Simulation of Smart Materials

The aim of this thesis is the elucidation of structure-properties relationship of molecular semiconductors for electronic devices. This involves the use of a comprehensive set of simulation techniques, ranging from quantum-mechanical to numerical stochastic methods, and also the development of ad-hoc computational tools. In more detail, the research activity regarded two main topics: the study of electronic properties and structural behaviour of liquid crystalline (LC) materials based on functionalised oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) (OPE), and the investigation on the electric field effect associated to OFET operation on pentacene thin film stability. In this dissertation, a novel family of substituted OPE liquid crystals with applications in stimuli-responsive materials is presented. In more detail, simulations can not only provide evidence for the characterization of the liquid crystalline phases of different OPEs, but elucidate the role of charge transfer states in donor-acceptor LCs containing an endohedral metallofullerene moiety. Such systems can be regarded as promising candidates for organic photovoltaics. Furthermore, exciton dynamics simulations are performed as a way to obtain additional information about the degree of order in OPE columnar phases. Finally, ab initio and molecular mechanics simulations are used to investigate the influence of an applied electric field on pentacene reactivity and stability. The reaction path of pentacene thermal dimerization in the presence of an external electric field is investigated; the results can be related to the fatigue effect observed in OFETs, that show significant performance degradation even in the absence of external agents. In addition to this, the effect of the gate voltage on a pentacene monolayer are simulated, and the results are then compared to X-ray diffraction measurements performed for the first time on operating OFETs.

Distributed Smart City Services for Urban Ecosystems

A Smart City is a high-performance urban context, where citizens live independently and are more aware of the surrounding opportunities, thanks to forward-looking development of economy politics, governance, mobility and environment. ICT infrastructures play a key-role in this new research field being also a mean for society to allow new ideas to prosper and new, more efficient approaches to be developed. The aim of this work is to research and develop novel solutions, here called smart services, in order to solve several upcoming problems and known issues in urban areas and more in general in the modern society context. A specific focus is posed on smart governance and on privacy issues which have been arisen in the cellular age.

Ultra-Low Power and Non-intrusive Wireless Monitoring for Smart Buildings

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offer a new solution for distributed monitoring, processing and communication. First of all, the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. WSNs are often battery powered and placed where it is not possible to recharge or replace batteries. Energy can be harvested from the external environment but it is a limited resource that must be used efficiently. Energy efficiency is a key requirement for a credible WSNs design. From the power source's perspective, aggressive energy management techniques remain the most effective way to prolong the lifetime of a WSN. A new adaptive algorithm will be presented, which minimizes the consumption of wireless sensor nodes in sleep mode, when the power source has to be regulated using DC-DC converters. Another important aspect addressed is the time synchronisation in WSNs. WSNs are used for real-world applications where physical time plays an important role. An innovative low-overhead synchronisation approach will be presented, based on a Temperature Compensation Algorithm (TCA). The last aspect addressed is related to self-powered WSNs with Energy Harvesting (EH) solutions. Wireless sensor nodes with EH require some form of energy storage, which enables systems to continue operating during periods of insufficient environmental energy. However, the size of the energy storage strongly restricts the use of WSNs with EH in real-world applications. A new approach will be presented, which enables computation to be sustained during intermittent power supply. The discussed approaches will be used for real-world WSN applications. The first presented scenario is related to the experience gathered during an European Project (3ENCULT Project), regarding the design and implementation of an innovative network for monitoring heritage buildings. The second scenario is related to the experience with Telecom Italia, regarding the design of smart energy meters for monitoring the usage of household's appliances.

Modelling and analysis of networked control strategies in smart power distribution grids: development of co-simulation tools

This thesis is focused on Smart Grid applications in medium voltage distribution networks. For the development of new applications it appears useful the availability of simulation tools able to model dynamic behavior of both the power system and the communication network. Such a co-simulation environment would allow the assessment of the feasibility of using a given network technology to support communication-based Smart Grid control schemes on an existing segment of the electrical grid and to determine the range of control schemes that different communications technologies can support. For this reason, is presented a co-simulation platform that has been built by linking the Electromagnetic Transients Program Simulator (EMTP v3.0) with a Telecommunication Network Simulator (OPNET-Riverbed v18.0). The simulator is used to design and analyze a coordinate use of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) for the voltage/var control (VVC) in distribution network. This thesis is focused control structure based on the use of phase measurement units (PMUs). In order to limit the required reinforcements of the communication infrastructures currently adopted by Distribution Network Operators (DNOs), the study is focused on leader-less MAS schemes that do not assign special coordinating rules to specific agents. Leader-less MAS are expected to produce more uniform communication traffic than centralized approaches that include a moderator agent. Moreover, leader-less MAS are expected to be less affected by limitations and constraint of some communication links. The developed co-simulator has allowed the definition of specific countermeasures against the limitations of the communication network, with particular reference to the latency and loss and information, for both the case of wired and wireless communication networks. Moreover, the co-simulation platform has bee also coupled with a mobility simulator in order to study specific countermeasures against the negative effects on the medium voltage/current distribution network caused by the concurrent connection of electric vehicles.

Sviluppo di una infrastruttura location-based per l'auto-organizzazione di smart-devices.

La tesi consiste nel realizzare una infrastruttura che mantenga il modello tipico dello Spatial Computing e coniughi al meglio le tecnologie location-based come GPS, NFC e BLE, per permettere ai moderni smart-devices Android di cooperare e auto-organizzarsi al fine di compiere un certo task definito a livello applicativo.

Smart magnetic dispersions - from switchable release to well-defined hybrid nanofibers

The synthesis, characterization and application of aqueous dispersions of superparamagnetic/polymer hybrid nanoparticles and capsules is described. Implementation of the superparamagnetic moiety into the polymer matrix enables a response of the nanomaterials towards an external magnetic field. Application of the external field is used for two main purposes: i) As heat generator, when an alternating magnetic field is applied. ii) As structuring agent to self-assemble superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the external field.rnIn the first part, superparamagnetic nanoparticles were used as heat generators in order to achieve a magnetic field induced release of an active compound from nanocontainers. To achieve such a release in remote-controlled fashion, the encapsulation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles into polymer nanocapsules was combined with the integration of a thermolabile compound into the shell of the nanocontainers. The magnetic nanoparticles acted as generators for heat, which decomposed the thermolabile compound. Pores were created in the degrading shell and an active substance was released.rn Additionally, the self-assembly of polymer nanoparticles, which were labeled with a superparamagnetic moiety as structuring agent, could be demonstrated. A combination of a magnetic field induced self-assembly and a sintering of neighboring particles upon an increase in temperature above the glass transition temperature of the polymer was used to form stable architectures. Various structures with tunable periodicity could be obtained ranging from smooth linear nanofibers to zigzag fibers. Besides solely creating linear architectures, the frugal process additionally allowed the creation of arrangements in analogy to more complex polymer architectures: By the introduction of defined junction points, the generation of branched structures and networks was demonstrated. Additionally, by tailoring the interaction of differently sized particles, the preparation of nanoparticle arrangements in statistical or block copolymer fashion was shown. Moreover, a reversible linear assembly and linkage of the nanoparticles was demonstrated following a lock/unlock mechanism. Therefore, the particles were locked in their linear assembly by a stable iron(III) hydroxamato-complex and unlocked by addition of a reducing agent and formation of a less stable iron(II)-complex.Further, in various projects with collaboration partners, nanoparticles and nanocapsules were labeled with a superparamagnetic moiety for their use as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging or as magnetically separable dispersions.

Discovery di dispositivi embedded e raccolta di dati con bluetooth e bluetooth smart

L'obbiettivo di questa tesi è la produzione del prototipo di un sistema che sia in grado di ottenere dati da un insieme di sensori per poterli poi trasmettere all’utente, in modo che esso sia maggiormente cosciente del mondo che lo circonda. Affronteremo la sfida in uno scenario medico / di soccorso, dove un operatore si avvicinerà ad un gruppo di pazienti con l’intenzione di ottenere i parametri vitali di uno di essi. All'interno del documento saranno descritte le tecnologie sfruttate per la realizzazione del prototipo: Bluetooth e Bluetooth Smart, il sistema operativo Linux in esecuzione su un Raspberry Pi dotato di sensori, il sistema operativo Android in esecuzione su smartphone o tablet e iBeacon. Verranno poi analizzati i requisiti del sistema da realizzare. Infine verrà descritta l'implementazione utilizzata nel prototipo e analizzato il suo comportamento.

Sistema Multi Smart-Camera per la localizzazione e la guida di un drone

Con un sistema di multivisione correttamente installato e calibrato, si è tracciato il moto di un drone a seguito di operazioni di triangolazione e ne si è controllata automaticamente la traiettoria.

Progettazione e realizzazione di uno smart distributed system per il controllo degli accessi in ambito aziendale

Il lavoro svolto è dedicato alla realizzazione ed implementazione di un sistema distribuito "smart" per il controllo degli accessi. Il progetto sviluppato è inquadrato nel contesto di "SPOT Software", che necessita di migliorare il processo aziendale di controllo accessi e gestione presenze al fine di aumentarne usabilità ed efficienza. Saranno affrontate in generale le tematiche di Internet of Things, Smart Building, Smart City e sistemi embedded, approfondendo il ruolo delle tecnologie di comunicazione NFC e BLE, al centro di questo lavoro. Successivamente sarà discussa la progettazione di ognuno dei tre nodi del sistema, motivando le scelte tecnologiche e progettuali: Web application, Smart device e Smartphone app.

Spatial computing per smart devices

Magic Carpet, nato come un middleware orientato a una dimostrazione sullo spatial computing, che inizialmente coinvolgeva solo smart devices ed un tappeto di tag NFC, è il punto di partenza per uno studio sulle tecnologie abilitanti in tale campo. Il prodotto finale è una toolchain per lo sviluppo e la distribuzione, su dispositivi connessi, di applicazioni di spatial computing. Essa comprende un interprete per un DSL basato su un core calculus formalizzato, Field Calculus, e un middleware che supporta l'astrazione curando, a basso livello, le comunicazioni con il vicinato e le percezioni ambientali.

Progettazione, caratterizzazione e calibrazione di un sensore di tensione contactless per smart metering

Progettazione di un sistema di misura contactless per la tensione, da integrare in un nodo sensore di una Wireless Sensor Network per Smart Metering Distribuito

Titanate-based paraelectric glass-ceramics for applications in GHz electronics

Das Gebiet der drahtlosen Kommunikationsanwendungen befindet sich in einem permanenten Entwicklungsprozess (Mobilfunkstandards: GSM/UMTS/LTE/5G, glo-bale Navigationssatellitensysteme (GNSS): GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou) zu immer höheren Datenraten und zunehmender Miniaturisierung, woraus ein hoher Bedarf für neue, optimierte Hochfrequenzmaterialien resultiert. Diese Entwicklung zeigt sich besonders in den letzten Jahren in der zunehmenden Entwicklung und Anzahl von Smartphones, welche verschiedene Technologien mit unterschiedlichen Arbeitsfrequenzen innerhalb eines Geräts kombinieren (data: 1G-4G, GPS, WLAN, Bluetooth). Die für zukünftige Technologien (z.B. 5G) benötigte Performance-steigerung kann durch die Verwendung von auf MIMO basierenden Antennensystemen realisiert werden (multiple-input & multiple-output, gesteuerte Kombination von mehreren Antennen) für welche auf dielectric Loading basierende Technologien als eine der vielversprechendsten Implementierungslösungen angesehen werden. rnDas Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer geeigneten paraelektrischen Glaskeramik ($varepsilon_{r}$ > 20, $Qf$ > 5000 GHz, |$tau_f$| < 20 ppm/K; im GHz Frequenzbe-reich) im $mathrm{La_{2}O_{3}}$-$mathrm{TiO_{2}}$-$mathrm{SiO_{2}}$-$mathrm{B_{2}O_{3}}$-System für auf dielectric Loading basierende Mobilfunkkommunikationstechnologien als Alternative zu existierenden kommerziell genutzten Sinterkeramiken. Der Fokus lag hierbei auf der Frage, wie die makroskopi-schen dielektrischen Eigenschaften der Glaskeramik mit ihrer Mikrostruktur korreliert bzw. modifiziert werden können. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die dielektrischen Materialanforderungen durch das untersuchte System erfüllt werden und dass auf Glaskeramik basierende Dielektrika weitere vorteilhafte nichtelektro-nische Eigenschaften gegenüber gesinterten Keramiken besitzen, womit dielektrische Glaskeramiken durchaus als geeignete Alternative angesehen werden können. rnEin stabiles Grünglas mit minimalen Glasbildneranteil wurde entwickelt und die chemische Zusammensetzung bezüglich Entglasung und Redoxinstabilitäten optimiert. Geeignete Dotierungen für dielektrisch verlustarme $mathrm{TiO_{2}}$-haltige Glaskeramiken wurden identifiziert.rnDer Einfluss der Schmelzbedingungen auf die Keimbildung wurde untersucht und der Keramisierungsprozess auf einen maximalen Anteil der gewünschten Kristallphasen optimiert um optimale dielektrische Eigenschaften zu erhalten. Die mikroskopische Struktur der Glaskeramiken wurde analysiert und ihr Einfluss auf die makroskopischen dielektrischen Eigenschaften bestimmt. Die Hochfrequenzverlustmechanismen wurden untersucht und Antennen-Prototypenserien wurden analysiert um die Eignung von auf Glaskeramik basierenden Dielektrika für die Verwendung in dielectric Loading Anwendungen zu zeigen.

Valutazione sperimentale delle prestazioni di un sistema di smart metering a 169 Mhz in ambiente urbano

Sono state valutate sperimentalmente le prestazioni di tre diversi collegamenti di Smart Metering in tre ambienti (urbano, sub-urbano e urbano denso) alla frequenza di 169 MHz. Grazie al calcolo del valore di Building Penetration Loss e dei valori di Path Loss è stato possibile stabilire le distanze massime di collegamento accentratore-meter al variare della probabilità di copertura.

Smart home: Stato dell'arte della tecnologia

Nella tesi vengono analizzati i diversi aspetti della domotica. Uno sguardo sulla storia, sulle caratteristiche sia funzionali che strutturali. Viene analizzato l'impatto che questa ha sull'uomo e sul suo stile di vita. Vengono messe a confronto Google ed Apple, nello specifico per quel che riguarda la loro risposta alla smart home: Nest ed HomeKit, sia a livello funzionale che di codice. In seguito all'analisi di API e documentazioni è emerso che entrambe le aziende offrono pressoché le medesime funzionalità, ma con piccole particolarità che fanno la differenza, dando inizio così ad una battaglia per il primato.

Impatto delle tecnologie Smart City sulla città di Cesena

La presente tesi ha lo scopo di censire e classificare le principali attività di Cesena come Smart City, con particolare riguardo a quelle che hanno una componente tecnologica predominante. La tesi presenta le definizioni concetto di Smart City e le diverse articolazioni in ambiti che questo prevede. Scelta come chiave di lettura la classificazione più utilizzata in ambito internazionale, sono stati approfonditi i sei ambiti di azione in cui questa si articola: Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Enviroment, Smart Living. Inoltre, la tesi presenta le principali metodologie di valutazione utilizzate per comparare la smartness delle città, in contesto italiano ed europeo, nonché i criteri con cui queste valutazioni sono state applicate. Nel testo viene dato rilievo agli aspetti più legati alle nuove tecnologie ICT, viste come sostegno ed accelerante nei progetti attuati verso la smartness.