kernels are applied to the parse ranking task in natural language processing, document ranking in information retrieval, and remote homology detection in bioinformatics domain. Training of kernel-based ranking algorithms can be infeasible when the size of the training set is large. This problem is addressed by proposing a preference learning algorithm whose computation complexity scales linearly with the number of training data points. We also introduce sparse approximation of the algorithm that can be efficiently trained with large amount of data. For situations when small amount of labeled data but a large amount of unlabeled data is available, we propose a co-regularized preference learning algorithm. To conclude, the methods presented in this thesis address not only the problem of the efficient training of the algorithms but also fast regularization parameter selection, multiple output prediction, and cross-validation. Furthermore, proposed algorithms lead to notably better performance in many preference learning tasks considered.

Construção e aplicação de eletrodo de aço inoxidável UNS S31254 como eletrodo indicador em titulações condutimétricas

UNS S31254 SS electrodes have been built to substitute platinum in conductimetric titrations. The electrodes were tested in both acid-basic titration (chloridric acid and sodium hydroxide) and precipitation titration (sodium chloride and argentum nitrate as titrant). The practical application was exemplified from conductimetric tritations of HF ¾ HNO3 mixtures used in metalurgical industry to passivate stainless steels. The results were compared with those obtained using commercial platinum electrodes. The equivalent volumes obtained were comparable within 3% experimental error. Its application depends on the nature of electrolyte. These results have shown that stainless steel, less expensive than platinum (about three order of magnitude), can substitute platinum electrodes in routine analyses and didactic laboratories.

Um banho termostático de baixo custo (temperatura ambiente até 0ºC)

Thermal baths to decrease ambient temperature are an indispensable tool for most research and teaching laboratories, especially those in tropical or equatorial regions. A simple and inexpensive thermal bath has been developed based on a scratched compressor. It has three possible setups for cooling: sample immersed into the bath, sample flowing through the bath, and cooling liquid flowing in a jacket around the sample. It has been tested for 40 months. The temperature ranges from room temperature to 0 °C, when using water. The repeatability is better than 3% and the precision varies from 0.5% to 2%.

Relato de uma experiência pedagógica no ensino de química: formação profissional com responsabilidade ambiental

The toxic heavy metals can not be transformed in other less toxic substances as organic wastes through chemical process. Various chemistry courses at Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Humanities (FFCLRP/USP) use heavy metals in their experimental classes. In this context, a course were created: "Heavy Metal Wastes generated in the teaching and research laboratories: disposal or recovery" and has a specific goal to capacitate the students to define the adequate strategy for disposal or recovery of the chemical wastes, in particular heavy metals, through an interdisciplinary approaching. This course was given to 25 students during the second semester of 2000 and 2001. The environmental responsibility desired for the professional and citizen can be promoted.

Hidrogenação de compostos orgânicos utilizando método eletroquímico para geração de hidrogênio in situ: hidrogenação eletrocatalítica

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (HEC) may be compared to catalytic hydrogenation (HC). The difference between these methods is the hydrogen source: HC needs a hydrogen gas supply; HEC needs a source of protons (solvent) to be reduced at a cathode surface. HEC has presented interesting advances in the last decades due to investigation of the influence of the supporting electrolyte, co-solvent, surfactant, presence of inert gas and the composition of the electrode on the reaction. Several classes of organic compounds have been hydrogenated through HEC: olefins, ketones, aldehydes, aromatics, polyaromatics and nitro-compounds. This paper shows some details about the HEC which may be regarded as a promising technique for the hydrogenation of organic compounds both in industrial processes and in laboratories.

Interfaces com a indústria

Brazilian chemical industries face several problems regarding Research, Development and Innovation (RDI). The present paper shows that simple cooperation between chemical industries and university laboratories can be a way to overcome some of the present difficulties. The work carried out at LABOCAT has several industrial interfaces. It involves, among other areas of RDI, the development of anti-HIV-protease (and other virus-related-protease) drugs, the establishment of new (industrial) chemical processes and the implementation of industrial (biodiesel and related) plants. A model based on the present so called RHAE programme is proposed in which, parallel to the fellowship awards of this programme, financing participation of Brazilian Agencies would cover process development.

Integración de visualización científica molecular en el salón de clases

For some years, Chemistry teachers have used scientific visualization software of molecular models in computing rooms and chemistry laboratories for educational purposes. However, its application in classrooms has been limited. This article describes the integration and use of computer programs for scientific molecular visualization in a traditional classroom. We consider that the improvement of technical aspects of their application and use (usability) has a direct effect on students' understanding of molecular structures (including students' extrinsic motivation), among other factors. Consequently, we developed a guide for the integration of hardware and software of molecular visualization for its use in the classroom.

Comparação interlaboratorial para análise de dureza total e cloreto em água

Interlaboratorial comparison of the determination of hardness and chloride in water had been performed by 38 and 37 laboratories, respectively. In all cases the participating laboratories used its routine methods. Homogeneity and stability testing were performed on the samples sent to the laboratories. The codified results are graphically reported and compared to assigned value, determined by the consensus of the laboratories. Satisfactory results were obtained for 71 and 73% of the laboratories, considering hardness and chloride determination, respectively.

Eletrização de dielétricos: novas propostas para resolver velhos problemas

Electrostatic phenomena were discovered long ago but their interpretation according to well-established atomic-molecular theory is still lacking. As a result, electrostatic phenomena are often irreproducible and uncontrolled, causing serious practical problems. Highly reproducible recent experimental results on electrostatic charging from this and other laboratories are reviewed in this work, together with a description of the relevant but not so usual Kelvin probe and Faraday cup techniques. These results support a new model for electrostatic charging of dielectrics and insulated metals, based on the role of moist atmosphere as a charge reservoir.

Um sistema microcontrolado para o monitoramento on-line, in situ e remoto de pH, condutividade e temperatura de águas

A portable microcontrolled system is proposed to monitor conductivity, temperature and pH in on-line, in situ and remote way from a water reservoir faraway 200 m. The system comprises two modules: one for data reception (located in laboratory) and another for data acquisition/transmission (located near water reservoir). It uses a microcontroller and a transceiver to remote data transmission/reception by radio frequency. Variations of water parameters were simultaneously monitored without interruption during a period of ten hours with a relative error about 4.0 %. The developed system showed simple, stable, accurate, robust and low-cost to determine parameters of water in field.

Estatística aplicada à química: dez dúvidas comuns

Ten common doubts of chemistry students and professionals about their statistical applications are discussed. The use of the N-1 denominator instead of N is described for the standard deviation. The statistical meaning of the denominators of the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of validation (RMSEV) are given for researchers using multivariate calibration methods. The reason why scientists and engineers use the average instead of the median is explained. Several problematic aspects about regression and correlation are treated. The popular use of triplicate experiments in teaching and research laboratories is seen to have its origin in statistical confidence intervals. Nonparametric statistics and bootstrapping methods round out the discussion.

Keskijänniteverkon käyttövarmuuden parantaminen verkostoautomaatiolla

Tässä työssä tutkitaan maastokatkaisijoiden ja kauko-ohjattavien erottimien kannattavia sijoituskohteita keskijänniteverkkoon. Kannattavuutta lasketaan kannattavuuslaskennalla, jonka lopputuloksena saadaan automaatiolaitteiden aiheuttama keskeytyskustannussäästö. Saaduille keskeytyskustannussäästöille lasketaan investoinnin takaisinmaksuaika, joka määrää kohteiden tärkeysjärjestyksen. Lisäksi tarkastellaan verkostomuutosten vaikutusta automaatiolaitteiden kannattavuuteen. Kannattavuuslaskentaa varten keskijänniteverkko jaetaan vyöhykkeisiin. Vyöhykkeiden avulla huomioidaan olemassa olevien kauko-ohjattavien erottimien ja varasyöttöjen vaikutukset. Laskentaparametrit määritetään yhtiön tilastoista. Tutkimuksessa on esitetty automaatiolaitteiden kannattavuuslaskentaa esimerkkikohteiden avulla, jotka on valittu keskijänniteverkon rakenteen perusteella. Maastokatkaisijoille ja kauko-ohjattaville erottimille löytyi paljon kannattavia sijoituskohteita. Maastokatkaisijalle havaittu lisäominaisuus parantaa sen kannattavuutta entisestään. Automaatiolaitteiden aiheuttamat keskeytyskustannussäästöt riippuvat siirrettävästä tehosta, vikataajuuksista ja keskeytyskustannusten arvoista, joiden vaikutusta on kuvattu herkkyystarkasteluilla.

Paikkatietojärjestelmien ja kaukokartoituksen integraatio

Kirjallisuusarvostelu