Increased therapeutic window for the R91W mutant form of Rpe65 compared to Rpe65 null backgroud

Purpose:Given the advances of gene therapy studies to cure RPE65-derived Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) (clinical trials phase I) and the heterogeneity of the targeted patients both genetically and phenotypically, it is of prime importance to examine the rescue efficiency of gene transfer in different mutant contexts. Indeed, half of these mutations are missense mutations, leading to potential residual RPE65 activity. Consequently, we wanted to evaluate the effect on retinal activity and cone survival of lentivirus-mediated gene therapy in the R91W knock-in mouse model expressing the mutant Rpe65R91W gene (Samardzija et al. 2008), a mutation found in LCA patients. Notably we investigated whether if the therapeutic window is prolonged in comparison to null mutations. Methods:An HIV-1-derived lentiviral vector (LV) expressing either the GFP or the mouse Rpe65 cDNA under the control of a 0.8 kb fragment of the human Rpe65 promoter (R0.8) was produced by transient transfection of 293T cells. LV-R0.8-RPE65 or GFP was injected into 5-days-old (P5) or 1 month-old R91W mice. Functional rescue was assessed by ERG (1 and 4 months post-injection) and pupillary light response (PLR) recordings and cone survival by histological analysis. Results:Increased light sensitivity was detected by scotopic ERG in animals injected with LV-R0.8-RPE65 at both P5 and 1 month compared to GFP-treated animals or untreated mice. PLR was also improved in some eyes and histological analysis of cone markers showed that the density of cones reached the wild type level in the region of wt RPE65 delivery after treatment at P5. However, the rescue effect of the injection at 1 month was limited and attained 60% of the wild type level, but still more cones were observed in the treated area than in 1 month-old untreated Rpe65R91W mice. Conclusions:We were able to show that lentivirus-mediated Rpe65 gene transfer not only increases retinal activity of the Rpe65R91W mouse and survival of cones after treatment at P5 but also after treatment at 1 month. However even if the treatment at 1 month is more limited (60% of the wild type level) than treatment at P5, the amount of cone markers is increased compared to the proportion found at 1 month of age in untreated animals. This results contrast with the lack of cone rescue by treatment at 1 month of age in Rpe65-/- (Bemelmans et al, 2006). Thus patient suffering from R91W mutation might benefit from a prolonged therapeutic window.

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities for Week Ending, April 4, 2008

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities

Población de concha de abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) en el área de Chimbote. 27 noviembre a 08 diciembre 1996

Resultados del crucero de evaluación de concha de abanico, realizado en el área de Chimbote (9° a 9°21 ' S: Isla Santa, Bahía Samanco y Bahía Los Chimus), del 27 de noviembre al 08 de diciembre de 1996. Se efectuaron 144 estaciones biológicas distribuidas en cuatro estratos de profundidad y 47 estaciones oceanográficas. Las densidades y biomasas se calcularon con el método de muestreo estratificado al azar. Las tallas fluctuaron entre 5 y 102 mm de altura de la valva, moda 54 mm y media 51,9 mm. Los ejemplares de tallas comerciales (=65 mm) representaron el 16,3% de la población y el 32,4% de la biomasa; los juveniles o semillas (=25 mm), el 10,4% y 0,2% respectivamente. Predominaron individuos desovantes (52,9%) y madurantes (31,7%), con inmaduros (10,1%), desovados (4,8%) y en recuperación (0,5%). El mayor rendimiento para ejemplares de tallas comerciales fue encontrado en la Bahía de Samanco (índice 1:8:7) y para el total de ejemplares el índice fue de 1:8:6. La disponibilidad del recurso fue baja, con una densidad media de 0,225 ejemplares/m2 y una biomasa media de 0,007 kg/m2. La biomasa total se estimó en 18,9 t (±66,4%) y la población en 573.984 individuos (±46,9%). En toda el área de estudio se observó la presencia de Aguas Costeras Frías.

The IFNL3/4 16;G variant increases susceptibility to cytomegalovirus retinitis among HIV-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness among patients with uncontrolled HIV infections. Whereas polymorphisms in interferon-lambda 3 (IFNL3, previously named IL28B) strongly influence the clinical course of hepatitis C, few studies examined the role of such polymorphisms in infections due to viruses other than hepatitis C virus. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association of newly identified IFNL3/4 variant rs368234815 with susceptibility to CMV-associated retinitis in a cohort of HIV-infected patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal study included 4884 white patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, among whom 1134 were at risk to develop CMV retinitis (CD4 nadir <100 /μl and positive CMV serology). The association of CMV-associated retinitis with rs368234815 was assessed by cumulative incidence curves and multivariate Cox regression models, using the estimated date of HIV infection as a starting point, with censoring at death and/or lost follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals among 1134 patients at risk developed CMV retinitis. The minor allele of rs368234815 was associated with a higher risk of CMV retinitis (log-rank test P = 0.007, recessive mode of inheritance). The association was still significant in a multivariate Cox regression model (hazard ratio 2.31, 95% confidence interval 1.09-4.92, P = 0.03), after adjustment for CD4 nadir and slope, HAART and HIV-risk groups. CONCLUSION: We reported for the first time an association between an IFNL3/4 polymorphism and susceptibility to AIDS-related CMV retinitis. IFNL3/4 may influence immunity against viruses other than HCV.

Distribución y biomasa de algunos recursos pelágicos peruanos. Verano 2005

El crucero de evaluación hidroacústica de recursos pelágicos 0502-04, se realizó de Tumbes a Tacna en los BICs Olaya y SNP2 del 20 febrero al 4 abril 2005. Se utilizó el método de muestreo establecido por el IMARPE para este tipo de estudios.

Avaliação da estimativa de substituição de Fe por Al em hematitas de solos

Hematitas de nove solos e uma de itabirito foram tratadas com NaOH 5 mol L-1 e analisadas por difratometria de raios X (DRX), usando varredura escalonada (0,02°2θ/20 s). Determinaram-se o espaçamento d e as dimensões a0 e c0 da cela unitária. As amostras foram dissolvidas com ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato de sódio (DCB), para determinar os teores de Fe (Fe d) e Al (Al d). A substituição em Al foi estimada por DRX a partir de a0, usando-se regressões correntemente em uso, baseadas em hematitas sintetizadas a 25°C (Al25) e a 70°C (Al70). Ao parâmetro a0, variando de 0,50380 a 0,50200 nm, correspondeu uma amplitude de zero a 0,125 mol mol-1 Al d. Os valores estimados pela regressão entre a0 e Al d desviaram-se da regressão Al70 por -0,003 a +0,009 mol mol-1 Al, enquanto a regressão baseada em Al25 superestimou a substituição, em média, por 0,03 mol mol-1 Al. Os resultados indicaram que, para a estimativa da substituição de Fe por Al em hematitas de solos por DRX, a regressão estabelecida com hematitas sintetizadas a 70°C (Al mol mol-1 = 31,09 - 61,714a0) é a mais adequada.

La Pesca artesanal marina en la Región La Libertad, Perú

En la Región La Libertad se encuentran asentadas 11 comunidades pesqueras artesanales y 21 organizaciones de pescadores artesanales legalmente registradas, con un total de 1191 integrantes además de un número semejante de pescadores artesanales informales. Se reconocieron 9 artes y aparejos de pesca, así como la extracción manual y por buceo. El arte de pesca más utilizado es la red cortina, con tamaños de malla que varían de 4 - 36 cm. El aparejo más utilizado es el espinel de superficie con tamaños de anzuelo desde el número 1 al 5. La flota artesanal está compuesta por 4 tipos de embarcaciones: lancha, bote, chalana y caballito de totora. La capacidad de bodega varía de 0,5 t a 20 t, mientras que los caballitos de totora su capacidad de carga es de 100 k. Se identificaron 31 especies de macroalgas marinas siendo Chondracanthus chamissoi (yuyo) y Gracilariopsis lemanaeformis (pelillo) de importancia económica. En invertebrados marinos se identificaron 69 especies, de las cuales 68 especies son costeras y 1 es oceánica Dosidicus gigas (pota). De las especies costeras, 9 son de importancia comercial: Platyxanthus orbignyi (cangrejo violáceo), Stramonita chocolata (caracol negro), Octopus mimus (pulpo), Argopecten purpuratus (concha de abanico), Semele solida y S.corrugata (almeja), Emerita analoga (muy muy), Pattalus mollis (pepino de mar), Donax sp. (palabritas). Se identificaron 112 especies de peces, 89 de ellas corresponden a peces óseos y 23 a cartilaginosos.

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities for Week Ending, September 4, 2009

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities

Endothelin-1-induced spreading depression in rats is associated with a microarea of selective neuronal necrosis.

Two different theories of migraine aura exist: In the vascular theory of Wolff, intracerebral vasoconstriction causes migraine aura via energy deficiency, whereas in the neuronal theory of Leão and Morison, spreading depression (SD) initiates the aura. Recently, it has been shown that the cerebrovascular constrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) elicits SD when applied to the cortical surface, a finding that could provide a bridge between the vascular and the neuronal theories of migraine aura. Several arguments support the notion that ET-1-induced SD results from local vasoconstriction, but definite proof is missing. If ET-1 induces SD via vasoconstriction/ischemia, then neuronal damage is likely to occur, contrasting with the fact that SD in the otherwise normal cortex is not associated with any lesion. To test this hypothesis, we have performed a comprehensive histologic study of the effects of ET-1 when applied topically to the cerebral cortex of halothane-anesthetized rats. Our assessment included histologic stainings and immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock protein 70, and transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. During ET-1 application, we recorded (i) subarachnoid direct current (DC) electroencephalogram, (ii) local cerebral blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry, and (iii) changes of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin by spectroscopy. At an ET-1 concentration of 1 muM, at which only 6 of 12 animals generated SD, a microarea with selective neuronal death was found only in those animals demonstrating SD. In another five selected animals, which had not shown SD in response to ET-1, SD was triggered at a second cranial window by KCl and propagated from there to the window exposed to ET-1. This treatment also resulted in a microarea of neuronal damage. In contrast, SD invading from outside did not induce neuronal damage in the absence of ET-1 (n = 4) or in the presence of ET-1 if ET-1 was coapplied with BQ-123, an ET(A) receptor antagonist (n = 4). In conclusion, SD in presence of ET-1 induced a microarea of selective neuronal necrosis no matter where the SD originated. This effect of ET-1 appears to be mediated by the ET(A) receptor.

Interactions between magnesium, calcium, and aluminum on soybean root elongation

Alleviation of Al rhizotoxicity by Ca and Mg can differ among species and genotypes. Root elongation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] line N93-S-179 and cvs. Young and Ransom exposed to varying concentrations of Al, Ca and Mg were compared in two experiments using a vertically split root system. Roots extending from a surface compartment with limed soil grew for 12 days into a subsurface compartment with nutrient solution treatments maintained at pH 4.6 with either 0 or 15 µmol L-1 Al. Calcium and Mg concentrations in treatments ranging from 0 to 20 mmol L-1. Although an adequate supply of Mg was provided in the surface soil compartment for soybean top growth, an inclusion of Mg was necessary in the subsurface solutions to promote root elongation in both the presence and absence of Al. In the absence of Al in the subsurface solution, tap root length increased by 74 % and lateral root length tripled when Mg in the solutions was increased from 0 to either 2 or 10 mmol L-1. In the presence of 15 µmol L-1 Al, additions of 2 or 10 mmol L-1 Mg increased tap root length fourfold and lateral root length by a factor of 65. This high efficacy of Mg may have masked differences in Al tolerance between genotypes N93 and Young. Magnesium was more effective than Ca in alleviating Al rhizotoxicity, and its ameliorative properties could not be accounted for by estimated electrostatic changes in root membrane potential and Al3+ activity at the root surface. The physiological mechanisms of Mg alleviation of Al injury in roots, however, are not known.

Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability

Background: The NDI, COM and NPQ are evaluation instruments for disability due to NP. There was no Spanish version of NDI or COM for which psychometric characteristics were known. The objectives of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index Questionnaire (NDI), and the Core Outcome Measure (COM), to validate its use in Spanish speaking patients with non-specific neck pain (NP), and to compare their psychometric characteristics with those of the Spanish version of the Northwick Pain Questionnaire (NPQ).Methods: Translation/re-translation of the English versions of the NDI and the COM was done blindly and independently by a multidisciplinary team. The study was done in 9 primary care Centers and 12 specialty services from 9 regions in Spain, with 221 acute, subacute and chronic patients who visited their physician for NP: 54 in the pilot phase and 167 in the validation phase. Neck pain (VAS), referred pain (VAS), disability (NDI, COM and NPQ), catastrophizing (CSQ) and quality of life (SF-12) were measured on their first visit and 14 days later. Patients' self-assessment was used as the external criterion for pain and disability. In the pilot phase, patients' understanding of each item in the NDI and COM was assessed, and on day 1 test-retest reliability was estimated by giving a second NDI and COM in which the name of the questionnaires and the order of the items had been changed.Results: Comprehensibility of NDI and COM were good. Minutes needed to fill out the questionnaires [median, (P25, P75)]: NDI. 4 (2.2, 10.0), COM: 2.1 (1.0, 4.9). Reliability: [ICC, (95%CI)]: NDI: 0.88 (0.80, 0.93). COM: 0.85 (0.75,0.91). Sensitivity to change: Effect size for patients having worsened, not changed and improved between days 1 and 15, according to the external criterion for disability: NDI: -0.24, 0.15, 0.66; NPQ: -0.14, 0.06, 0.67; COM: 0.05, 0.19, 0.92. Validity: Results of NDI, NPQ and COM were consistent with the external criterion for disability, whereas only those from NDI were consistent with the one for pain. Correlations with VAS, CSQ and SF-12 were similar for NDI and NPQ (absolute values between 0.36 and 0.50 on day 1, between 0.38 and 0.70 on day 15), and slightly lower for COM (between 0.36 and 0.48 on day 1, and between 0.33 and 0.61 on day 15). Correlation between NDI and NPQ: r = 0.84 on day 1, r = 0.91 on day 15. Correlation between COM and NPQ: r = 0.63 on day 1, r = 0.71 on day 15.Conclusion: Although most psychometric characteristics of NDI, NPQ and COM are similar, those from the latter one are worse and its use may lead to patients' evolution seeming more positive than it actually is. NDI seems to be the best instrument for measuring NP-related disability, since its results are the most consistent with patient's assessment of their own clinical status and evolution. It takes two more minutes to answer the NDI than to answer the COM, but it can be reliably filled out by the patient without assistance.

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities, March 4, 2011

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities, March 4, 2011, Part II

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities

Cloning of an interferon-gamma regulated human melanoma-associated antigen: identity to the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1.

The human melanoma-associated antigen identified by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Me14-D12 is a cell surface protein whose expression is induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We have recently reported the molecular cloning of a genomic probe specific for the gene and mRNA of this protein. By screening with the genomic probe, we have now isolated a full length 3.0 kb cDNA from a Raji cell line-derived lambda-gt10 library. Sequence analysis of this cDNA showed a 99.8% homology with the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Mouse Ltk- cells stably transfected with the human cDNA clone were found to express the ICAM-1 antigenic determinants detected by mAb Me14-D12 and a reference anti-ICAM-1 mAb, as judged by surface immunofluorescence. Immunoprecipitation of surface-iodinated proteins with mAb Me14-D12 revealed the presence of a 90 kD molecule with identical mobility to ICAM-1. In addition, mAb Me14-D12 could inhibit the phorbolester-stimulated aggregation of U937 cells. The findings show that the human melanoma-associated Me14-D12 antigen is the adhesion molecule ICAM-1.