Toxic Stress and Child Hunger Over the Life Course: Three Case Studies

The causes and contexts of food insecurity among children in the U.S. are poorly understood because the prevalence of food insecurity at the child level is low compared to the prevalence of household food insecurity. In addition, caregivers may be reluctant to admit their children may not be getting enough food due to shame or fear they might lose custody of their children. Based on our ongoing qualitative research with mothers of young children, we suggest that food security among children is related to adverse childhood experiences of caregivers. This translates into poor mental and physical health in adolescence and adulthood, which can lead to inability to secure and maintain meaningful employment that pays a living wage. In this paper we propose that researchers shift the framework for understanding food insecurity in the United States to adopt a life course approach. This demands we pay greater attention to the lifelong consequences of exposure to trauma or toxic stress—exposure to violence, rape, abuse and neglect, and housing, food, and other forms of deprivation—during childhood. We then describe three case studies of women from our ongoing study to describe a variety of toxic stress exposures and how they have an impact on a woman’s earning potential, her mental health, and attitudes toward raising children. Each woman describes her exposure to violence and deprivation as a child and adolescent, describes experiences with child hunger, and explains how her experiences have shaped her ability to nourish her children. We describe ways in which we can shift the nature of research investigations on food insecurity, and provide recommendations for policy-oriented solutions regarding income support programs, early intervention programs, child and adult mental health services, and violence prevention programs.

The Almost Person: Myth, Narrative and The Doctor

Paul Ricœur describes selfhood as the product of a communal narrative. Communal narratives structured as symbolic myths provide a narrative identity and an ethic of selfhood. The psychologist Jerome Bruner, for instance, places the source of such a narrative identity in the family, where ‘canonical stories’ are formed. ‘Home’ becomes a mode of discourse, a way of recognizing ourselves in the narratives given to us by others. This paper will draw on these concepts of narrative identity in order to investigate the problems to selfhood which face the character of The Doctor in the BBC series Doctor Who. I will identify The Doctor as a character who acts within a self-constructed narrative vacuum, reading the character by contrasting two types of personal myth-making, one ‘real’, as in a lived narrative, and one ‘counterfeit’; a conjured myth to replace and obscure the lived self. The paper will pay particular attention to the twenty-first century reincarnations of Doctor Who. I will argue that the writing of Russell T. Davis and later Steven Moffat in particular directly address this tension of myth and selfhood, as The Doctor struggles between his self-imposed role as a modern Prometheus and the insistent haunting and return of his own story. In these incarnations, his companions become mirrors to The Doctor, bringing with them their own narrative and ethical identities. In turn, it is through his companions that The Doctor is able to build his own lived narrative of sorts, which challenges his self-created ‘mythology’. In contrast to the weeping angels, whose horrific agency manifests only when not apprehended, the Doctor’s story continues to become more real the more he is ‘perceived’, both by the human race and by the viewer.

Punitive reactions to completed crimes versus accidentally uncompleted crimes

Previous studies have shown that the harm caused by crime affects punitive reactions even if differences in the degree of harm are merely accidental. However, it remains unclear whether the effect is direct or whether it is mediated by attributed responsibility or blame. Participants were 303 university students who listened to 4 case vignettes (between-subjects design). Half received information about a completed crime and half about an accidentally uncompleted crime. Crime type was either fraud or rape. The results suggest that individuals consider the actual harm to a significantly greater extent than attribution theory would predict. Moreover, the link between harm and punishment was virtually not mediated by attributed blame and not moderated by individual differences in morality. Future studies should investigate whether the harm-punishment link is a result of an automatic act of retaliation or a desire to compensate for the harm done to the victim (restorative justice).

Do trials of perpetrators retraumatize crime victims?

Attendance at trials of perpetrators could be retraumatizing for crime victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. To investigate this hypothesis, two studies were conducted in which retraumatization was defined as a significant increase in posttraumatic stress reactions. A cross-sectional study of 137 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed that trial variables do virtually not predict posttraumatic stress reactions at a time several years after trial.Alongitudinal study of 31 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed intraindividual stability of posttraumatic stress reactions for the time interval from a few weeks before the trial to a few weeks after the trial; in addition, interindividual stability was high. The results of both studies do not support the retraumatization hypothesis, which should therefore be used with caution.

Mikro- versus Makroperspektive der retributiven Gerechtigkeit, Strafziele und die Forderung nach Strafe

Wie Personen auf Straftaten reagieren und welche Strafziele sie dabei verfolgen, war bisher kaum Gegenstand psychologischer Forschung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die dimensionale Struktur der Präferenz von Strafzielen untersucht. In zwei Befragungen wurden juristischen Laien Fallgeschichten zur Beurteilung vorgelegt (Raubüberfall, Körperverletzung, Betrug, Vergewaltigung). Die multivariaten Auswertungen weisen eine hohe Übereinstimmung auf: Strafziele lassen sich durch die zwei voneinander unabhängigen Dimensionen Strafhärte und Mikro- versus Makroperspektive klassifizieren. Wird eine Makroperspektive eingenommen, so ist dies mit einer stärkeren Gewichtung von Gesellschaftsinteressen verbunden sowie mit der Präferenz für das Strafziel der positiven Generalprävention. Die Mikroperspektive ist hingegen mit der Überzeugung verbunden, dass Gerechtigkeit insbesondere aus der Perspektive der konkret Beteiligten herzustellen ist. Je nach geforderter Strafhärte geht die Mikroperspektive mit einem Bias entweder für das Opfer und das Strafziel der Vergeltung oder aber für den Täter und das Strafziel der Resozialisierung einher.

Punishment goals of crime victims

Research on subjective punishment goals has focused on the perspective of third-party observers of criminal offenses and neglected the perspective of victims. This study investigates punishment goals among 174 adult crime victims (rape and nonsexual assault) for each participant’s real criminal case. Scales measuring support for punishment goals are constructed by factor analysis of an 18-item list. Results show that 5 highly supported goals can be distinguished: retaliation, recognition of victim status, confirmation of societal values, victim security, and societal security. Analysis of relations between punishment goal scales and personal variables, situational variables, and demanded punishment severity corroborates the view that the punishment goals revealed can be classified according to the two independent dichotomies of moral versus instrumental goals, and micro versus macro goals.

Chlorophyll Breakdown in Tobacco: On the Structure of Two Nonfluorescent Chlorophyll Catabolites

In extracts of senescent leaves of the tobacco plant Nicotiana rustica, two colorless compounds with UV/VIS characteristics of nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were detected and tentatively identified as Nr-NCCs. These two polar NCCs were found in similar amounts in the fresh extracts, and their constitutions could be determined by spectroscopic analysis. The data showed both of the two Nr-NCCs to have the same tetrapyrrolic core structure, as reported previously for all other NCCs from senescent higher plants. In the less polar catabolite, named Nr-NCC-2, this core structure was conjugated with a glucopyranose unit, as similarly discovered earlier in Bn-NCC-2, an NCC from oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The more polar NCC from tobacco leaves, Nr-NCC-1, carried an additional malonyl substituent at the 6′-OH group of the glucopyranosyl moiety. Partial (enzyme-catalyzed) hydrolysis of Nr-NCC-1 gave Nr-NCC-2, while enzyme-catalyzed malonylation of Nr-NCC-2 gave Nr-NCC-1, establishing the identity of their basic tetrapyrrole structure. In earlier work (on the polar NCCs from oilseed rape), only separate glucopyranosyl and malonyl functionalities were detected. Nr-NCC-1, thus, represents a further variant of the structures of NCCs from senescent higher plants and exhibits an unprecedented peripheral refunctionalization in chlorophyll catabolites.

Gay Parenthood and the Revolution of the Modern Family: An Examination of the Unique Barriers Confronting Gay Adoptive Parents

Abstract: In recent decades, the structure of the American family has been revolutionized to incorporate families of diverse and unconventional compositions. Gay and lesbian couples have undoubtedly played a crucial role in this revolution by establishing families through the tool of adoption. Eleven adoptive parents from the state of Connecticut were interviewed to better conceptualize the unique barriers gay couples encounter in the process adoption. Both the scholarly research and the interview data illustrate that although gay couples face enormous legal barriers, the majority of their hardship comes through social interactions. As a result, the cultural myths and legal restrictions that create social hardships for gay adoptive parents forge a vicious and discriminatory cycle of marginalization that American legal history illustrates is best remedied through judicial intervention at the Supreme Court level. While judicial intervention, alone, cannot change the reality of gay parenthood, I argue that past judicial precedent illustrates that such change can serve as a tool of individual, political, and legal validation for the gay community for obtaining equal rights.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 689 - "Visual Project", "Über Autoritätsbeziehungen in einer Familie", "Impact of the Palestine Situation on the American People" (p. IX 154 - IX 156.1-2)

"Visual Project" (Datierung unklar), 17 Photographien, Testmaterial; "Über Autoritätsbeziehungen in einer Familie. Protokoll einer sozial-psychologischen Familienbeobachtung" (Datierung und Zugehörigkeit unklar). Typoskript, englisch, 3 Blatt; "Impact of the Palestine Situation on the American People" (Datierung unklar, nicht vor 1946):; 1. "A Study Proposal". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 6 Blatt; 2. William B. Ziff: "The Rape of Palestine", New York 1946, 118 Seiten;

Bandidos sociales : Juan Bautista Vairoleto: mito y resistencia cultural

El bandolerismo social en general y el mito de Vairoleto en particular, constituyen prácticas contestatarias. Este trabajo procura ofrecer una breve descripción del estado de la cuestión para abrir la complejidad teórica del fenómeno del bandidaje y los principales problemas relacionados con el análisis de la evidencia empírica. Se establecen las principales críticas, autocríticas y anticríticas de las hipótesis clásicas de Hobsbawm. Con esto se sustenta el recorte de nuestra investigación y se justifican los contornos del objeto de estudio, para así ofrecer nuestra propia interpretación acerca de la construcción de mitos populares alrededor de figuras como Juan Bautista Vairoleto.

Rendimiento de aceite de colza cultivada bajo riego : Mendoza (Argentina)

En el 2010 será obligatorio cortar en un 5% los combustibles de origen fósil (gasoil y naftas) con biocombustibles (biodiesel y bioetanol). La principal materia prima para elaborar biodiesel son los aceites vegetales. Cada región tiene ventajas comparativas para producir alguna oleaginosa. En Cuyo, una de las limitantes para la producción agrícola es la disponibilidad de agua, fundamentalmente en verano, cuando demandan este recurso los cultivos tradicionales de la región. En este contexto, se estudió el rendimiento del cultivo de colza, oleaginosa de ciclo invernal, en el oasis Norte de la región de Cuyo, con el objetivo de valorar su aptitud para proveer aceite. Se probaron tres cultivares en tres fechas de siembra (abril, mayo y junio), durante los ciclos 2005 y 2006. Las siembras de abril y mayo rindieron más que la de junio y estuvieron asociadas a mayor duración de ciclo del cultivo. No hubo diferencias de porcentaje de aceite de las semillas entre tratamientos, que osciló entre el 48 y 49%. El rendimiento de aceite por ha superó los 1500 kg en las siembras de abril y mayo y estuvo algo por debajo en las de junio.

Uso de aguas residuales urbanas en el riego de colza (Brassica napus L.) con destino a biocombustible

El aceite de colza es comestible pero también puede utilizarse en la producción de biodiesel. Cuando el destino es el energético, el cultivo puede regarse con aguas residuales urbanas o cloacales. La mayor proporción del uso de éstas en el mundo ocurre en regiones áridas donde otras fuentes de agua son escasas, situación que se plantea en los oasis irrigados de Mendoza. En este trabajo se comparó el rendimiento de un cultivar invernal de colza regado con agua cloacal (AC) y agua subterránea (AS), y su potencial para producir biodiesel. La experiencia se llevó a cabo en una planta de tratamiento de agua cloacal de Obras Sanitarias en el departamento Tunuyán (33° 32’ 89’’ S; 69° 00’ 80’’ O; 859 m snm). El rendimiento de semilla de AC fue significativamente mayor que el de AS (7690 y 3886 kg/ha, respectivamente). La cantidad de biodiesel factible de producir por cada hectárea de cultivo asciende a 2800 kg en el tratamiento AC y a 1400 kg en AS. El uso de aguas residuales urbanas genera un nicho interesante para la producción de biocombustibles, utilizando un recurso hídrico con limitaciones para producir alimentos.

Parámetros biológicos y demograficos de áfidos (Hemiptera: aphididae) en variedades de colza canola (Brassica napus L.)

Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Brevicoryne brassicae L. y Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) constituyen plagas del cultivo de colza canola, Brassica napus L., y de otras crucíferas cultivadas. Los pulgones fueron colectados en un cultivo de canola y se multiplicaron en un insectario. Para el estudio se criaron 2 cohortes de 20 hembras neonatas, para cada especie de áfido y cultivar de colza, a 20 ± 1°C, 60-70% de humedad relativa y 14:10 horas de fotofase. Las principales diferencias entre especies de pulgones se observaron en la duración de los períodos reproductivo y post-reproductivo, la longevidad y la fecundidad. M. persicae fue el áfido más longevo y fecundo en Impact, mientras que en Teddy el más fecundo fue L. erysimi y el más longevo M. persicae. Con respecto a los parámetros poblacionales, la mayor tasa de incremento poblacional (R0) fue de 58,43 (♀/♀/generación) para M. persicae en Impact. En cambio en Teddy la mayor R0 (63,17) fue para L. erysimi. La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural (rm) más elevada fue para L. erysimi en Teddy (0,29 ♀/♀/día) y para M. persicae en Impact (0,24 ♀/♀/día). Estos estudios indican que, de acuerdo con el cultivar de colza empleado, teniendo en cuenta la tasa de crecimiento poblacional de las diferentes especies de pulgones, se podría inferir cuál será la especie dominante y el daño potencial que ocasionarían al cultivo.