Intervenção coronariana percutânea primária pelo acesso transulnar: segurança e eficácia

O acesso transradial é seguro e eficaz na realização de procedimentos coronários. Porém, seu uso pode estar comprometido em casos de variações anatômicas da artéria radial, espasmo e negatividade do teste de Allen. O acesso transulnar surge como uma alternativa viável em substituição à abordagem transradial. Reportamos o caso de um paciente submetido à angioplastia primária pela via ulnar com sucesso, sem complicações isquêmicas da mão, a despeito de oclusão prévia da artéria radial correspondente.

Fisiología de la transferencia pasiva de anticuerpos en cabras

La importancia de la protección inmunológica conferida por el calostro se basa en la transferencia pasiva de anticuerpos. La placenta de la cabra, sindesmocorial, no permite el pasaje de inmunoglobulinas (Igs). La ingesta de calostro es vital ya que provee las Igs necesarias para disminuir el riesgo de infección y septicemia y mejorar la calidad de vida del recién nacido. Los objetivos: a) Estudiar la cinética de la transferencia pasiva de Igs determinando la concentración de IgG sérica en cabritos. b) Relacionar la concentración de IgG del suero y calostro de la cabra con la concentración sérica de IgG en el cabrito. c) Relacionar en calostro la concentración de inmunoglobulina G con la determinación semicuantitativa de inmunoglobulina G. d) Relacionar en el suero del cabrito a las 18 – 24 hs posparto la concentración de inmunoglobulina G con la la determinación semicuantitativa de inmunoglobulina G. e)determinación de los niveles de anticuerpos específicos en calostro de hembras vacunadas con respecto a hembras no vacunadas Material y método: Diseño de estudio: de cohorte, observacional y experimental, descriptivo. Animales: 25 cabras y 40 cabritos de raza Anglo Nubian. Toma de muestras: Cabras no vacunadas (CNV): muestra de sangre en el periparto y de calostro posparto. Cabras vacunadas (CV): a los 90 días de gestación se vacunaran con toxoide tetanico. se tomará muestra de sangre en el periparto y de calostro postparto. Cabritos: sangre seriadas: al nacimiento (precalostrado), 6 hs, 12 hs, 18 hs y 24 hs posparto y a los 21, 60, 90, 120 y 150 días. Determinación de IgG (Suero y calostro): a) Técnica de inmunodifusión radial simple, los resultados se expresarán en mg%. b) Test de gluteraldehído. c)Test de ELISA para Acs específicos Análisis estadístico: Comparaciones de medias con prueba t apareada o de diferencia de medias, (p < 0,05). Se realizará un análisis de componentes principales. Se correlacionará la concentración de Ig G de suero y calostro de la cabra con la concentración en suero del cabrito y los valores de Acs específicos entre CV vs CNV en sangre y calostro, se comparara niveles de Acs específicos séricos en cabritos de CV vs CNV Con los resultados de este trabajo se determinarán los valores de inmunoglobulina en las cabras y cabritos y su comportamiento en el tiempo, y la producción y transferencia de Acs específicos. Se validará la sensibilidad y especificidad de las técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas. Los resultados permitirán obtener conocimientos para un manejo racional, desde la perspectiva inmunologica, de los cabritos, al establecer mediante técnicas cuantitativas y semicuantitativas los niveles de Igs séricas y Acs específicos, favoreciendo un diagnóstico precoz de inmunodeficiencia por fracaso de la transferencia de anticuerpos que pondría en riesgo la vida del cabrito.

Transferencia inmunológica en el binomio madre - cría. Estudio comparativo entre especies.

Introducción: El recién nacido necesita una adecuada asistencia materna para lograr la competencia inmunológica inicial. Objetivos: • Demostrar la conformación del sistema inmune en las crías de diferentes especies en nuestra región en los primeros meses de vida. • Comparar las diferencias biológicas de la estructuración del sistema inmune en diferentes especies. Material y método: Diseño del estudio: de cohorte, observacional, descriptivo, análitico. Especies a estudiar: equinos, caprinos, camélidos sudamericanos y caninos. Se realizará dosaje de inmunoglobulinas en suero y calostro de la madre y suero de la cría mediante una cinética preestablecida. Se medirá la producción de anticuerpos específicos y su transferencia a través de calostro. Las muestras son almacenadas en freezer -80°C hasta su procesamiento en el Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Zoonosis e Inmunología (UCC). La medición de inmunoglobulinas se realizará mediante inmunodifusión radial según la técnica de Mancini. La lectura de los halos se realizará mediante toma de imágenes y medición de los diámetros correspondientes, empleando a través del software Philips CamSuite Capture V. 2.0.15.0. También se comparara el dosaje cuantitativo con la medición cualitativa de las Inmunoglobulinas mediante el Test de coagulación con glutaraldehído. Se evaluara la estructura celular del sistema inmune a través del recuento y fórmula leucocitaria del hemograma. Tamaño muestral y análisis estadístico. El tamaño muestral se calcula según el criterio de Freeman y cols, que propone diez eventos de interés por variable analizada. Se determina 30 animales por especie. Para realizar comparaciones de medias se utilizará prueba t apareada (para 2 muestras dependientes) o prueba t de diferencia de medias (para muestras independientes), según correspondiera. En todos los casos el nivel de significación será menor a 0,05. Se realizará un análisis de los componentes principales, correlacionando de manera lineal las distintas variables en las diferentes especies estudiadas. Resultados esperados y utilidad de los mismos: La originalidad del trabajo tiene dos aspectos fundamentales. El primero se basa en el material utilizado, diseño y comparación entre especies. El segundo, es la importancia productiva que tiene el reconocer un mecanismo fisiológico fundamental para el desarrollo de las crías y establecer la dinámica de la transferencia de la inmunidad con datos regionales de las especies estudiadas.

Erweiterung der Umformgrenzen beim Tiefziehen und Kragenziehen durch Nachschieben von Werkstoff

Deep drawing, additional radial compressive stress, increased limiting drawing ratio, collar forming, extended process limits

Estudo da Mecânica Cardíaca pelo Speckle Tracking

Speckles, ou marcadores naturais do miocárdio, originam se da interferência construtiva e destrutiva do feixe de ultrassom que incide sobre os tecidos, podem fornecer um diagnóstico precoce das alterações miocárdicas e atuar na predição de certos eventos cardíacos. Devido à sua relativa estabilidade temporal, os speckles podem ser rastreados durante o ciclo cardíaco por software dedicados, promovendo a análise da função sistólica e diastólica. São identificados tanto pela escala de cinza da ecocardiografia 2D convencional quanto pela ecocardiografia 3D, sendo independentes do ângulo de incidência do ultrassom, permitindo assim a avaliação da mecânica cardíaca nos três planos espaciais: longitudinal, circunferencial e radial. O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir o papel e o significado da deformação cardíaca obtida por meio do speckle tracking durante a avaliação da fisiologia cardíaca, e discutir as aplicações clínicas desta tecnologia ecocardiográfica inovadora.

Subclinical Ventricular Dysfunction Detected by Speckle Tracking Two Years after Use of Anthracycline

Background: Heart failure is a severe complication associated with doxorubicin (DOX) use. Strain, assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE), has been shown to be useful in identifying subclinical ventricular dysfunction. Objectives: a) To investigate the role of strain in the identification of subclinical ventricular dysfunction in patients who used DOX; b) to investigate determinants of strain response in these patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 81 participants: 40 patients who used DOX ±2 years before the study and 41 controls. All participants had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥55%. Total dose of DOX was 396mg (242mg/ms2). The systolic function of the LV was evaluated by LVEF (Simpson), as well as by longitudinal (εLL), circumferential (εCC), and radial (εRR) strains. Multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis was performed using εLL (model 1) and εCC (model 2) as dependent variables. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were higher in the control group (p < 0.05). εLL was lower in the DOX group (-12.4 ±2.6%) versus controls (-13.4 ± 1.7%; p = 0.044). The same occurred with εCC: -12.1 ± 2.7% (DOX) versus -16.7 ± 3.6% (controls; p < 0.001). The S’ wave was shorter in the DOX group (p = 0.035). On MLR, DOX was an independent predictor of reduced εCC (B = -4.429, p < 0.001). DOX (B = -1.289, p = 0.012) and age (B = -0.057, p = 0.029) were independent markers of reduced εLL. Conclusion: a) εLL, εCC and the S’ wave are reduced in patients who used DOX ±2 years prior to the study despite normal LVEF, suggesting the presence of subclinical ventricular dysfunction; b) DOX was an independent predictor of reduced εCC; c) prior use of DOX and age were independent markers of reduced εLL.

Mensurações dos elementos do xilema em madeira da região amazônica

Neste trabalho inicial sôbre estudos dos elementos do Xiiema em madeira da região Amazônica, apresentamos os resultados das mensurações dos elementos do Xilema (fibras e vasos) de uma amostra do caule lenhoso de Scleronema micranthun Ducke (Bombacaceae), obtida na altura de 1,30 metros do solo (A. D. P.). Uma observação macroscópica e microscópica da estrutura da peça revelou a ausência de anéis de crescimento. Por essa razão o material do lenho foi dividido em 5 zonas no sentido radial, para a maceração e dissociação dos elementos. Para cada zona foram tomadas medidas do comprimento, espessura e diâmetro externo de 25 fibras e do comprimento e largura de 25 elementos do vaso, distribuídos entre 5 lâminas. As médias foram analisadas estatìsticamente. Foi feita análise de correlação entre os valores médios dos elementos medidos nas diferentes zonas. Os resultados mostram tratar-se de uma madeira uniforme não só pela ausência dos anéis de crescimento mas também pela uniformidade das mensurações dos elementos nas diferentes zonas.

Novo gênero de nematóide do solo da família Actinolaimidae

Caryboca paranaensis n.g., n.sp. (Nemata, Actinolaimidae) was found inhabiting soil around coffee roots sent in from Cornélio Procópio, State of Paraná, Brazil. Definition of the new genus: Actinolaimidae, Actinolaiminae. Lip region distinctly offset by a constriction and showing a cuticularized basket-like structure provided with lateral denticles and two rather strong teeth pointing forwards. Cuticular rod-like thickenings extending back from the basket-like structure to the guiding-ring. Anterior part of oesophagus a non-muscular, narrow tube; posterior part wider and provided with strongly developed radial musculature. Gonads paired and reflexed. Tail attenuated, pointed. Males and food habits unknown. Caryboca n.g. differs from Actinolaimus Cobb, 1913, by having a labial basket-like structure as well as by the non-muscular nature of the anterior part of oesophagus. Caryboca n.g. differs from Carcharolaimus Thome, 1939, by having two strong pharingeal teeth and pointed tail.

Dispersão larval pós-alimentar de Lucilia sericata (Diptera, Calliphoridae) em condições de laboratório

Os dípteros califorídeos são os primeiros indivíduos a compor a sucessão faunística de cadáveres em decomposição, auxiliando assim na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte. Estudos de dispersão pós-alimentar de suas larvas possuem relevância para investigações médico-criminais. Diante disto, uma arena circular, simulando o ambiente natural, foi montada em laboratório a fim de verificar-se a dispersão larval radial pós-alimentar de Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826), tentando assim estabelecer relações entre as variáveis peso, distância e profundidade de enterramento na arena. Os resultados demonstraram que 45% das pupas foram recuperadas a uma profundidade compreendida entre 6 cm e 8 cm e a uma distância entre 33 cm e 45 cm do centro da arena. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à propagação e profundidade de enterramento de machos, fêmeas e indivíduos inviáveis. Com relação ao peso, verificou-se que a média das fêmeas (x = 32,35 mg) foi superior a dos machos (x = 30,28 mg). A análise de correlação e de regressão entre peso e distância percorrida e entre peso e profundidade foram positivas, ou seja, pupas oriundas de larvas mais pesadas propagaram e se aprofundaram mais. O experimento permitiu ainda concluir que uma arena circular possibilita o deslocamento das larvas em todas as direções.

Aspectos imunológicos da infecção de seis linhagens isogênicas de camundongos por três diferentes cepas do Trypanosoma cruzi

Foram avaliados aspectos da imunidade humoral e celular em seis linhagens de camundongos isogênicos (BALB/c, B-10, C3H, A/J, AKR e DBA) infectados por três cepas do Trypanosoma cuzi, representantes dos três tipos de cepas da classificação de Andrade (cepas Peruana, 21SF e Colombiana). A imunidade celular, avaliada pelo teste de hipersensibilidade cutânea tardia contra antigenos do parasita, estava suprimida. A avaliação dos níveis de imunoglobulinas (imunodifusão radial), mostrou queda precose de IgG1 e elevação de IgM em praticamente todas as linhagens infectadas por qualquer das cepas estudadas. A elevação de IgG2a e/ou IgG2b foi mais intensa nas linhagens mais resistentes. Os níveis de anticorpos anti-T, cruzi (Imunofluorescência indireta e ELISA) não se correlacionam com a sobrevida dos animais. Apesar de diferenças entre as linhagens observou-se uma regularidade na resposta do hospedeiro e a manutenção dos padrões biológicos que caracterizam os tipos de cepa.

Stem Cell Transplantation for Retinal Degenerations

Within the last few years, several reports have revealed that cell transplantation can be an effective way to replace lost neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients affected with neurodegenerative diseases. Concerning the retina, the concept that newborn photoreceptors can integrate the retina and restore some visual functions was univocally demonstrated recently in the mouse eye (MacLaren et al. 2006) and remains to be achieved in human. These results pave the way to a standard approach in regenerative medicine aiming to replace lost photoreceptors. With the discovery of stem cells a great hope has appeared towards elaborating protocols to generate adequate cells to restore visual function in different retinal degeneration processes. Retinal stem cells (RSCs) are good candidates to repair the retina and are present throughout the retina development, including adulthood. However, neonatal mouse RSCs derived from the radial glia population have a different potential to proliferate and differentiate in comparison to adult RSCs. Moreover, we observed that adult mouse RSCs, depending on the culture conditions, have a marked tendency to transform, whereas neonatal RSCs show subtle chromosome abnormalities only after extensive expansion. These characteristics should help to identify the optimal cell source and culture conditions for cell transplantation studies. These results will be discussed in light of other studies using RSCs as well as embryonic stem cells. Another important factor to consider is the host environment, which plays a crucial role for cell integration and which was poorly studied in the normal and the diseased retina. Nonetheless, important results were recently generated to reconsider cell transplantation strategy. Perspectives to enhance cell integration by manipulating the environment will also be presented.

Immunocytochemical localisation of microtubule-associated proteins 1b and 2 in the developing rat spinal cord.

The straightforward anatomical organisation of the developing and mature rat spinal cord was used to determine and interpret the time of appearance and expression patterns of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP) 1b and 2. Immunoblots revealed the presence of MAP1b and 2 in the early embryonic rat spinal cord and confirmed the specificity of the used anti-MAP mouse monoclonal antibodies. The immunocytochemical data demonstrated a rostral-to-caudal and ventral-to-dorsal gradient in the expression of MAP1b/2 within the developing spinal cord. In the matrix layer, MAP1b was found in a distinct radial pattern distributed between the membrana limitans interna and externa between embryonal day (E)12 and E15. Immunostaining for vimentin revealed that this MAP1b pattern was morphologically and topographically different from the radial glial pattern which was present in the matrix layer between E13 and E19. The ventral-to-dorsal developmental gradient of the MAP1b staining in the spinal cord matrix layer indicates a close involvement of MAP1b either in the organisation of the microtubules in the cytoplasmatic extensions of the proliferating neuroblasts or neuroblast mitosis. MAP2 could not be detected in the developing matrix layer. In the mantle and marginal layer, MAP1b was abundantly present between E12 and postnatal day (P)0. After birth, the staining intensity for MAP1b gradually decreased in both layers towards a faint appearance at maturity. The distribution patterns suggest an involvement of MAP1b in the maturation of the motor neurons, the contralaterally and ipsilaterally projecting axons and the ascending and descending long axons of the rat spinal cord. MAP2 was present in the spinal cord grey matter between E12 and maturity, which reflects a role for MAP2 in the development as well as in the maintenance of microtubules. The present description of the expression patterns of MAP1b and 2 in the developing spinal cord suggests important roles of the two proteins in various morphogenetic events. The findings may serve as the basis for future studies on the function of MAP1b and 2 in the development of the central nervous system.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in non digestive cancerous and normal tissues.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), immunologically identical to CEA derived from colonic carcinoma, was identified and purified from perchloric acid (PCA) extracts of bronchial and mammary carcinoma. CEA extracted from bronchial and mammary carcinoma was quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion and was found to be in average about 50-75 times less abundant in these tumors than in colonic carcinoma. CEA could also be detected in one normal breast in lactation and at lower concentrations in normal lung (1000-4000 times lower than in colonic carcinoma). The small amounts of CEA present in normal tissues are distinct from the glycoprotein of small mol. wt showing only partial identity with CEA, that we recently identified and extracted in much larger quantities from normal lung and spleen. The demonstration of the presence of CEA in non digestive carcinoma by classical gel precipitation analysis suggests that the CEA detected in the plasma of such patients by radioimmunoassay is also identical to colonic carcinoma CEA. Our comparative study of plasma CEA from bronchial and colonic carcinoma, showing that CEA from both types of patient has the same elution pattern on Sephadex G-200 and gives parallel inhibition curves in the radioimmunoassay, is in favor of this hypothesis. However, it should not be concluded that all positive CEA radioimmunoassay indicate the presence of an antigen identical to colonic carcinoma CEA. A word of warning concerning the interpretation of radioimmunoassay is required by the observation that the addition of mg amounts of PCA extract of normal plasma, cleared of CEA by Sephadex filtration, could interfere in the test and mimic the presence of CEA.

Patterns of oxygen consumption during establishment of cephalocaudal polarity in the early chick embryo.

Oxygen uptake was studied during the establishment of cephalocaudal polarity in the very early chick embryo, i.e., 10 hr before (stage VI) and at laying (stage X). Oxygen fluxes in minute regions of the intact blastoderms were measured in vitro by scanning microspectrophotometry in the presence or absence of glucose. The oxygen consumption of the whole blastoderm remained constant (6 nmol O2 X hr-1) throughout the period studied, although the number of cells increased more than twofold. The regional oxygen fluxes varied from 0.41 to 1.13 nmol O2 X hr-1 X mm-2 at stage VI and from 0.42 to 0.70 nmol O2 X hr-1 X mm-2 at stage X. At stage VI, the oxygen flux in the center of the blastoderm was significantly higher than that in its periphery. This pattern remained evident when the values were corrected for cell number or for cytoplasmic volume. At stage X, there was a tendency for the oxygen fluxes to decrease from the posterior to the anterior regions of the area pellucida. Thus the pattern of oxidative metabolism in the late uterine embryos seems to change from radial to bilateral. This change of symmetry probably reflects the process of formation of the embryonic axis. In addition, the fact that the oxygen uptake was similar in the presence or absence of glucose suggests that early chick embryos metabolize essentially intracellular stores.

Optimisation du transfert de gènes dans la rétine par des vecteurs lentiviraux lors de maladies dégénératives de la rétine

Certaines dégénérescences rétiniennes sont engendrées par des mutations¦génétiques et conduisent à la perte des cellules photosensibles, les¦photorécepteurs (cônes et/ou bâtonnets), et donc à la cécité (Roy et al., 2010).¦La prévalence est de 1/3000 chez les Caucasiens. Les Rétinites Pigmentaires¦(RP) en composent la majorité des cas, suivent l'Amaurose congénitale de¦Leber et la maladie de Stargardt. Il n'y a pas une mutation type associés à une¦maladie mais diverses mutations peuvent aboutir à une dégénérescence de la¦rétine. Tout comme le reste du système nerveux central, la rétine lésée n'a pas¦les capacités de se régénérer. Un objectif du traitement est de ralentir la¦dégénérescence de la rétine dans le but de la stabiliser. La thérapie génique¦constitue actuellement la seule approche thérapeutique à même de traiter les¦dégénérescences rétiniennes d'origine génétique. Elle consiste à utiliser un virus¦modifié, qui n'a plus les capacités de se reproduire, appelé vecteur pour cibler¦certaines cellules afin d'ajouter un gène sain ou d'inhiber un gène malade. Les¦virus associés à l'adénovirus (AAV) et les Lentivirus (LV) sont les 2 principaux¦types de virus utilisés en thérapie génique en ophtalmologie. D'autres vecteurs¦existent, comme les adénovirus et le virus de l'anémie infectieuse équine. Des¦études de thérapie génique effectuées chez l'homme avec le vecteur AAV ont¦démontré une sensible amélioration des fonctions visuelles (acuité visuelle,¦champ visuel, pupillométrie et le déplacement dans un environnement avec une¦lumière tamisée) chez des patients atteints d'Amaurose congénitale de Leber¦(Maguire et al., Ali et al., Hauswirth et al., Bennett et al.). Le vecteur utilisé au¦cours de ce travail est un LV, qui a pour avantage de pouvoir transporter de¦grands gènes. Lorsque ce vecteur est pseudotypé avec une enveloppe VSVG, il¦transduit (transférer un gène qui sera fonctionnel dans la cellule cible) bien¦l'épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (nécessaire à la survie et à la fonction des¦photorécepteurs). Afin de changer le tropisme du vecteur, celui testé dans cette¦étude contient une enveloppe de type Mokola qui cible efficacement les cellules¦gliales du cerveau et donc probablement aussi les cellules de Müller de la rétine.¦Le but à court terme est de transformer génétiquement ces cellules pour leur¦faire sécréter des molécules favorisant la survie des photorécepteurs. Pour¦révéler la cellule ciblée par le vecteur, le gène qui sera exprimé dans les cellules¦transduites code pour la protéine fluorescente verte 2 (GFPII) et n'a pas de¦fonction thérapeutique. Après avoir produit le virus, deux types de souris ont été¦injectées : des souris dépourvues du gène de la rhodopsine appelées Rho -/- et¦des souris sauvages appelées C57BL6. Les souris Rho -/- ont été choisies en¦tant que modèle de dégénérescence rétinienne et les souris C57BL6 en tant que¦comparatif. Les souris Rho -/- et C57BL56 ont été injectées entre le 2ème et le¦3ème mois de vie et sacrifiées 7 jours après. Des coupes histologiques de la rétine¦ont permis de mesurer et comparer pour chaque oeil, les distances de¦transduction du RPE et de la neurorétine (= toute la rétine sauf le RPE). La¦distance sur laquelle le RPE est transduit détermine la taille de la bulle¦d'injection alors que la distance sur laquelle la neurorétine est transduite¦détermine la capacité du vecteur à diffuser dans la rétine. Les résultats montrent¦une expression plus importante de la GFPII dans le RPE que dans la neurorétine¦chez les souris Rho -/- et C57BL6. Les principales cellules transduites au¦niveau de la neurorétine sont, comme attendu, les cellules de Müller. Lorsque¦l'on compare les proportions de neurorétine et de RPE transduites, on constate¦qu'il y a globalement eu une meilleure transduction chez les souris Rho -/-¦que chez les souris C57BL6. Cela signifie que le vecteur est plus efficace pour¦transduire une rétine dégénérée qu'une rétine saine. Pour déterminer quels types¦de cellules exprimaient la GFPII, des anticorps spécifiques de certains types de¦cellules ont été utilisés. Ces résultats sont similaires à ceux d'autres études¦effectuées précédemment, dont celle de Calame et al. en 2011, et tendent à¦prouver que le vecteur lentiviral avec l'enveloppe Mokola et le promoteur EFs¦est idéal pour transduire avec un gène thérapeutique des cellules de Müller dans¦des rétines en dégénérescence.