Catalytic cracking of tar derived from rice hull gasification over palygorskite-supported Fe and Ni

The catalytic performance of Fe–Ni/PG (PG: palygorskite) catalysts pre-calcined and reduced at 500 ◦C for catalytic decomposition of tar derived through rice hull gasification was investigated. The materials were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, hydrogen temperature reduction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that ferrites with spinel structure ((Fe, Ni)3O4) were formed during preparation of bimetallic systems during calcination and reduction of the precursors (Fe–Ni/PG catalysts) and NiO metal oxide particles were formed over Fe6–Ni9/PG catalyst. The obtained experimental data showed that Fe–Ni/PG catalysts had greater catalytic activity than natural PG. Tar removal using Fe6–Ni9/PG catalyst was as high as Fe10–Ni6/PG catalyst (99.5%). Fe6–Ni9/PG showed greater catalytic activity with greater H2 yield and showed stronger resistance to carbon deposition, attributed to the presence of NiO nanoparticles. Thus, the addition of nickel and iron oxides played an important role in catalytic cracking of rice hull biomass tar.

Effect of preparation method of palygorskite-supported Fe and Ni catalysts on catalytic cracking of biomass tar

In this study, the effect of catalyst preparation and additive precursors on the catalytic decomposition of biomass using palygorskite-supported Fe and Ni catalysts was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is concluded that the most active additive precursor was Fe(NO3)3·9H2O. As for the catalyst preparation method, co-precipitation had superiority over incipient wetness impregnation at low Fe loadings.

Nature and genesis of clay minerals of the Rustler Formation in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Souteastern New Mexico

Detailed mineralogical studies of the matrix and fracture-fill materials of a large number of samples from the Rustler Formation have been carried out using x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, x-ray fluorescence, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. These analyses indicate the presence of four clay minerals: interstratified chlorite/saponite, illite, chlorite, and serpentine. Corrensite (regularly stratified chlorite/saponite) is the dominant clay mineral in samples from the Culebra dolomite and two shale layers of the lower unnamed member of the Rustler Formation. Within other layers of the Rustler Formation, disordered mixed chlorite/saponite is usually the most abundant clay mineral. Studies of the morphology and composition of clay crystallites suggest that the corrensite was formed by the alteration of detrital dioctahedral smectite in magnesium-rich pore fluids during early diagenesis of the Rustler Formation. This study provides initial estimates of the abundance and nature of the clay minerals in the Culebra dolomite in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant.

Elemental characterisation and detection of heavy metals in house dusts collected from sites in South-East Queensland, Australia

Knowledge of the elements present in house dusts is important in understanding potential health effects on humans. In this study, dust samples collected from 10 houses in south-east Queensland have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis to measure the inorganic element compositions and to investigate the form of heavy metals in the dusts. The overall analytical results were then used to discriminate between different localities using chemometric techniques. The relative amounts of elements, particularly of Si, Ca, and Fe, varied between size fractions and between different locations for the same size fraction. By analysing individual small particles, many other constituents were identified including Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ag, W, Au, Hg, Pb, Bi, La and Ce. The heavy metals were mostly concentrated in small particles in the smaller size fractions, which allowed detection by particle analysis, though their average concentrations were very low.

Combustion products of bulk aluminum rods burning in high pressure oxygen

Characterization of the combustion products released during the burning of commonly used engineering metallic materials may aid in material selection and risk assessment for the design of oxygen systems. The characterization of combustion products in regards to size distribution and morphology gives useful information for systems addressing fire detection. Aluminum rods (3.2-mm diameter cylinders) were vertically mounted inside a combustion chamber and ignited in pressurized oxygen by resistively heating an aluminum/palladium igniter wire attached to the bottom of the test sample. This paper describes the experimental work conducted to establish the particle size distribution and morphology of the resultant combustion products collected after the burning was completed and subsequently analyzed. In general, the combustion products consisted of a re-solidified oxidized slag and many small hollow spheres of size ranging from about 500 nm to 1000 µm in diameter, surfaced with quenched dendritic and grain-like structures. The combustion products were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy.

Magnetic zeolite NaA : Synthesis, characterization based on metakaolin and its application for the removal of Cu2+, Pb2+

The optimum parameters for synthesis of zeolite NaA based on metakaolin were investigated according to results of cation exchange capacity and static water adsorption of all synthesis products and selected X-ray diffraction (XRD). Magnetic zeolite NaA was synthesized by adding Fe3O4 in the precursor of zeolite. Zeolite NaA and magnetic zeolite NaA were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD. Magnetic zeolite NaA with different Fe3O4 loadings was prepared and used for removal of heavy metals (Cu2+, Pb2+). The results show the optimum parameters for synthesis zeolite NaA are SiO2/Al2O3 = 2.3, Na2O/SiO2 = 1.4, H2O/Na2O = 50, crystallization time 8 h, crystallization temperature 95 �C. The addition of Fe3O4 makes the NaA zeolite with good magnetic susceptibility and good magnetic stability regardless of the Fe3O4 loading, confirming the considerable separation efficiency. Additionally, Fe3O4 loading had a little effect on removal of heavy metal by magnetic zeolite, however, the adsorption capacity still reaches 2.3 mmol g�1 for Cu2+, Pb2+ with a removal efficiency of over 95% in spite of 4.7% Fe3O4 loading. This indicates magnetic zeolite can be used to remove metal heavy at least Cu2+, Pb2+ from water with metallic contaminants and can be separated easily after a magnetic process.

The molecular structure of matioliite – NaMgAl5(PO4)4(OH)6·2(H2O) : a pegmatite mineral from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Detailed spectroscopic and chemical investigation of matioliite, including infrared and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis has been carried out on homogeneous samples from the Gentil pegmatite, Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The chemical composition is (wt.%): FeO 2.20, CaO 0.05, Na2O 1.28, MnO 0.06, Al2O3 39.82, P2O5 42.7, MgO 4.68, F 0.02 and H2O 9.19; total 100.00. The mineral crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system, C2/c space group, with a = 25.075(1) Å, b = 5.0470(3) Å, c = 13.4370(7) Å, β = 110.97(3)°, V = 1587.9(4) Å3, Z = 4. Raman spectroscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy supports the concept of phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate units in the structure of matioliite. Infrared and Raman bands attributed to water and hydroxyl stretching modes are identified. Vibrational spectroscopy adds useful information to the molecular structure of matioliite.

Studies on self-assembly hydrothermal fabrication and thermal stability of Chromium oxyhydroxide nanomaterials synthesised from Chromium oxide colloids

Chromium oxyhydroxide nanomaterials with narrow size-distribution were synthesised through a simple hydrothermal method. Experimental conditions, such as reaction duration and pH values of the precipitation process and hydrothermal treatment played important roles in determining the nature of the final product chromium oxyhydroxide nanomaterials. The effect of these synthesis parameters were studied with the assistance of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses. This research has developed a controllable synthesis of Chromium oxyhydroxide nanomaterials from Chromium oxide colloids.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral anapaite Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4(H2O)

We have characterized anapaite Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·4(H2O), a rare Ca and Fe phosphate, using a combination of electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. The mineral occurs in soils and lacustrine sediments and is usually related to the diagenetic process in phosphorous rich sediments. The phosphate anion is characterized by its Raman spectrum with an intense sharp band at 943 cm-1, attributed to the ν1 PO4 3- symmetric stretching mode. Three bands at 992, 1039 and 1071 cm-1 are attributed to ν3 PO4 3-antisymmetric stretching modes. The infrared spectrum of anapaite shows complexity with a series of overlapping bands. Water in the structure of anapaite is observed by OH stretching vibrations at 2777, 3022 and 3176 cm-1 (Raman) and 2744, 3014 and 3096 cm-1 (infrared). The position of these bands provides evidence for the strong hydrogen bonding of water in the anapaite structure and contributes to the stability of the mineral.

Structural and textural variations in carbonaceous chondrite matrices

Recent studies of C2 carbonaceous chondrite matrices using high resolu­tion transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)have shown that structural details of the matrix minerals can be imaged [1-4]. The Murchison and Mighei matrices contain minerals having ordered and disordered mixed-layer structures [1,3,4] in addition to chrysotile- and lizardite-type structures [2].

The phosphate mineral arrojadite-(KFe) and its spectroscopic characterization

The arrojadite-(KFe) mineral has been analyzed using a combination of scanning electron microscopy and a combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The origin of the mineral is Rapid Creek sedimentary phosphatic iron formation, northern Yukon. The formula of the mineral was determined as K2.06Na2Ca0.89Na3.23(Fe7.82Mg4.40Mn0.78)Σ13.00Al1.44(PO4)10.85(PO3OH0.23)(OH)2. The complexity of the mineral formula is reflected in the spectroscopy. Raman bands at 975, 991 and 1005 cm−1 with shoulder bands at 951 and 1024 cm−1 are assigned to the View the MathML source ν1 symmetric stretching modes. The Raman bands at 1024, 1066, 1092, 1123, 1148 and 1187 cm−1 are assigned to the View the MathML source ν3 antisymmetric stretching modes. A series of Raman bands observed at 540, 548, 557, 583, 604, 615 and 638 cm−1 are attributed to the ν4 out of plane bending modes of the PO4 and H2PO4 units. The ν2 PO4 and H2PO4 bending modes are observed at 403, 424, 449, 463, 479 and 513 cm−1. Hydroxyl and water stretching bands are readily observed. Vibrational spectroscopy enables new information about the complex phosphate mineral arrojadite-(KFe) to be obtained.

A USANS/SANS study of the accessibility of pores in the barnett shale to methane and water

Shale is an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States. The gas is held in fine pores that need to be accessed by horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing techniques. Understanding the nature of the pores may provide clues to making gas extraction more efficient. We have investigated two Mississippian Barnett Shale samples, combining small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering (USANS) to determine the pore size distribution of the shale over the size range 10 nm to 10 μm. By adding deuterated methane (CD4) and, separately, deuterated water (D2O) to the shale, we have identified the fraction of pores that are accessible to these compounds over this size range. The total pore size distribution is essentially identical for the two samples. At pore sizes >250 nm, >85% of the pores in both samples are accessible to both CD4 and D2O. However, differences in accessibility to CD4 are observed in the smaller pore sizes (∼25 nm). In one sample, CD4 penetrated the smallest pores as effectively as it did the larger ones. In the other sample, less than 70% of the smallest pores (<25 nm) were accessible to CD4, but they were still largely penetrable by water, suggesting that small-scale heterogeneities in methane accessibility occur in the shale samples even though the total porosity does not differ. An additional study investigating the dependence of scattered intensity with pressure of CD4 allows for an accurate estimation of the pressure at which the scattered intensity is at a minimum. This study provides information about the composition of the material immediately surrounding the pores. Most of the accessible (open) pores in the 25 nm size range can be associated with either mineral matter or high reflectance organic material. However, a complementary scanning electron microscopy investigation shows that most of the pores in these shale samples are contained in the organic components. The neutron scattering results indicate that the pores are not equally proportioned in the different constituents within the shale. There is some indication from the SANS results that the composition of the pore-containing material varies with pore size; the pore size distribution associated with mineral matter is different from that associated with organic phases.

Pt/Nanostructured RuO2/SiC Schottky Diode based hydrogen gas sensors

In this paper, we report the development of novel Pt/nanostructured RuO2/SiC Schottky diode based sensors for hydrogen gas applications. The nanostructured ruthenium oxide thin films were deposited on SiC substrates using radio frequency sputtering technique. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the sputtered RuO2 layer consists of nano-cubular structures with dimensions ranging between 10 and 50 nm. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of tetragonal ruthenium (IV) oxide, with preferred orientation along the (101) lattice plane. The current-voltage characteristics of the sensors were investigated towards hydrogen gas in synthetic air at different temperatures from 25 °C to 240 °C. The dynamic responses of the sensors were studied at an optimum temperature of 240 °C and a voltage shift of 304 mV was recorded toward 1% hydrogen gas.

Hydrogen Gas Sensor Based on Highly Ordered Polyaniline/Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Composite

In this work, the structural and gas sensing properties of an electropolymerized, polyaniline (PANI)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite based surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor are reported. Thin films made of PANI nanofibers were deposited onto 36 lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) SAW transducers using electropolymerization and were subsequently dedoped. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the compact growth of the composites which is much denser than that of PANI nanofibers. The PANI/MWNT composite based SAW sensor was then exposed to different concentrations of hydrogen (H2) gas at room temperature with a demonstrated electrical response.