Sub-mm wet etched linear to circular polarization fss based polarization converters

This communication investigates the potential for fabrication of micromachined silicon sub-millimeter wave periodic arrays of freestanding slot frequency selective surfaces (FSS) using wet etch KOH technology. The vehicle for this is an FSS for generating circularly polarized signals from an incident linearly polarized signal at normal incidence to the structure. Principal issues and fabrication processes involved from the initial design of the core FSS structures to be made and tested through to their final testing are addressed. Measured and simulated results for crossed and ring slot element shapes in single and double layer polarization convertor structures are presented for sub-mm wave operation. It is shown that 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of 21% can be achieved with the one layer perforated screen design and that the rate of change is lower than the double layer structures. An insertion loss of 1.1 dB can be achieved for the split circular ring double layer periodic array. These results are shown to be compatible with the more specialized fabrication equipment dry reactive ion etching approach previously used for the construction of this type of structure. © 2011 IEEE.

Origin of Low CO2 Selectivity on Platinum in the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

Calculated answer: First-principles calculations have been applied to calculate the energy barrier for the key step in CO formation on a Pt surface (see picture; Pt blue, Pt atoms on step edge yellow) to understand the low CO2 selectivity in the direct ethanol fuel cell. The presence of surface oxidant species such as O (brown bar) and OH (red bar) led to an increase of the energy barrier and thus an inhibition of the key step. © 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Aerospace Stiffened Panel Initial Sizing With Novel Skin Sub-Stiffening Features

The introduction of skin sub-stiffening features has the potential to modify the local stability and fatigue crack growth performance of stiffened panels. Proposed herein is a method to enable initial static strength sizing of panels with such skin sub-stiffening features. The method uses bespoke skin buckling coefficients, automatically generated by Finite Element analysis and thus limits the modification to the conventional aerospace panel initial sizing process. The approach is demonstrated herein and validated for prismatic sub-stiffening features. Moreover, examination of the generated buckling coefficient data illustrates the influence of skin sub-stiffening on buckling behavior, with static strength increases typically corresponding to a reduction in the number of initial skin longitudinal buckle half-waves.

The assimilation and chronic effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Endosulfan on condition and spawning in the common mussel Mytilus edulis

The rate of uptake of Endosulfan by Mytilus edulis L. exposed to pesticide concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/l, and its subsequent elution on removal to clean sea water, was investigated. Higher residue levels were recorded for mussels exposed to higher concentrations of the pesticide, but concentration factors were reduced. There was a rapid initial fall in tissue residue levels on transfer to clean sea water due, it is suggested, to elution of Endosulfan adsorbed on particulate matter assimilated in the gut. The spawning period was prolonged at higher concentrations and, at 1.0 mg/l, the onset of spawning was delayed, possibly due to interference with gamonic action. At 0.1 mg/l, the minor protraction of the spawning period may reflect the effect of experimental tank conditions. No seasonal trend was obvious, and there was an exaggeration of the expected fall in condition in mussels exposed to higher concentrations of Endosulfan. In controls, the expected seasonal trend was reduced.

Sub-lethal effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons on bivalves

Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are now present in low concentration in most waters. While generally not causing direct mortality so far as we know, they may well have sub-lethal effects, reducing the health and viability of marine organisms. In this study the effect of Endosulfan, DDT and dieldrin on respiration, heart beat and burrowing of some marine bivalves has been examined.

Hybrid methods for witnessing entanglement in a microscopic-macroscopic system

We propose a hybrid approach to the experimental assessment of the genuine quantum features of a general system consisting of microscopic and macroscopic parts. We infer entanglement by combining dichotomic measurements on a bidimensional system and phase-space inference through the Wigner distribution associated with the macroscopic component of the state. As a benchmark, we investigate the feasibility of our proposal in a bipartite-entangled state composed of a single-photon and a multiphoton field. Our analysis shows that, under ideal conditions, maximal violation of a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt-based inequality is achievable regardless of the number of photons in the macroscopic part of the state. The difficulty in observing entanglement when losses and detection inefficiency are included can be overcome by using a hybrid entanglement witness that allows efficient correction for losses in the few-photon regime.

Retention of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by H3PO4-activated lignin: Effect of salts and desorption studies

In this study, the feasibility of using H₃PO₄-activated lignin for hexavalent chromium adsorption has been investigated. The composite of activated lignin was characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM with EDAX analysis. It was observed that the pH had a strong effect on the adsorption capacity; adsorption of Cr(VI) was more favorable at acidic pH with maximum uptake at pH 2. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by Koble-Corrigan isotherm. The monolayer sorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model was found to be 77.85 mg/g. Adsorption showed pseudo-second order rate kinetics and the process involving the rate-controlling step is complex as it involves both film and intraparticle diffusion processes. The NaOH desorbing agent was able to release approximately 84% of metal ions. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the sorption process is exothermic and non-spontaneous. The overall Cr(VI) retention on the activated lignin surface perhaps includes both the physical adsorption of Cr(VI) and the consequent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of atorvastatin on circulating hsCRP concentrations: A sub-study of the Achieve Cholesterol Targets Fast with Atorvastatin Stratified Titration (ACTFAST) study

Background: Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is a risk factor for cardiovascular events that may add prognostic information. Statin treatment is associated with significant reductions in CRP concentrations, which appear to be unrelated to the magnitude of LDL-cholesterol reduction. We investigated the effect of atorvastatin, across its dose range, on high sensitivity (hs)CRP in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: ACTFAST was a 12 week, prospective, multicenter, open-label trial in which high-risk subjects were assigned a starting dose of atorvastatin (10, 20, 40 or 80 mg/d) based on LDL-C and status of statin use at screening (1345 statin-free [ SF] and 772 previously statin-treated [ST]). Results: At baseline, ST subjects had significantly lower hsCRP levels than SF subjects (ST group 2.31, 95% CI 2.15, 2.48 mg/L vs. SF group 3.16, 95% CI 2.98, 3.34 mg/L, p

WASP-34b: a near-grazing transiting sub-Jupiter-mass exoplanet in a hierarchical triple system

We report the discovery of WASP-34b, a sub-Jupiter-mass exoplanet transiting its 10.4-magnitude solar-type host star (1SWASP J110135.89-235138.4; TYC 6636-540-1) every 4.3177 days in a slightly eccentric orbit (e = 0.038±0.012). We find a planetary mass of 0.59±0.01 MJup and radius of 1.22-0.08+0.11 RJup. There is a linear trend in the radial velocities of 55±4 m s-1 y-1 indicating the presence of a long-period third body in the system with a mass ?0.45 MJup at a distance of ?1.2 AU from the host star. This third-body is either a low-mass star, a white dwarf, or another planet. The transit depth ((RP/Rstar)2 = 0.0126) and high impact parameter (b = 0.90) suggest that this could be the first known transiting exoplanet expected to undergo grazing transits, but with a confidence of only 80%. Radial velocity and photometric data are only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/526/A130

Early-type stars observed in the ESO UVES Paranal Observatory Project - III. Sub-parsec and AU-scale structure in the interstellar medium

UVES interstellar observations from the Paranal Observatory Project are presented for early-type stars located in the line of sight to the nearby open clusters IC 2391 (Omni Vel) and NGC 6475 (M7), with spectroscopic resolution R similar to 80 000 and signal-to-noise ratios in the Ti II (3383 angstrom), Ca II K, CH+ (4232 angstrom), Na I D and K I (7698 angstrom) lines of several hundred. The sightlines are a mixture of cluster and non-cluster objects. A total of 22 early-type stars (A and B type) are present in our sample towards IC 2391, with 21 towards NGC 6475/M7, and enable us to probe for differences in column density on scales from similar to 0.07 to 7.3 and similar to 0.05 to 4.9 pc in the respective clusters. Additionally, towards Praesepe the Na I D interstellar variation only is probed towards 13 sightlines and transverse scales of similar to 0.16-10.7 pc at R = 70 000. Towards IC 2391 variations are found in Ti II, Ca II K and Na I D column density in different sightlines of up to 0.7, 1.0 and 1.8 dex (excluding one star), respectively. This kind of variability correlates well with the Hipparcos parallax of the objects, and probes structure within the Local Bubble. For cluster-only objects the variations are 0.3, 0.3 and 0.5 dex, respectively. For the field of view towards NGC6475 the corresponding maximum variations are somewhat smaller, being 0.5, 0.3, 0.8 and 1.0 dex for Ti II, Ca II K, Na I and K I, respectively, for all objects and 0.4, 0.2, 0.6 and 0.7 dex for the cluster-only objects. These are uncorrelated with parallax, and again demonstrate that Ca II K tends to be more smoothly distributed than Na I D. A few likely cluster sightlines show evidence for CH+ and variations in this molecular species of a factor of 10 in equivalent width over sub-pc scales. Towards Praesepe variation in interstellar Na I D is small, being a maximum of only similar to 0.4 dex (including measurement errors), but with fewer sightlines studied. Overall, the scatter in the data is similar for the singly ionized species Ti II and Ca II, lending more support to the hypothesis that these two species sample similar parts of the interstellar medium (ISM). This also appears to be the case for the neutral species Na I D and K I in the one cluster studied. Finally, multiple-epoch observations from a variety of archive sources are used to search for astronomical unit (au) scale structure in the ISM towards 46 sightlines. There are tentative indications of structure on scales of tens to thousands of au for three sightlines. Future observations will confirm the veracity or otherwise of the time-variable components and others presented.