Aneuploidy correlated 100% with chemical transformation of Chinese hamster cells

Aneuploidy or chromosome imbalance is the most massive genetic abnormality of cancer cells. It used to be considered the cause of cancer when it was discovered more than 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the gene, the aneuploidy hypothesis has lost ground to the hypothesis that mutation of cellular genes causes cancer. According to this hypothesis, cancers are diploid and aneuploidy is secondary or nonessential. Here we reexamine the aneuploidy hypothesis in view of the fact that nearly all solid cancers are aneuploid, that many carcinogens are nongenotoxic, and that mutated genes from cancer cells do not transform diploid human or animal cells. By regrouping the gene pool—as in speciation—aneuploidy inevitably will alter many genetic programs. This genetic revolution can explain the numerous unique properties of cancer cells, such as invasiveness, dedifferentiation, distinct morphology, and specific surface antigens, much better than gene mutation, which is limited by the conservation of the existing chromosome structure. To determine whether aneuploidy is a cause or a consequence of transformation, we have analyzed the chromosomes of Chinese hamster embryo (CHE) cells transformed in vitro. This system allows (i) detection of transformation within 2 months and thus about 5 months sooner than carcinogenesis and (ii) the generation of many more transformants per cost than carcinogenesis. To minimize mutation of cellular genes, we have used nongenotoxic carcinogens. It was found that 44 out of 44 colonies of CHE cells transformed by benz[a]pyrene, methylcholanthrene, dimethylbenzanthracene, and colcemid, or spontaneously were between 50 and 100% aneuploid. Thus, aneuploidy originated with transformation. Two of two chemically transformed colonies tested were tumorigenic 2 months after inoculation into hamsters. The cells of transformed colonies were heterogeneous in chromosome number, consistent with the hypothesis that aneuploidy can perpetually destabilize the chromosome number because it unbalances the elements of the mitotic apparatus. Considering that all 44 transformed colonies analyzed were aneuploid, and the early association between aneuploidy, transformation, and tumorigenicity, we conclude that aneuploidy is the cause rather than a consequence of transformation.

In vitro and in vivo differentiation into B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells of primitive yolk sac hematopoietic precursor cells expanded >100-fold by coculture with a clonal yolk sac endothelial cell line

The yolk sac, first site of hematopoiesis during mammalian development, contains not only hematopoietic stem cells but also the earliest precursors of endothelial cells. We have previously shown that a nonadherent yolk sac cell population (WGA+, density <1.077, AA4.1+) can give rise to B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells both in vitro and in vivo. We now report on the ability of a yolk sac-derived cloned endothelial cell line (C166) to provide a suitable microenvironment for expansion of these early precursor cells. Single day 10 embryonic mouse yolk sac hematopoietic stem cells were expanded >100 fold within 8 days by coculture with irradiated C166 cells. Colony-forming ability was retained for at least three passages in vitro, with retention of the ability to differentiate into T-cell, B-cell, and myeloid lineages. Stem cell properties were maintained by a significant fraction of nonadherent cells in the third passage, although these stem cells expressed a somewhat more mature cell surface phenotype than the initial yolk sac stem cells. When reintroduced into adult allogeneic immunocompromised (scid) hosts, they were able to give rise to all of the leukocyte lineages, including T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. We conclude that yolk sac endothelial cells can support the stable proliferation of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells, thus generating adequate numbers of cells for study of the mechanisms involved in their subsequent development and differentiation, for in vivo hematopoietic restitution, and for potential use as a vehicle for gene transfer.

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist Cetrorelix down-regulates the mRNA expression of pituitary receptors for LH-RH by counteracting the stimulatory effect of endogenous LH-RH

The mechanisms through which LH-RH antagonists suppress gonadotroph functions and LH-RH receptor (LH-RH-R) production are incompletely understood. To elucidate these mechanisms, we investigated the effects of Cetrorelix on the mRNA expression of pituitary LH-RH-R and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in three experimental systems with different pituitary LH-RH environments. Ovariectomy induced 3.61-fold and 6.34-fold increases in the mRNA expression of pituitary LH-RH-R in rats after 11 and 21 days, respectively. After (5 h) a single injection of 100 μg Cetrorelix, no significant decrease occurred in the mRNA levels of pituitary LH-RH-R in ovariectomized (OVX) rats with high pituitary exposure to LH-RH, but there was a significant 23.2% reduction in cycling rats with normal hypophysial LH-RH environment. Prolonged treatment for 10 days with a Cetrorelix depot formulation releasing 100 μg/day decreased the concentration of mRNA for pituitary LH-RH-R by 72.6% in OVX rats, but only by 32.9% in normal rats. The decline in serum LH was 98.7% in OVX rats and 63.2% in normal rats, resulting in a minimal 0.1–0.2 ng/ml LH concentration in both groups. A continuous exposure of pituitary cells to 100 nM Cetrorelix in the superfusion system, which is devoid of LH-RH, did not cause any significant changes in LH-RH-R mRNA level. These studies demonstrate that prolonged exposure to Cetrorelix in vivo, but not in vitro, down-regulates the mRNA expression of the pituitary receptors for LH-RH. Our findings indicate that LH-RH antagonists exert their inhibitory effects on the gene expression of pituitary LH-RH-R by counteracting the stimulatory effect of endogenous LH-RH.

Protonation dynamics of the extracellular and cytoplasmic surface of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane.

The dynamics of proton binding to the extracellular and the cytoplasmic surfaces of the purple membrane were measured by laser-induced proton pulses. Purple membranes, selectively labeled by fluorescein at Lys-129 of bacteriorhodopsin, were pulsed by protons released in the aqueous bulk from excited pyranine (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate) and the reaction of protons with the indicators was measured. Kinetic analysis of the data imply that the two faces of the membrane differ in their buffer capacities and in their rates of interaction with bulk protons. The extracellular surface of the purple membrane contains one anionic proton binding site per protein molecule with pK = 5.1. This site is within a Coulomb cage radius (approximately 15 A) from Lys-129. The cytoplasmic surface of the purple membrane bears 4-5 protonable moieties (pK = 5.1) that, due to close proximity, function as a common proton binding site. The reaction of the proton with this cluster is at a very fast rate (3.10(10) M-1.s-1). The proximity between the elements is sufficiently high that even in 100 mM NaCl they still function as a cluster. Extraction of the chromophore retinal from the protein has a marked effect on the carboxylates of the cytoplasmic surface, and two to three of them assume positions that almost bar their reaction with bulk protons. The protonation dynamics determined at the surface of the purple membrane is of relevance both for the vectorial proton transport mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin and for energy coupling, not only in halobacteria, but also in complex chemiosmotic systems such as mitochondrial and thylakoid membranes.

Limited surface exposure of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface lipoproteins.

We used novel immunofluorescence strategies to demonstrate that outer surface proteins (Osps) A, B and C of Borrelia burgdorferi have limited surface exposure, finding that contradicts the prevailing viewpoint that these antigens are exclusively surface exposed. Light labeling was observed when antibodies to OspA or OspB were added to motile organisms, whereas intense fluorescence was observed when the same slides were methanol-fixed and reprobed. Modest labeling also was observed when spirochetes encapsulated in agarose beads (gel microdroplets) were incubated with antibodies to these same two antigens. This contrasted with the intense fluorescence observed when encapsulated spirochetes were probed in the presence of 0.06% Triton X-100, which selectively removed outer membranes. Proteinase K (PK) treatment of encapsulated spirochetes abrogated surface labeling. However, PK-treated spirochetes fluoresced intensely after incubation with antibodies to OspA or OspB in the presence of detergent, confirming the existence of large amounts of subsurface Osp antigens. Modest surface labeling once again was detected when PK-treated spirochetes were reprobed after overnight incubation, a result consistent with the existence of a postulated secretory apparatus that shuttles lipoproteins to the borrelial surface. Last, experiments with the OspC-expressing B. burgdorferi strain 297 revealed that this antigen was barely detectable on spirochetal surfaces even though it was a major constituent of isolated outer mem- branes. We propose a model of B. burgdorferi molecular architecture that helps to explain spirochetal persistence during chronic Lyme disease.

Down-regulation of pituitary receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in rats by LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix.

Antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), unlike the LH-RH agonists, suppress gonadotropins and sex steroid secretion immediately after administration, without initial stimulatory effects. [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Ph(4Cl)2,D-Pal(3)3,D-Cit6,D-Ala10]LH-R H (SB-75; Cetrorelix) is a modern, potent antagonistic analog of LH-RH. In this study, the binding characteristics of receptors for LH-RH in membrane fractions from rat anterior pituitaries were investigated after a single injection of Cetrorelix at a dose of 100 microg per rat. To determine whether the treatment with Cetrorelix can affect the concentration of measurable LH-RH binding sites, we applied an in vitro method to desaturate LH-RH receptors by chaotropic agents such as manganous chloride (MnCl2) and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN). Our results show that the percentages of occupied LH-RH receptors at 1, 3, and 6 h after administration of Cetrorelix were approximately 28%, 14%, and 10%, respectively, of total receptors. At later time intervals, we could not detect occupied LH-RH binding sites. Ligand competition assays, following in vitro desaturation, demonstrated that rat pituitary LH-RH receptors were significantly (P < 0.01) down-regulated for at least 72 h after administration of Cetrorelix. The lowest receptor concentration was found 3-6 h after Cetrorelix treatment and a recovery in receptor number began within approximately 24 h. The down-regulation of LH-RH binding sites induced by Cetrorelix was accompanied by serum LH and testosterone suppression. Higher LH-RH receptor concentrations coincided with elevated serum hormone levels at later time intervals. Our results indicate that administration of LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix produces a marked down-regulation of pituitary receptors for LH-RH and not merely an occupancy of binding sites.

Isolation and characterization of a cell surface albumin-binding protein from vascular endothelial cells.

Albumin-binding proteins identified in vascular endothelial cells have been postulated to contribute to the transport of albumin via a process involving transcytosis. In the present study, we have purified and characterized a 57- to 60-kDa (gp60) putative albumin-binding protein from bovine pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells. The endothelial cell membranes were isolated from cultured cells by differential centrifugation and solubilized with sodium cholate and urea. The solubilized extract was concentrated after dialysis by ethanol precipitation and reextracted with Triton X-100, and the resulting extract was subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Proteins eluted from this column were further separated using preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and used for immunizing rabbits. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis using the anti-gp60 antibodies demonstrated the expression of gp60 on the endothelial cell surface. Affinity-purified anti-gp60 antibodies inhibited approximately 90% of the specific binding of 125I-labeled albumin to bovine pulmonary microvessel endothelial cell surface. The anti-gp60 antibodies reacted with gp60 from bovine pulmonary artery, bovine pulmonary microvessel, human umbilical vein, and rat lung endothelial cell membranes. Bovine anti-gp60 antibodies also reacted with bovine secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). However, bovine SPARC NH2-terminal sequence (1-56 residues) antibodies did not react with gp60, indicating that the endothelial cell-surface-associated albumin-binding protein gp60 was different from the secreted albumin-binding protein SPARC. We conclude that the endothelial cell-surface-associated gp60 mediates the specific binding of native albumin to endothelial cells and thus may regulate the uptake of albumin and its transcytosis.

Cell-surface-expressed T-cell antigen-receptor zeta chain is associated with the cytoskeleton.

The T-cell antigen receptor zeta chain plays an important role in coupling antigen recognition to several intracellular signal-transduction pathways. zeta chain can associate with certain protein tyrosine kinases and retains the capacity to transduce signals independently of the other receptor subunits. Thus, zeta chain could couple cell-surface-expressed T-cell antigen receptors to the intracellular signal-transduction apparatus by its association with various intracellular molecules in addition to tyrosine kinases. In the process of searching for zeta chain-associated molecules we observed that after lysis of resting T cells with Triton X-100, zeta chain is localized in the detergent-insoluble fraction, in addition to its presence in the detergent-soluble fraction. Treatment of T cells with cytochalasin B, an actin-depolymerizing agent, leads to the complete dissociation of zeta chain from the Triton-insoluble fraction, suggesting a linkage between zeta chain and the cytoskeletal matrix. We have also determined that cytoskeletal-associated zeta chain is expressed on the cell surface. Furthermore, a tyrosine-phosphorylated 16-kDa zeta chain was detected only in the Triton-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction of resting T cells. zeta chain also maintains its association with the cytoskeleton when expressed in COS cells, inferring that the cytoskeletal elements involved in this linkage may be ubiquitous. Finally, we have localized a 42-amino acid region in the intracytoplasmic domain of zeta chain, which is crucial for maximal interaction between zeta chain and the cytoskeleton. Anchorage of cell-surface-expressed zeta chain to the cytoskeleton in resting T cells may facilitate recycling of receptor complexes and/or allow the transduction of external stimuli into the cell.

Interazione di nanoparticelle metalliche con menbrane biologiche: risultati di studi in vitro su cute, mucosa del cavo orale e meningi ed implicazioni per la salute

L’utilizzo di nanomateriali, ovvero una nuova classe di sostanze composte da particelle ultrafini con dimensioni comprese fra 1 e 100 nm (American Society for Testing Materials - ASTM), è in costante aumento a livello globale. La particolarità di tali sostanze è rappresentata da un alto rapporto tra la superficie e il volume delle particelle, che determina caratteristiche chimico-fisiche completamente differenti rispetto alle omologhe macrosostanze di riferimento. Tali caratteristiche sono tali da imporre una loro classificazione come nuovi agenti chimici (Royal Society & Royal Academy of Engineering report 2004). Gli impieghi attuali dei nanomateriali risultano in continua evoluzione, spaziando in diversi ambiti, dall’industria farmaceutica e cosmetica, all’industria tessile, elettronica, aerospaziale ed informatica. Diversi sono anche gli impieghi in campo biomedico; tra questi la diagnostica e la farmacoterapia. È quindi prevedibile che in futuro una quota sempre maggiore di lavoratori e consumatori risulteranno esposti a tali sostanze. Allo stato attuale non vi è una completa conoscenza degli effetti tossicologici ed ambientali di queste sostanze, pertanto, al fine di un loro utilizzo in totale sicurezza, risulta necessario capirne meglio l’impatto sulla salute, le vie di penetrazione nel corpo umano e il rischio per i lavoratori conseguente al loro utilizzo o lavorazione. La cute rappresenta la prima barriera nei confronti delle sostanze tossiche che possono entrare in contatto con l’organismo umano. Successivamente agli anni ‘60, quando si riteneva che la cute rappresentasse una barriera totalmente impermeabile, è stato dimostrato come essa presenti differenti gradi di permeabilità nei confronti di alcuni xenobiotici, dipendente dalle caratteristiche delle sostanze in esame, dal sito anatomico di penetrazione, dal grado di integrità della barriera stessa e dall’eventuale presenza di patologie della cute. La mucosa del cavo orale funge da primo filtro nei confronti delle sostanze che entrano in contatto con il tratto digestivo e può venir coinvolta in contaminazioni di superficie determinate da esposizioni occupazionali e/o ambientali. È noto che, rispetto alla cute, presenti una permeabilità all’acqua quattro volte maggiore, e, per tale motivo, è stata studiata come via di somministrazione di farmaci, ma, ad oggi, pochi sono gli studi che ne hanno valutato le caratteristiche di permeazione nei confronti delle nanoparticelle (NPs). Una terza importante barriera biologica è quella che ricopre il sistema nervoso centrale, essa è rappresentata da tre foglietti di tessuto connettivo, che assieme costituiscono le meningi. Questi tre foglietti rivestono completamente l’encefalo permettendone un isolamento, tradizionalmente ritenuto completo, nei confronti degli xenobiotici. L’unica via di assorbimento diretto, in questo contesto, è rappresentata dalla via intranasale. Essa permette un passaggio diretto di sostanze dall’epitelio olfattivo all’encefalo, eludendo la selettiva barriera emato-encefalica. Negli ultimi anni la letteratura scientifica si è arricchita di studi che hanno indagato le caratteristiche di assorbimento di farmaci attraverso questa via, ma pochissimi sono gli studi che hanno indagato la possibile penetrazione di nanoparticelle attraverso questa via, e nessuno, in particolar modo, ha indagato le caratteristiche di permeazione delle meningi. L’attività di ricerca svolta nell’ambito del presente dottorato ha avuto per finalità l’indagine delle caratteristiche di permeabilità e di assorbimento della cute, della mucosa del cavo orale e delle meningi nei confronti di alcune nanoparticelle, scelte fra quelle più rappresentative in relazione alla diffusione d’utilizzo a livello globale. I risultati degli esperimenti condotti hanno dimostrato, in vitro, che l’esposizione cutanea a Pt, Rh, Co3O4 e Ni NPs determinano permeazione in tracce dei medesimi metalli attraverso la cute, mentre per le TiO2 NPs tale permeazione non è stata dimostrata. È stato riscontrato, inoltre, che la mucosa del cavo orale e le meningi sono permeabili nei confronti dell’Ag in forma nanoparticellare.

Filmes e coberturas a base do resíduo da extração de corante de cúrcuma

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de uso do resíduo da extração de pigmento de cúrcuma na produção de filmes e coberturas. Para o estudo dos filmes, foram utilizados glicerol e sorbitol como plastificantes e avaliados os efeitos da concentração de farinha de cúrcuma e do plastificante sobre as propriedades mecânicas, solubilidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), molhabilidade, atividade antioxidante, teor de curcuminóides e teor de compostos fenólicos totais utilizando um Delineamento Central Composto Rotacional 22, e os resultados foram avaliados utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR). A concentração de farinha afetou de forma positiva a espessura, PVA e o teor de curcuminóides totais dos filmes plastificados com glicerol e sorbitol. Entretanto, esta variável afetou as propriedades de solubilidade, molhabilidade e teor de compostos fenólicos totais somente dos filmes com glicerol. A concentração de plastificante (glicerol ou sorbitol) afetou significativamente a solubilidade, PVA e molhabilidade de ambos os filmes. Filmes de farinha de cúrcuma com boas propriedades mecânicas, baixa permeabilidade ao vapor de água, alta atividade antioxidante, alto teor de curcuminóides e alto teor de compostos fenólicos totais podem ser produzidos utilizando 27,9 a 30 g glicerol/100 g farinha ou 30 a 42 g sorbitol/100 g farinha e concentração de farinha na faixa de 5% a 6,41%. A cobertura de farinha de cúrcuma contendo 6% de farinha e 30 g glicerol/100 g de farinha foi aplicada em bananas Maçã (Musa acuminata) armazenadas a 27ºC e 65% UR. Assim, foi avaliado o efeito da cobertura na qualidade pós-colheita das bananas em função à suas características físico-químicas como perda de massa, firmeza da polpa, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares redutores e cor da casca. Os resultados mostraram que a cobertura foi eficiente em diminuir a perda de massa, o teor de açúcares redutores, a acidez, a perda da firmeza e a cor da casca principalmente durante a etapa de maturação do fruto. Entretanto, não foi observado grande efeito da cobertura sobre o pH e o teor de sólidos solúveis durante o período estudado. As bananas sem a cobertura tiveram vida útil de 6 dias, enquanto as bananas com cobertura tiveram vida útil de 9 dias.

Desenvolvimento de matrizes poliméricas como veículo de ácido ascórbico: caracterização e avaliação da estabilidade

A administração de princípios ativos pela mucosa oral é uma forma eficiente para a distribuição de fármacos e nutrientes, oferecendo diversas vantagens como uma fácil aplicação, evitando o metabolismo de primeira passagem hepática e potencialmente melhorando a biodisponibilidade dessas substâncias. A acerola e o camu-camu apresentam uma alta concentração de vitamina C e são consideradas fontes de diferentes compostos ativos, porém a vitamina C presente nas frutas é facilmente oxidada pelos fatores ambientais, e essas frutas são pouco acessíveis ao consumo populacional. Filmes de desintegração oral (FDO) podem apresentar rápido tempo de desintegração e fácil administração, o que os torna um material interessante para a veiculação de compostos com atividades farmacêuticas ou nutricionais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes de desintegração oral à base de amido e gelatina com adição de extrato seco de acerola e camu-camu produzidos por \"spray dryer\" como uma alternativa para a administração de vitamina C. Os FDOs foram produzidos pela técnica de casting, variando-se a proporção de amido e gelatina. Como plastificante foi utilizado o sorbitol (20 g / 100 g de polímero), mantendo-se constante a concentração de polímeros (2 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e de extrato seco de acerola (4 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e camu-camu (4 g / 100 g de solução filmogênica). Os extratos secos de acerola e camu-camu foram caracterizados com relação à concentração da vitamina C e da estabilidade desses extratos nessas condições (30 °C, UR 75 % e 40 °C, UR 75%). Os FDOs foram caracterizados em relação a espessura, propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, FT-IR, microscopia electrônica de varredura, concentração de vitamina C, atividade antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana, estabilidade da vitamina C, tempo de desintegração, estabilidade da atividade de eliminação de radicais de DPPH•, avaliação sensorial. Os extratos secos apresentaram uma boa estabilidade em relação à vitamina C e aos compostos antioxidantes (sequestro do radical DPPH•). Os FDOs sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, mostraram-se homogêneos, com ausência de partículas insolúveis e alta capacidade de formação de filme. Para os FDOs com maior concentração de amido foi observado reduzido tempo de desintegração e pH próximo ao bucal. Após a adição dos extratos, os FDOs apresentaram redução do tempo de desintegração, boa aceitação sensorial, propriedades antioxidantes e estabilidade pelo sequestro do radical DPPH•. O pH de superfície dos filmes com adição de extrato seco de acerola foi mais próximo ao bucal quando comparado com os filmes com camu-camu. No entanto, os FDOs com acerola apresentaram reduzida estabilidade da vitamina C em relação ao tempo de armazenamento, enquanto que os filmes com camu-camu apresentaram melhor estabilidade. De modo geral, na formulação produzida apenas com amido (100 g de amido / 100 g de polímeros) observou-se uma maior concentração da vitamina C no final da estabilidade realizada à 30 °C e umidade relativa de 75 %, elevada estabilidade dos compostos ativos (DPPH) e alta taxa de uniformidade na distribuição da vitamina C no filme de desintegração oral. Dessa forma, os FDOs podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para a suplementação de vitamina C.

Common origin for surface reconstruction and the formation of chains of metal atoms

During the fracture of nanocontacts gold spontaneously forms freely suspended chains of atoms, which is not observed for the isoelectronic noble metals Ag and Cu. Au also differs from Ag and Cu in forming reconstructions at its low-index surfaces. Using mechanically controllable break junctions we show that all the 5d metals that show similar reconstructions (Ir, Pt, and Au) also form chains of atoms, while both properties are absent in the 4d neighbor elements (Rh, Pd, and Ag), indicating a common origin for these two phenomena. A competition between s and d bonding is proposed as an explanation.

Ligand tethering by ion-exchange for the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts

A Rh phosphine complex, derived from the Wilkinson’s catalyst, has been immobilized by ion-exchange on the ammonium form of a Al-MCM-41 sample. Ammonium ions have been exchanged by cholamine ions, which act as an amine ligand, and then the Wilkinson’s catalyst has been immobilized by substitution of a phosphine ligand by the anchored amine. This is a novel immobilization procedure, as a ligand, instead of the whole complex, is tethered to the support by ion exchange. The obtained hybrid catalyst has been characterized by Elemental Analysis, DRIFTS and XPS. The quantitative exchange of ammonium by cholamine and coordination of Rh to amines has been observed. Most of the anchored Rh is considered to be coordinated to the ligand tethered to the support and a small proportion seems to be interacting with the protonated ligand or with the support surface. The catalyst has been tested in the hydrogenation of cyclohexene and in the hydroformylation of 1-octene. In the first case the catalyst is active and reusable, while a strong Rh leaching takes place in the second one.

Synthesis of high surface area TiO2 nanoparticles by mild acid treatment with HCl or HI for photocatalytic propene oxidation

Nanostructured TiO2 photocatalysts with small crystalline sizes have been synthesized by sol-gel using the amphiphilic triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 as template. A new synthesis route, based on the treatment of TiO2 xerogels with acid-ethanol mixtures in two different steps, synthesis and extraction-crystallization, has been investigated, analyzing two acids, hydrochloric and hydriodic acid. As reference, samples have also been prepared by extraction-crystallization in ethanol, being these TiO2 materials amorphous and presenting higher porosities. The prepared materials present different degrees of crystallinity depending on the experimental conditions used. In general, these materials exhibit high surface areas, with an important contribution of microporosity and mesoporosity, and with very small size anatase crystals, ranging from 5 to 7 nm. The activity of the obtained photocatalysts has been assessed in the oxidation of propene in gas phase at low concentration (100 ppmv) under a UVA lamp with 365 nm wavelength. In the conditions studied, these photocatalysts show different activities in the oxidation of propene which do not depend on their surface areas, but on their crystallinity and band gap energies, being sample prepared with HCl both during synthesis and in extraction-crystallizations steps, the most active one, with superior performance than Evonik P25.

Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol on Rh-Pt Catalysts: Influence of CeO2, ZrO2, and La2O3 as Supports

CeO2-, ZrO2-, and La2O3-supported Rh-Pt catalysts were tested to assess their ability to catalyze the steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) for H2 production. SRE activity tests were performed using EtOH:H2O:N2 (molar ratio 1:3:51) at a gaseous space velocity of 70,600 h−1 between 400 and 700 °C at atmospheric pressure. The SRE stability of the catalysts was tested at 700 °C for 27 h time on stream under the same conditions. RhPt/CeO2, which showed the best performance in the stability test, also produced the highest H2 yield above 600 °C, followed by RhPt/La2O3 and RhPt/ZrO2. The fresh and aged catalysts were characterized by TEM, XPS, and TGA. The higher H2 selectivity of RhPt/CeO2 was ascribed to the formation of small (~5 nm) and stable particles probably consistent of Rh-Pt alloys with a Pt surface enrichment. Both metals were oxidized and acted as an almost constant active phase during the stability test owing to strong metal-support interactions, as well as the superior oxygen mobility of the support. The TGA results confirmed the absence of carbonaceous residues in all the aged catalysts.