Conveniencia de que el sector público pague la tarifa 12% del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA)

El principal objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si es o no conveniente para los intereses del país que el sector público pague la tarifa 12% del IVA. A partir de esta premisa se han generado un sinnúmero de controversias en la esfera tributaria y en torno a ellas ha existido una serie de reformas especialmente a partir de finales de los años 80, ya que para muchos no es conveniente que este sector pague el IVA, pero de acuerdo a las políticas del Servicio de Rentas Internas (SRI), este tema viene a constituirse en un pilar de indudable importancia en el aspecto de control, porque se convierte en un vehículo para llegar a los proveedores del sector público; puesto que con el pago del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) las instituciones públicas tienen derecho a la devolución del mismo y esta se constituye en un proceso de control y cruce de información de enorme valía para la gestión de la Administración Tributaria. En primera instancia se realizará una revisión de la historia del Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA) a nivel mundial y en nuestro país; se analizarán los períodos con la Tarifa 12% y 0% del IVA para el Sector Público y su normativa. Otro tema a analizar es la devolución del IVA al Sector Público, estudio mediante el cual podremos visualizar los procedimientos por medio de los cuales la Administración Tributaria lleva a cabo una de sus potestades (ejercer las funciones de control, inspección y fiscalización del cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias, de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico tributario); esta investigación nos llevará a despejar muchas dudas que en ningún nivel han sido resueltas, aquí serán analizadas las recaudaciones obtenidas en los períodos en los que el sector público ha pagado la tarifa 12% del IVA y los períodos en los cuales ha tenido tarifa 0%, así como su incidencia en el presupuesto general del Estado.

Los negocios virtuales frente a la ley tributaria vigente

¿La Ley tributaria vigente regula y controla los negocios virtuales? El mundo globalizado y el avance tecnológico vertiginoso han generado nuevas formas de negocios, un ejemplo de ello es el comercio electrónico el mismo que en el Ecuador está regulado por la Ley de Comercio Electrónico, Firmas Electrónicas y Mensajes de Datos del Ecuador, publicada el 17 de abril del 2002 en el Registro Oficial No. 557. La rapidez con la que aumenta el uso del comercio electrónico, lleva consigo el crecimiento desmesurado de las actividades comerciales, es la herramienta que hoy en día dinamiza la economía de los Estados. El comercio electrónico no solo contempla el hecho de comprar y vender un bien o un servicio, va más allá, su aplicación cubre otros ámbitos, como es el caso de la Administración Tributaria representada por el Servicio de Rentas Internas (SRI), lo utiliza como una herramienta tecnológica para brindar y mejorar los servicios a los contribuyentes. Todos estos acontecimientos nos llevan a preguntarnos, ¿la ley tributaria vigente contempla la regulación y el control de esta forma de comercio? Que al igual que el comercio tradicional generan tributos. El acceso a internet y las actividades que se derivan de su utilización, no son ajenas a los ecuatorianos, que cada día crecen, igual como crecen las compras virtuales que éstos realizan a través del comercio electrónico. Este trabajo de investigación presenta el análisis a la evolución del comercio electrónico, su base legal y demás leyes relacionadas, al acelerado crecimiento de usuarios que han incursionado en las compras electrónicas, y si éstas, están reguladas por la ley tributaria vigente, los medios de pago concluyendo con el impacto causado a nivel global y local.

Comparing rice production systems: A challenge for agronomic research and for the dissemination of knowledge-intensive farming practices

This article is a commentary on several research studies conducted on the prospects for aerobic rice production systems that aim at reducing the demand for irrigation water which in certain major rice producing areas of the world is becoming increasingly scarce. The research studies considered, as reported in published articles mainly under the aegis of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), have a narrow scope in that they test only 3 or 4 rice varieties under different soil moisture treatments obtained with controlled irrigation, but with other agronomic factors of production held as constant. Consequently, these studies do not permit an assessment of the interactions among agronomic factors that will be of critical significance to the performance of any production system. Varying the production factor of "water" will seriously affect also the levels of the other factors required to optimise the performance of a production system. The major weakness in the studies analysed in this article originates from not taking account of the interactions between experimental and non-experimental factors involved in the comparisons between different production systems. This applies to the experimental field design used for the research studies as well as to the subsequent statistical analyses of the results. The existence of such interactions is a serious complicating element that makes meaningful comparisons between different crop production systems difficult. Consequently, the data and conclusions drawn from such research readily become biased towards proposing standardised solutions for possible introduction to farmers through a linear technology transfer process. Yet, the variability and diversity encountered in the real-world farming environment demand more flexible solutions and approaches in the dissemination of knowledge-intensive production practices through "experiential learning" types of processes, such as those employed by farmer field schools. This article illustrates, based on expertise of the 'system of rice intensification' (SRI), that several cost-effective and environment-friendly agronomic solutions to reduce the demand for irrigation water, other than the asserted need for the introduction of new cultivars, are feasible. Further, these agronomic Solutions can offer immediate benefits of reduced water requirements and increased net returns that Would be readily accessible to a wide range of rice producers, particularly the resource poor smallholders. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A critical assessment of a desk study comparing crop production systems: The example of the 'system of rice intensification' versus 'best management practice'

When assessing hypotheses, the possibility and consequences of false-positive conclusions should be considered along with the avoidance of false-negative ones. A recent assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI) by McDonald et al. [McDonald, A.J., Hobbs, P.R., Riha, S.J., 2006. Does the system of rice intensification outperform conventional best management? A synopsis of the empirical record. Field Crops Res. 96, 31-36] provides a good example where this was not done as it was preoccupied with avoiding false-positives only. It concluded, based on a desk study using secondary data assembled selectively from diverse sources and with a 95% level of confidence, that 'best management practices' (BMPs) on average produce 11% higher rice yields than SRI methods, and that, therefore, SRI has little to offer beyond what is already known by scientists.

Doped sodium aluminium hydrides as hydrogen storage materials: characterizations and mechanistic insights

The dehydriding and rehydriding of sodium aluminium hydride, NaAlR4, is kinetically enhanced and rendered reversible in the solid state upon doping with a small amount of catalyst species, such as titanium, zirconium or tin. The catalyst doped hydrides appear to be good candidates for development as hydrogen carriers for onboard proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells because of their relatively low operation temperatures (120-150 degrees C) and high hydrogen carrying capacities (4-5 wt.%). However, the nature of the active catalyst species and the mechanism of catalytic action are not yet known. In particular, using combinations of Ti and Sri compounds as dopants, a cooperative catalyst effect of the metals Ti and Sn in enhancing the hydrogen uptake and release kinetics is hereby reported. In this paper, characterization techniques including XRD, XPS, TEM, EDS and SEM have been applied on this material. The results suggest that the solid state phase changes during the hydriding and dehydriding processes are assisted through the interaction of a surface catalyst. A mechanism is proposed to explain the catalytic effect of the Sn/Ti double dopants on this hydride.

Essays on robust portfolio selection and pension finance

This thesis examines three different, but related problems in the broad area of portfolio management for long-term institutional investors, and focuses mainly on the case of pension funds. The first idea (Chapter 3) is the application of a novel numerical technique – robust optimization – to a real-world pension scheme (the Universities Superannuation Scheme, USS) for first time. The corresponding empirical results are supported by many robustness checks and several benchmarks such as the Bayes-Stein and Black-Litterman models that are also applied for first time in a pension ALM framework, the Sharpe and Tint model and the actual USS asset allocations. The second idea presented in Chapter 4 is the investigation of whether the selection of the portfolio construction strategy matters in the SRI industry, an issue of great importance for long term investors. This study applies a variety of optimal and naïve portfolio diversification techniques to the same SRI-screened universe, and gives some answers to the question of which portfolio strategies tend to create superior SRI portfolios. Finally, the third idea (Chapter 5) compares the performance of a real-world pension scheme (USS) before and after the recent major changes in the pension rules under different dynamic asset allocation strategies and the fixed-mix portfolio approach and quantifies the redistributive effects between various stakeholders. Although this study deals with a specific pension scheme, the methodology can be applied by other major pension schemes in countries such as the UK and USA that have changed their rules.

Filtragem de informações no ambiente do Direito

Os Sistemas de Recuperação de Informações (SRI) computadorizados são sistemas capazes de armazenar, recuperar e manter informações, visando minimizar o esforço humano na realização de tais atividades. A classificação de textos é um subdomínio dos sistemas de recuperação de informações que tem como objetivo classificar um texto em uma ou mais categorias existentes. Pode ser utilizada na classificação de mensagens, notícias e documentos, na filtragem de informações, na sumarização de textos, além de auxiliar profissionais na execução destas tarefas. A filtragem automatizada das mensagens de correio eletrônico é uma forma de organizar o trabalho do usuário. O volume de informações divulgadas através deste serviço torna fundamental um sistema de filtros para melhor uso do serviço. Sieve é uma proposta para padrão de linguagens de filtro de mensagens. O Direto é um software de correio, agenda e catálogo corporativos que visa atender todo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi desenvolvido na PROCERGS, Companhia de Processamento de Dados do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando a linguagem Java e utiliza os serviços de IMAP, SMTP, LDAP e SGBD. Está disponível com licença de software livre. O objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar técnicas de filtragem no Direto. O trabalho apresenta uma solução para filtrar as mensagens de correio do Direto utilizando Sieve. Também é especificado um serviço de canais de informação que visa divulgar informações de forma eficiente no Estado. Este serviço possui vários canais, cada um destinado a divulgar informações de determinado domínio. O usuário assina os canais que desejar e pode criar filtros para melhor refinamento das informações que deseja receber. Os filtros utilizam técnicas de classificação de textos no processo de filtragem.

Tesauro e terminologia : uma inter-relação lógica

Estudo compreendido como uma inter-relação lógica entre tesauros e Terminologia, mais especificamente nos princípios da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia — TCT. Analisa um tesauro do ponto de vista da sua organização estrutural. Estuda os descritores verificando sua representatividade como um elemento de representação e recuperação das informações de uma área de especialidade. Sinaliza para uma nova abordagem em relação ao tratamento dos descritores aproximando-os a uma unidade lexical terminológica. Tem como pressuposto de trabalho que a relação que se estabelece entre um sistema de recuperação da informação — SRI e os usuários do sistema é uma relação de comunicação. Apresenta algumas considerações e recomendações.

Questões socioambientais e o desempenho financeiro nas informações públicas de empresas líderes do setor de mineração

Dada a relevância cada vez maior das questões sociais e ambientais, várias iniciativas vêm sendo cobradas das corporações por parte da sociedade. Frente a essa demanda tem-se uma resposta por parte das corporações, inclusive de entidades financeira, como, por exemplo, a divulgação de relatórios de sustentabilidade e a criação dos investimentos socialmente responsáveis, mais comumente conhecidos como Socially Responsible Investing (na sigla em inglês, SRI). Além disso, cada vez mais questões sociais e ambientais são importantes dimensões de análise para a obtenção de recursos vindos tanto de instituições bilaterais quanto unilaterais. Tais fatos vêm provocando a busca por evidências de associação das questões socioambientais com o desempenho financeiro da empresa. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar o nível de integração entre questões socioambientais e o desempenho financeiro nas informações públicas de empresas líderes mundiais do setor de mineração. O setor de mineração foi escolhido como foco dessa pesquisa, principalmente, devido à sua alta importância para a economia mundial e brasileira, e dado o seu alto impacto social e ambiental. Para tanto, fez-se uma análise das três maiores mineradoras globais em valor de mercado, BH Billiton, Vale e Rio Tinto, utilizando-se como base a metodologia proposta por Epstein e Roy (2003), na qual a integração entre questões socioambientais e desempenho financeiro é classificada em quatro níveis. Dentre as informações analisadas, identificou-se que apenas 1% dessas foram classificadas como nível 4, por se tratarem de informações monetizadas sobre os benefícios de investimentos socioambientais. Esse estudo, portanto, concluiu que a integração entre as ações socioambientais e o desempenho financeiro nas informações públicas das empresas analisadas é praticamente inexistente.

The value of ISE : main studies and investor perspective

This study has been prepared with the aim of bringing together the main research lines that seek to identify and convey the value of participating in initiatives like the ISE. This document is structured on three major fronts. On the first front, we conducted a survey to collect the main data on SRI trends in the two largest market niches: Europe and the United States, besides results from an MIT research study conducted among executives on the value of sustainability in the current market. Next, we carried out a non-exhaustive survey on academic studies that seek to identify the intangible and tangible gains achieved by companies through their participation in the ISE or related initiatives. Finally, we present the results of a survey done with major Brazilian pension funds aimed at investigating the knowledge of the ISE and how it could be used in their analysis and decision-making process.

Da bancada ao Bureau: análise do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia no Nordeste Brasileiro sob o enfoque de Sistema Regional de Inovação

The starting point of the present work consisted of investigating the development of biotechnology in the Northeast region of Brazil from the perspective of a Regional Innovation System (RIS). The theoretical framework adopted relied on the approaches and concepts presented by the Neo-Schumpeterian perspective. This framework was chosen because, by means of the Innovation System concept, this literature allows us to analyze the relationships and configurations of actors, as well as the role of the state and of social, science and technology, and economic policies in the studied region. The analysis considered four selected dimensions: physical infrastructure, human capital, scientific production, and funding. These variables were chosen because they allow us to verify the possibilities and limitations of developing a biotechnology RIS in the Northeast of Brazil, and these elements would help in answering the question behind this dissertation. The location of the physical infrastructure was determined by means of bibliographic and documental research and interviews with heads of institutions that do biotechnology research. Regarding human capital, the analysis focused on resource training in biotechnology, highlighting graduate courses and research groups in the area. To measure knowledge production, we delimited scientific collaboration among researchers in the field of biotechnology as the focus of this category. For the funding dimension, information was gathered from reports available at the websites of national and state funding agencies. The data was analyzed through method triangulation, involving quantitative and qualitative research stages. To back the analyses, we revisited the integration policies in the area of Science, Technology and Innovation. Our analysis has shown that these policies play a crucial role in the development of biotechnology in the region being studied. The data revealed that the physical infrastructure is concentrated in only three states (Bahia, Ceará, and Pernambuco). In this regard, the Northeast Biotechnology Network (Renorbio) stands out as a strategic actor, enabling states with poor infrastructure to develop research through partnerships with institutions located in another state. We have also verified that the practices involving human resource training and knowledge production are factors that enable the emergence of a regional system for biotechnology in the studied region. As limitations, we have verified the low immersion level of regional actors, the heterogeneity of socioeconomic indicators, the lack of financial resources, and a low innovation culture in the business sector. Overall, we have concluded that the development of a Regional Innovation System in Biotechnology, based on the current regional dynamics, depends on an effective change in the behavior of the social agents involved, both in the national and regional dimensions as well as in the public and private spheres