Effects of large anphiphilic ligands upon the spectra and kinetics of cytochrome C oxidase

Cytoch ro me c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c : 02 oxidoreductase ; EC 1.9. 3.1) is the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, catalyzing the transfer of electrons from ferrocytochrome c to molecular oxygen. The effects of two large amphiphilic molecules - valinomycin and dibucaine upon the spectra of the isolated enzyme and upon the activity of both isolated enzyme and enzyme in membrane systems are investigated by using spectrophotometric and oxygen electrode techniques. The results show that both valinomycin and dibucaine change the Soret region of the speetrum and cause a partial inhibition in a concentration range higher than that in which they act as ionophores. It is concluded that both valinomycin and dibucaine binding induce a conformational change of the protein structure which modifies the spectrum of the a3 CUB centre and diminishes the rate of electron transfer between cytochrome a and the binuclear centre.

Davis Chamberlin and Ross McClintock with donor J. Robert Fluor II, Chapman College, Orange, California

Davis Chamberlin and Ross McClintock hold a check from J. Robert Fluor II, a donation towards construction of the Hutton Sports Center, Chapman College, Orange, California. The Harold Hutton Sports Center completed in 1978, is named in honor of this former trustee.

Asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes with cationic iridium(I) complexes of 2-phosphino-1-aminoferrocene ligands

Iridium complexes with bidentate P,N ligands represent a class of catalysts that significantly expand the application range of asymmetric hydrogenation. New substrate classes, for which there have previously been no suitable catalysts, can now be efficiently hydrogenated in high conversion and enantioselectivity. These substrates are often of synthetic importance, thus iridium catalysis represents a significant advance in the field of asymmetric catalysis. Planar chiral ferrocenyl aminophosphine ligands in which both heteroatoms were directly bound to the cyclopentadienyl ring were prepared by BF3-activated lithiationsubstitution in the presence of a chiral diamine in 49-59% yield and 75-85% enantiomeric excess. Some of these ligands were recrystallized to enantiomeric purity via ammonium fluoroborate salt formation of the phosphine sulfide. A crystal structure of one of these compounds was obtained and features an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur atoms. Neutralization, followed by desulfurization, provided the free ligands in enantiomeric purity. Iridium complexes with these ligands were formed via reaction with [Ir(COD)Clh followed by anion exchange with NaBArF. These complexes were successfully applied in homogeneous hydrogenation of several prochiral substrates, providing products in up to 92% enantiomeric excess. Variation of the dimethyl amino group to a pyrrolidine group had a negative effect on the selectivity of hydrogenation. Variation of the substituents on phosphorus to bulkier ortho-tolyl groups had a positive effect, while variation to the more electron rich dicyclohexyl phosphine had a negative effect on selectivity.

Tetrathiafulvalene and 2,2'-Bipyridine: Bridging both Worlds in the Pursuit of Novel Molecular Materials

The preparation and characterization of two families of building blocks for molecule-based magnetic and conducting materials are described in three projects. In the first project the synthesis and characterization of three bis-imine ligands LI - L3 is reported. Coordination of LI to a series of metal salts afforded the five novel coordination complexes Sn(L4)C4 (I), [Mn(L4)(u-CI)(CI)(EtOH)h (II), [CU(L4)(u-sal) h(CI04)2 (sal = salicylaldehyde anion) (III), [Fe(Ls)2]CI (IV) and [Fe(LI)h(u-O) (V). All complexes have been structurally and magnetically characterized. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that, upon coordination to Lewis acidic metal salts, the imine bonds of LI are susceptible to nucleophilic attack. As a consequence, the coordination complexes (I) - (IV) contain either the cyclised ligand L4 or hydrolysed ligand Ls. In contrast, the dimeric Fe3+ complex (V) comprises two intact ligand LI molecules. In. this complex, the ligand chelates two Fe(III) centres in a bis-bidentate manner through the lone pairs of a phenoxy oxygen and an imine nitrogen atom. Magnetic studies of complexes (II-V) indicate that the dominant interactions between neighbouring metal centres in all of the complexes are antiferromagnetic. In the second project the synthesis and characterization two families of TTF donors, namely the cyano aryl compounds (VI) - (XI) and the his-aryl TTF derivatives (XII) - (XIV) are reported. The crystal structures of compounds (VI), (VII), (IX) and (XII) exhibit regular stacks comprising of neutral donors. The UV -Vis spectra of compounds (VI) - (XIV) present an leT band, indicative of the transfer of electron density from the TTF donors to the aryl acceptor molecules. Chemical oxidation of donors (VI), (VII), (IX) and (XII) with iodine afforded a series of CT salts that where possible have been characterized by single crystal X -ray diffraction. Structural studies showed that the radical cations in these salts are organized in stacks comprising of dimers of oxidized TTF donors. All four salts behave as semiconductors, displaying room temperature conductivities ranging from 1.852 x 10-7 to 9.620 X 10-3 Scm-I. A second series of CT salts were successfully prepared via the technique of electrocrystallization. Following this methodology, single crystals of two CT salts were obtained. The single crystal X-ray structures of both salts are isostructural, displaying stacks formed by trimers of oxidized donors. Variable temperature conductivity measurements carried out on this series of CT salts reveal they also are semiconductors with conductivities ranging from 2.94 x 10-7 to 1.960 X 10-3 S em-I at room temperature. In the third project the synthesis and characterization of a series of MII(hfac)2 coordination complexes of donor ligand (XII) where M2+ = Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ are reported. These complexes crystallize in a head-to-tail arrangement of TTF donor and bipyridine moieties, placing the metal centres and hfac ligands are located outside the stacks. Magnetic studies of the complexes (XV) - (XVIII) indicate that the bulky hfac ligands prevent neighbouring metal centres from assembling in close proximity, and thus they are magnetically isolated.

The Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Two Families of Polydentate Ligands - Exploring Their Potential for the Preparation of Molecule-Based Magnets

The synthesis and studies of two classes of poly dentate ligands are presented as two projects. In project 1, four new carboxamide ligands have been synthesised via the condensation of 2,2',6,6'-tetrachloroformyl-4,4'-bipyridine or 2,6-dichloroformyl pyridine together with heterocyclic amines containing pyridine or pyrazole substituents. The coordination chemistry of these ligands has been investigated and studies have shown that with a Cu(II) salt, two carboxamide ligands LJ and L2 afford large clusters with stoichiometries [Cu8(L1)4Cl16].CHCl3.5H2O.7CH3OH (I) and [Cu9(L2)6Cl6].CH3OH.5H2O.(C2H5)3N (II) respectively. [molecular diagram availabel in pdf]. X-ray diffraction studies of cluster (I) reveal that it has approximate S4 symmetry and is comprised of four ligands and eight copper (II) centers. Here, coordination takes place via amide 0 atoms, and pyrazole nitrogens. This complex is the first reported example of an octanuclear copper cluster with a saddle-shaped structure. The second cluster comprises nine copper ions that are arranged in a cyclic array. Each ligand coordinates three copper centers and each copper ion shares two ligands to connect six ligands with nine copper ions. The amide nitrogens are completely deprotonated and both amide Nand 0 atoms coordinate the metal centres. The cluster has three-fold symmetry. There are six chloride ions, three of which are bridging two neighbouring Cu(II) centres. Magnetic studies of (I) and (II) reveal that both clusters display weak antiferromagnetic interactions between neighbouring Cu(II) centers at low temperature. In the second project, three complexes with stoichiometries [Fe[N302](SCN)2]2 (III), R,R-[Fe[N3O2](SCN)2 (IV) and R,R-]Fe[N3O2](CN)2] (V) were prepared and characterized, where [N302] is a pentadentate macrocycle. Complex (III) was prepared via the metal templated Schiff-base condensation of 2,2',6,6'-tetraacetyl-4,4'-bipyridine together with 3,6-dioxaoctane-I,8-diamine and comprises of a dimeric macro cycle where the two Fe(II) centres are in a pentagonal-bipyramidal environment with the [N302] ligands occupying the equatorial plane and two axial NCS ligands. Complexes (IV) and (V) were prepared via the condensation of 2,6-diacetylpyridine together with a chiral diamine in the presence of FeCh. The synthetic strategy for the preparation of the chiral diamine (4R,5R)-4,5-diphenyl-3,6-dioxa-I,8-octane-diamine was elucidated. The chirality of both macrocycles (IV) and (V) was probed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The crystal structure of (IV) at 200 K contains two independent molecules in the unit cell, both of which contain a hepta-coordinated Fe(II) and axial NCS ligands. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility and structural studies are consistent with a high spin Fe(II) complex and show no evidence of any spin crossover behaviour. In contrast, the bis cyanide derivative (V) crystallizes with two independent molecules in the unit cell, both of which have different coordination geometries consistent with different spin states for the two Fe(II) centres. At 250 K, the molecular structure of (V) shows the presence of both 7- and a 6-coordinate Fe(II) complexes in the crystal lattice. As the temperature is lowered, the molecules undergo a structural change and at 100 K the structural data is consistent with a 6- and 5-coordinate Fe(II) complex in the unit cell. Magnetic studies confirm that this complex undergoes a gradual, thermal, spin crossover transition in the solid state. Photomagnetic measurements indicate this is the first chiral Fe (II) sea complex to exhibit a LIESST.

Ligand design for molecule-based magnetic and/or conducting materials

Work in the area of molecule-based magnetic and/or conducting materials is presented in two projects. The first project describes the use of 4,4’-bipyridine as a scaffold for the preparation of a new family of tetracarboxamide ligands. Four new ligands I-III have been prepared and characterized and the coordination chemistry of these ligands is presented. This project was then extended to exploit 4,4’-bipyridine as a covalent linker between two N3O2 macrocyles. In this respect, three dimeric macrocycles have been prepared IV-VI. Substitution of the labile axial ligands of the Co(II) complex IV by [Fe(CN)6]4- afforded the self-assembly of the 1-D polymeric chain {[Co(N3O2)H2O]2Fe(CN)6}n•3H2O that has been structurally and magnetically characterized. Magnetic studies on the Fe(II) complexes V and VI indicate that they undergo incomplete spin crossover transitions in the solid state. Strategies for the preparation of chiral spin crossover N3O2 macrocycles are discussed and the synthesis of the novel chiral Fe(II) macrocyclic complex VII is reported. Magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer studies reveal that this complex undergoes a gradual spin crossover in the solid state with no thermal hysteresis. Variable temperature X-ray diffraction studies on single crystals of VII reveal interesting structural changes in the coordination geometry of the macrocycle accompanying its SCO transition. The second project reports the synthesis and characterization of a new family of tetrathiafulvalene derivatives VIII – XII, where a heterocyclic chelating ligand is appended to a TTF donor via an imine linker. The coordination chemistries of these ligands with M(hfac)2.H2O (M( = Co, Ni, Mn, Cu) have been explored and the structural and magnetic properties of these complexes are described.

Polynuclear Ni(II) Complexes with Schiff Bases as Bridging Ligands: A Molecular Approach to Nanoscience

The initial employment of N-salicylidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (sacbH2) as bridging/chelating ligand in metal cluster chemistry has provided access to five new polynuclear NiII complexes with large nuclearities, unprecedented metal core topologies, and interesting magnetic properties. The obtained results are presented in two projects. The first project includes the investigation of the general Ni2+/RCO2-/sacbH2 reaction system (where R- = CH3-, But-, ButCH2-) in which the nature of the carboxylic acid was found to be of crucial importance, affecting enormously the nuclearity of the resulting complexes. The second project deals with the study of the general Ni2+/X-/sacbH2 reaction system (where X- = inorganic anions) under basic conditions, yielding new cluster compounds with molecular chain-like structures and ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the metal centers.

Novel Magnetic Materials Based on Macrocyclic Ligands: Towards High Relaxivity Contrast Agents and Mononuclear Single-Molecule Magnets

The preparation and characterization of coordination complexes of Schiff-base and crown ether macrocycles is presented, for application as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, Project 1; and single-molecule magnets (SMMs), Projects 2 and 3. In Project 1, a family of eight Mn(II) and Gd(III) complexes of N3X2 (X = NH, O) and N3O3 Schiff-base macrocycles were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential contrast agents for MRI. In vitro and in vivo (rodent) studies indicate that the studied complexes display efficient contrast behaviour, negligible toxicity, and rapid excretion. In Project 2, DyIII complexes of Schiff-base macrocycles were prepared with a view to developing a new family of mononuclear Ln-SMMs with pseudo-D5h geometries. Each complex displayed slow relaxation of magnetization, with magnetically-derived energy barriers in the range Ueff = 4 – 24 K. In Project 3, coordination complexes of selected later lanthanides with various crown ether ligands were synthesized. Two families of complexes were structurally and magnetically analyzed: ‘axial’ or sandwich-type complexes based on 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5; and ‘equatorial’ complexes based on 18-crown-6. Magnetic data are supported by ab initio calculations and luminescence measurements. Significantly, the first mononuclear Ln-SMM prepared from a crown ether ligand is described.

High-Spin and Emissive Molecular Materials: Synthesis and Characterization of New Polynuclear Ni(II) Complexes from the Use of Aromatic Schiff Bases as Bridging Ligands

The employment of the bridging/chelating Schiff bases, N-salicylidene-4-methyl-o-aminophenol (samphH2) and N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (nacbH2), in nickel cluster chemistry has afforded eight polynuclear Ni(II) complexes with new structural motifs, interesting magnetic and optical properties, and unexpected organic ligand transformations. In the present thesis, Chapter 1 deals with all the fundamental aspects of polynuclear metal complexes, molecular magnetism and optics, while research results are reported in Chapters 2 and 3. In the first project (Chapter 2), I investigated the coordination chemistry of the organic chelating/bridging ligand, N-salicylidene-4-methyl-o-aminophenol (samphH2). The general NiII/tBuCO2-/samphH2 reaction system afforded two new tetranuclear NiII clusters, namely [Ni4(samph)4(EtOH)4] (1) and [Ni4(samph)4(DMF)2] (2), with different structural motifs. Complex 1 possessed a cubane core while in complex 2 the four NiII ions were located at the four vertices of a defective dicubane. The nature of the organic solvent was found to be of pivotal importance, leading to compounds with the same nuclearity, but different structural topologies and magnetic properties. The second project, the results of which are summarized in Chapter 3, included the systematic study of a new optically-active Schiff base ligand, N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (nacbH2), in NiII cluster chemistry. Various reactions between NiX2 (X- = inorganic anions) and nacbH2 were performed under basic conditions to yield six new polynuclear NiII complexes, namely (NHEt3)[Ni12(nacb)12(H2O)4](ClO4) (3), (NHEt3)2[Ni5(nacb)4(L)(LH)2(MeOH)] (4), [Ni5(OH)2(nacb)4(DMF)4] (5), [Ni5(OMe)Cl(nacb)4(MeOH)3(MeCN)] (6), (NHEt3)2[Ni6(OH)2(nacb)6(H2O)4] (7), and [Ni6(nacb)6(H2O)3(MeOH)6] (8). The nature of the solvent, the inorganic anion, X-, and the organic base were all found to be of critical importance, leading to products with different structural topologies and nuclearities (i.e., {Ni5}, {Ni6} and {Ni12}). Magnetic studies on all synthesized complexes revealed an overall ferromagnetic behavior for complexes 4 and 8, with the remaining complexes being dominated by antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. In order to assess the optical efficiency of the organic ligand when bound to the metal centers, photoluminescence studies were performed on all synthesized compounds. Complexes 4 and 5 show strong emission in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, the ligand nacbH2 allowed for some unexpected organic transformations to occur; for instance, the pentanuclear compound 5 comprises both nacb2- groups and a new organic chelate, namely the anion of 5-chloro-2-[(3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)amino]benzoic acid. In the last section of this thesis, an attempt to compare the NiII cluster chemistry of the N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid ligand with that of the structurally similar but less bulky, N-salicylidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (sacbH2), was made.

Synthesis, characterization, determination of luminescent properties of tetracoordinate organoboron compounds derivatives from organic tridentate ligands, and their potential application in OLEDs.

Tesis (Doctor of Science with orientation in Materials Chemistry) UANL, 2014.

Élaboration d’un bioessai à haut débit pour la découverte de nouveaux ligands péptidiques chez les végétaux

Suite au projet de séquençage du génome d’Arabidopsis thaliana, plus de 400 récepteurs de types serine/thréonine kinases (Protein Receptor Kinase ou PRK) ont été prédits. Par contre, seulement sept paires de récepteurs/ligands ont été caractérisées jusqu’à présent par des techniques de biochimie et d’analyse, de mutants. Parmi ceux-ci figurent les PRK : BRI1, CLV1, SRK, SR160, Haesa-IDA et PEPR1 qui jouent un rôle important dans le développement, l’auto-incompatibilité sporophytique et les mécanismes de défense. Le but de mon projet de maîtrise était de développer un bioessai à haut débit qui permettra la découverte de ligands peptidiques. Le bioessai utilisera des PRK chimériques composés du domaine extracellulaire (l’ectodomaine) de la PRK à l’étude fusionnée au domaine intracellulaire d’une PRK qui agira comme rapporteur. Deux stratégies sont présentement développées dans notre laboratoire : la première consiste à fusionner la PRK à l’étude avec le domaine intracellulaire (l’endodomaine) du récepteur tyrosine kinase animal EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor). Suite à l’interaction avec une fraction protéique contenant un ligand correspondant à la PRK étudiée, une transphosphorylation de l’endodomaine (le domaine kinase) serait détectable. La seconde stratégie utilise l’endodomaine du récepteur BRI1, un récepteur répondant aux brassinostéroïdes. Suite à l’interaction avec une fraction protéique contenant un ligand correspondant à la PRK étudiée, cette fois-ci nous devrions être en mesure de mesurer l’activation d’un gène rapporteur répondant normalement à une activation par les brassinostéroïdes.

Étude de la pharmacologie de ligands du récepteur EP4 de prostaglandine E2

La prostaglandine E2 est une hormone lipidique produite abondamment dans le corps, incluant dans le rein où elle agit localement pour réguler les fonctions rénales. Un couplage à la protéine Gαs menant à une production d’AMPc a classiquement été attribué au récepteur EP4 de PGE2. La signalisation d’EP4 s’est cependant avérée plus complexe et implique aussi un couplage aux protéines sensibles à la PTX Gαi et des effets reliés aux β-arrestines. Il y a maintenant plusieurs exemples de l’activation sélective de voies de signalisation indépendantes par des ligands des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG), et ce concept désigné sélectivité fonctionnelle pourrait être exploité dans le développement de nouveaux médicaments plus spécifiques et efficaces. Dans une première étude, la puissance et l’activité intrinsèque d’une série de ligands d’EP4 pour l’activation de Gαs, Gαi et de la ß-arrestine ont été systématiquement déterminées relativement au ligand endogène PGE2. Dans ce but, trois essais de transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET) ont été adaptés pour évaluer les différentes voies dans des cellules vivantes. Nos résultats montrent une sélectivité fonctionnelle importante parmi les agonistes évalués et ont une implication pour l’utilisation d’analogues de la PGE2 dans un contexte expérimental et possiblement clinique, puisque leur spectre d’activité diffère de l’agoniste naturel. La méthodologie basée sur le BRET utilisée lors de cette première évaluation systématique d’une série d’agonistes d’EP4 devrait être applicable à l’étude d’autres RCPG. Dans une deuxième étude, des peptides reproduisant des régions juxtamembranaires extracellulaires du récepteur EP4 ont été conçus selon le raisonnement que des peptides ciblant des régions éloignées du site de liaison du ligand naturel ont le potentiel de ne moduler qu’une partie des activités du récepteur. L’insuffisance rénale aiguë est une complication médicale grave caractérisée par un déclin brusque et soutenu de la fonction rénale et pour laquelle il n’y a pas de traitement efficace à l’heure actuelle. Nos résultats montrent que le peptidomimétique dérivé d’EP4 optimisé (THG213.29) améliore significativement les fonctions rénales et les changements histologiques dans une insuffisance rénale aiguë induite par cisplatine ou par occlusion des artères rénales dans des rats Sprague-Dawley. Le THG213.29 ne compétitionnait pas la liaison de la PGE2 à EP4, mais modulait la cinétique de dissociation de la PGE2, suggérant une liaison à un site allostérique d’EP4. Le THG213.29 démontrait une sélectivité fonctionnelle, puisqu’il inhibait partiellement la production d’AMPc induite par EP4 mais n’affectait pas l’activation de Gαi ou le recrutement de la ß-arrestine. Nos résultats indiquent que le THG213.29 représente une nouvelle classe d’agent diurétique possédant les propriétés d’un modulateur allostérique non-compétitif des fonctions du récepteur EP4 pour l’amélioration des fonctions rénales suite à une insuffisance rénale aiguë.

HIV-1 Vpr up-regulates expression of ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor and promotes NK cell-mediated killing

HIV upregulates cell-surface expression of specific ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor, including ULBP-1, -2, -3, but not MICA or MICB, in infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the viral factor(s) involved in NKG2D ligand expression still remains undefined. HIV-1 Vpr activates the DNA damage/stress-sensing ATR kinase and promotes G2 cell-cycle arrest, conditions known to upregulate NKG2D ligands. We report here that HIV-1 selectively induces cell-surface expression of ULBP-2 in primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes by a process that is Vpr-dependent. Importantly, Vpr enhanced the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to NK cell-mediated killing. Strikingly, Vpr alone was sufficient to upregulate expression of all NKG2D ligands and thus promoted efficient NKG2D-dependent NK cell-mediated killing. Delivery of virion-associated Vpr via defective HIV-1 particles induced analogous biological effects in non-infected target cells, suggesting that Vpr may act similarly beyond infected cells. All these activities relied on Vpr ability to activate the ATR-mediated DNA damage/stress checkpoint. Overall, these results indicate that Vpr is a key determinant responsible for HIV-1-induced upregulation of NKG2D ligands and further suggest an immunomodulatory role for Vpr that may not only contribute to HIV-1-induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion but may also take part in HIV-1-induced NK cell dysfunction.

La dihydrofolate réductase R67, comme une cible d’antibiotiques et biocatalyseur potentiel

La dihyrofolate réductase de type II R67 (DHFR R67) est une enzyme bactérienne encodée par un plasmide donc aisément transmissible. Elle catalyse la réaction de réduction du dihydrofolate (DHF) en tétrahydrofolate (THFA) essentiel pour la prolifération cellulaire. La DHFR R67 est une enzyme qui dépend du cofacteur NADPH. La DHFR R67 est différente, structurellement et génétiquement, de l’enzyme DHFR chromosomale présente chez tous les organismes et elle est résistante au triméthoprime (TMP) qui est largement utilisé dans les traitements antibactériens chez l’Homme. Aucun inhibiteur sélectif contre la DHFR R67 n’est actuellement répertorié. Le but de cette étude a été d’identifier des molécules qui pourront inhiber la DHFR R67 sélectivement, sans affecter la DHFR humaine (DHFRh). La vérification de la qualité des essais enzymatiques en conditions déterminées pour le criblage d’inhibiteurs sur plusieurs lectrices à plaques a identifié des appareils appropriés pour l’analyse. L’étude de l’activité enzymatique de la DHFR R67 et de la DHFRh en présence des solvants organiques et liquides ioniques (LIs), comme des co-solvants pour le criblage rationnel d’inhibiteurs, a montré que certains LIs peuvent servir de milieu alternatif pour les essais enzymatiques. Le criblage rationnel basé sur l’approche du design d’un inhibiteur à partir de petites molécules, a révélé des molécules primaires qui inhibent la DHFR R67 de façon faible, mais sélective. Le test des composés biologiquement actifs qui comprennent des petits fragments, a montré l’augmentation de l’affinité entre la DHFR R67 et les composés testés. Trois composés ont été déterminés comme des inhibiteurs sélectifs prometteurs pour la DHFR R67.

Réseaux étendus construits par autoassemblage de ligands flexibles dithiolatés et de centres métalliques du groupe 11, argent(I) et or(I)

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal