Development and characterization of a scaffold-free 3D spheroid model of iPSC-derived human cardiomyocytes

Purpose: Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells in the adult heart and ischemia and cardiotoxic compounds can lead to cell death and irreversible decline of cardiac function. As testing platforms, isolated organs and primary cells from rodents have been the standard in research and toxicology, but there is a need for better models that more faithfully recapitulate native human biology. Hence, a new in vitro model comprising the advantages of 3D cell culture and the availability of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from human origin was developed and characterized. Methods: Human cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were studied in standard 2D culture and as cardiac microtissues (MTs) formed in hanging drops. 2D cultures were examined using immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting while the cardiac MTs were subjected to immunofluorescence, contractility, and pharmacological investigations. Results: iPSC-derived CMs in 2D culture showed well-formed myofibrils, cell-cell contacts positive for connexin-43, and other typical cardiac proteins. The cells reacted to pro-hypertrophic growth factors with a substantial increase in myofibrils and sarcomeric proteins. In hanging drop cultures, iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes formed spheroidal MTs within 4 days showing a homogeneous tissue structure with well-developed myofibrils extending throughout the whole spheroid without a necrotic core. MTs showed spontaneous contractions for more than 4 weeks that were recorded by optical motion tracking, sensitive to temperature, and responsive to electrical pacing. Contractile pharmacology was tested with several agents known to modulate cardiac rate and viability. Calcium-transients underlay the contractile activity and were also responsive to electrical stimulation, caffeine-induced Ca2+-release, extracellular calcium levels. Conclusions: 3D culture using iPSC-derived human cardiomyocytes provides an organoid human-based cellular platform that is free of necrosis and recapitulates vital cardiac functionality, thereby providing new and promising relevant model for the evaluation and development of new therapies and detection of cardiotoxicity.

In vitro-generated neural precursors participate in mammalian brain development

During embryogenesis, pluripotent stem cells segregate into daughter lineages of progressively restricted developmental potential. In vitro, this process has been mimicked by the controlled differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural precursors. To explore the developmental potential of these cell-culture-derived precursors in vivo, we have implanted them into the ventricles of embryonic rats. The transplanted cells formed intraventricular neuroepithelial structures and migrated in large numbers into the brain tissue. Embryonic-stem-cell-derived neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes incorporated into telencephalic, diencephalic, and mesencephalic regions and assumed phenotypes indistinguishable from neighboring host cells. These observations indicate that entirely in vitro-generated neural precursors are able to respond to environmental signals guiding cell migration and differentiation and have the potential to reconstitute neuronal and glial lineages in the central nervous system.

Modulação da diferenciação neural de células troco embrionárias por transientes de cálcio intracelulares: papéis dos receptores purinérgicos e de canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes

Receptores purinérgicos e canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes estão envolvidos em diversos processos biológicos como na gastrulação, durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, e na diferenciação neural. Quando ativados, canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes e receptores purinérgicos do tipo P2, ativados por nucleotídeos, desencadeiam transientes de cálcio intracelulares controlando diversos processos biológicos. Neste trabalho, nós estudamos a participação de canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes e receptores do tipo P2 na geração de transientes de cálcio espontâneos e sua regulação na expressão de fatores de transcrição relacionados com a neurogênese utilizando como modelo células tronco (CTE) induzidas à diferenciação em células tronco neurais (NSC) com ácido retinóico. Descrevemos que CTE indiferenciadas podem ter a proliferação acelerada pela ativação de receptores P2X7, enquanto que a expressão e a atividade desse receptor precisam ser inibidas para o progresso da diferenciação em neuroblasto. Além disso, ao longo da diferenciação neural, por análise em tempo real dos níveis de cálcio intracelular livre identificamos 3 padrões de oscilações espontâneas de cálcio (onda, pico e unique), e mostramos que ondas e picos tiveram a frequência e amplitude aumentadas conforme o andamento da diferenciação. Células tratadas com o inibidor do receptor de inositol 1,4,5-trifosfato (IP3R), Xestospongin C, apresentaram picos mas não ondas, indicando que ondas dependem exclusivamente de cálcio oriundo do retículo endoplasmático pela ativação de IP3R. NSC de telencéfalo de embrião de camundongos transgênicos ou pré-diferenciadas de CTE tratadas com Bz-ATP, o agonista do receptor P2X7, e com 2SUTP, agonista de P2Y2 e P2Y4, aumentaram a frequência e a amplitude das oscilações espontâneas de cálcio do tipo pico. Dados, obtidos por microscopia de luminescência, da expressão em tempo real de gene repórter luciferase fusionado à Mash1 e Ngn2 revelou que a ativação dos receptores P2Y2/P2Y4 aumentou a expressão estável de Mash1 enquanto que ativação do receptor P2X7 levou ao aumento de Ngn2. Além disso, células na presença do quelante de cálcio extracelular (EGTA) ou do depletor dos estoques intracelulares de cálcio do retículo endoplasmático (thapsigargin) apresentaram redução na expressão de Mash1 e Ngn2, indicando que ambos são regulados pela sinalização de cálcio. A investigação dos canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes demonstrou que o influxo de cálcio gerado por despolarização da membrana de NSC diferenciadas de CTE é decorrente da ativação de canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes do tipo L. Além disso, esse influxo pode controlar o destino celular por estabilizar expressão de Mash1 e induzir a diferenciação neuronal por fosforilação e translocação do fator de transcrição CREB. Esses dados sugerem que os receptores P2X7, P2Y2, P2Y4 e canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes do tipo L podem modular as oscilações espontâneas de cálcio durante a diferenciação neural e consequentemente alteram o padrão de expressão de Mash1 e Ngn2 favorecendo a decisão do destino celular neuronal.

Células-tronco localizadas na cinta placentária de carnívoros domésticos (Canis familiaris e Felis domesticus)

As células-tronco podem ser isoladas tanto de tecidos embrionários quanto de tecidos provenientes de um organismo adulto. Este projeto teve por objetivo caracterizar, descrever as células derivadas da região uterina e da cinta placentária junção materno/fetal da placenta de carnívoros domésticos (cães e gatos), e verificar a sua capacidade de pluripotência. Os úteros gestantes e não gestantes foram obtidos em campanhas de castrações e de controle populacional de cães e gatos, na cidade de Pirassununga/SP. Foram coletados 24 úteros gravídicos de animais hígidos, em diferentes idades gestacionais. O material foi dividido em três fases distintas da gestação, ou seja inicio que compreende de 8 a 20 dias de gestação; meio de 21 a 30 dias de gestação e final de 31 a 60 dias de gestação. O material foi coletado de fêmeas caninas e felinas, quatro úteros de cada fase, totalizando 12 úteros de cães e 12 de felinos. Coletamos também 8 úteros de fêmeas nulíparas (4 de cadelas e 4 de gatas) e 8 úteros com um mês pós parto (4 de cadelas e 4 de gatas). As amostras foram fixadas em paraformoldeido tamponado a 4% para a análise histológica e de imunohistoquimica. Para a padronização da imunohistoquimica inúmeros testes de marcação e diluição dos anticorpos utilizados nesta pesquisa foram realizados, todo protocolo aqui descrito foi padronizado pela primeira vez. Nas análises de imunohistoquimica avaliamos a expressão de marcadores associados a células-tronco pluripotentes Nanog, Oct4 e Sox2. Nas cadelas, as marcações foram positivas em todas as fases, gestacionais e não gestacionais. A detecção dessas proteínas nesta espécie ficaram padronizadas, destacando algumas diferenças quantitativas durante alguns períodos da gestação. Foi observado que o Oct4 na cadela, mostra uma diferença significativa (p=0,0064), entre as fases de início e meio da gestação e entra o início e a fase de termo. Quando comparados os resultados das análises imunohistoquimicas utilizando os três anticorpos entre si, nos três períodos gestacionais ficou evidente uma diferença (p=0,0005) somente relativa a proteína Nanog com Oct4. Nas gatas apenas foi possível padronizar o protocolo do Nanog e do Sox2, sendo a marcação feita com Oct4 negativa. Nesta espécie foi possível observar uma diferença da proteína Nanog (p=0,0006) quando comparada na fase inicial para a fase do meio e início da gestação para a fase termo. No que se refere as fêmeas nulíparas e fêmeas pós-parto destaca-se a ausência de diferenças quando comparados os anticorpos na fase pós parto tanto em cadelas quanto em gatas. Na fase nulípara foram observadas diferenças somente na cadela (p=0,0018) para os três anticorpos. Desta forma, a caracterização de células de origem placentária com característica de células tronco pode abrir um leque de possibilidades para obtenção destas células de forma mais ética, uma vez que este material é descartado na castrações. Foi possível a identificação das células que expressão proteínas pluripotentes em diferentes idades gestacionais, tanto na região de cinta placentária como no útero. Apesar de semelhantes, as espécies aqui estudadas apresentaram diferenças na realização do protocolo da imunihistoquímica. Pesquisas relacionadas com as células-tronco do endométrio vêm crescendo, principalmente porque estas células podem ser facilmente obtidas, a partir de fontes descartadas, sem entraves éticos. Desta forma tem o potencial de serem uma nova fonte para o desenvolvimento na terapêutica como terapia celular

Human iPSC derived disease model of MERTK-associated retinitis pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) represents a genetically heterogeneous group of retinal dystrophies affecting mainly the rod photoreceptors and in some instances also the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells of the retina. Clinical symptoms and disease progression leading to moderate to severe loss of vision are well established and despite significant progress in the identification of causative genes, the disease pathology remains unclear. Lack of this understanding has so far hindered development of effective therapies. Here we report successful generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from skin fibroblasts of a patient harboring a novel Ser331Cysfs*5 mutation in the MERTK gene. The patient was diagnosed with an early onset and severe form of autosomal recessive RP (arRP). Upon differentiation of these iPSC towards RPE, patient-specific RPE cells exhibited defective phagocytosis, a characteristic phenotype of MERTK deficiency observed in human patients and animal models. Thus we have created a faithful cellular model of arRP incorporating the human genetic background which will allow us to investigate in detail the disease mechanism, explore screening of a variety of therapeutic compounds/reagents and design either combined cell and gene- based therapies or independent approaches.

Les mécanismes sous-jacents aux effets pathologiques cardiaques de l’angiotensine II dans le remodelage électrique et contractile entre les sexes

L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est associée à un taux de mortalité et d’hospitalisations élevé causant un fardeau économique important. Les deux causes majeures de décès de l’IC sont les arythmies ventriculaires létales et les sidérations myocardiques. Il est maintenant reconnu que l’angiotensine II (ANGII) est l'un des principaux médiateurs de l’IC. Ses effets délétères découlent de l’activation du récepteur de type 1 de l’ANGII (AT1) et entraînent le développement d’hypertrophie. Toutefois, son rôle dans la genèse d’arythmies demeure incompris. De ce fait, l'étude des mécanismes électriques et contractiles sous-jacents aux effets pathologiques de l’ANGII s’avère essentielle afin de mieux comprendre et soigner cette pathologie. Il est souvent perçu que les femmes sont protégées envers les maladies cardiovasculaires. Cependant, le nombre total de femmes décédant d’IC est plus grand que le nombre d’hommes. Également, l’impact des facteurs de risque diffère entre chaque sexe. Ces différences existent, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents sont encore peu connus. De plus, les femmes reçoivent fréquemment un diagnostic ou un traitement inapproprié en raison d’un manque d’information sur les différences entre les sexes dans la manifestation d’une pathologie. Ce manque de données peut découler du fait que les sujets de sexe féminin sont souvent sous-représentés dans les essais cliniques ou la recherche fondamentale ce qui a grandement limité l’avancement de nos connaissances sur ~50 % de la population. Ainsi, il semble plus que nécessaire d’approfondir notre compréhension des différences entre les sexes, notamment dans la progression de l’IC. L’utilisation d’un modèle de souris transgénique surexprimant le récepteur AT1 (souris AT1R) a permis d’étudier les changements électriques, structurels et contractiles avant et après le développement d’hypertrophie. Premièrement, chez les souris AT1R mâles, un ralentissement de la conduction ventriculaire a été observé indépendamment de l’hypertrophie. Ce résultat était expliqué par une réduction de la densité du courant Na+, mais pas de l’expression du canal. Ensuite, le rôle des protéines kinases C (PKC) dans la régulation du canal Na+ par l’ANGII a été exploré. Les évidences ont suggéré que la PKCα était responsable de la modulation de la diminution du courant Na+ chez les souris AT1R mâles et dans les cardiomyocytes humains dérivés de cellules souches induites pluripotentes (hiPSC-CM) en réponse à un traitement chronique à l’ANGII. Ensuite, les différences entre les sexes ont été comparées chez la souris AT1R. Une plus grande mortalité a été constatée chez les femelles AT1R suggérant qu’elles sont plus sensibles à la surexpression de AT1R. Le remodelage électrique ventriculaire a donc été comparé entre les souris AT1R des deux sexes. Les courants ioniques étaient altérés de façon similaire entre les sexes excluant ainsi leur implication dans la mortalité plus élevée chez les femelles. Ensuite, l’homéostasie calcique et la fonction cardiaque ont été étudiées. Il a été démontré que les femelles développaient une hypertrophie et une dilatation ventriculaire plus sévère que les mâles. De plus, les femelles AT1R avaient de petits transitoires calciques, une extrusion du Ca2+ plus lente ainsi qu’une augmentation de la fréquence des étincelles Ca2+ pouvant participer à des troubles contractiles et à la venue de post-dépolarisations précoces. En conclusion, l’ANGII est impliquée dans le remodelage électrique, structurel et calcique associé à l'émergence de l’IC. De surcroît, ces altérations affectent plus sévèrement les femelles soulignant la présence de différences entre les sexes dans le développement de l’IC.

Magnetic Devices and Techniques for the Study of Viscoelasticity of Biomaterials and Myocardial Forces

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Les mécanismes sous-jacents aux effets pathologiques cardiaques de l’angiotensine II dans le remodelage électrique et contractile entre les sexes

L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est associée à un taux de mortalité et d’hospitalisations élevé causant un fardeau économique important. Les deux causes majeures de décès de l’IC sont les arythmies ventriculaires létales et les sidérations myocardiques. Il est maintenant reconnu que l’angiotensine II (ANGII) est l'un des principaux médiateurs de l’IC. Ses effets délétères découlent de l’activation du récepteur de type 1 de l’ANGII (AT1) et entraînent le développement d’hypertrophie. Toutefois, son rôle dans la genèse d’arythmies demeure incompris. De ce fait, l'étude des mécanismes électriques et contractiles sous-jacents aux effets pathologiques de l’ANGII s’avère essentielle afin de mieux comprendre et soigner cette pathologie. Il est souvent perçu que les femmes sont protégées envers les maladies cardiovasculaires. Cependant, le nombre total de femmes décédant d’IC est plus grand que le nombre d’hommes. Également, l’impact des facteurs de risque diffère entre chaque sexe. Ces différences existent, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents sont encore peu connus. De plus, les femmes reçoivent fréquemment un diagnostic ou un traitement inapproprié en raison d’un manque d’information sur les différences entre les sexes dans la manifestation d’une pathologie. Ce manque de données peut découler du fait que les sujets de sexe féminin sont souvent sous-représentés dans les essais cliniques ou la recherche fondamentale ce qui a grandement limité l’avancement de nos connaissances sur ~50 % de la population. Ainsi, il semble plus que nécessaire d’approfondir notre compréhension des différences entre les sexes, notamment dans la progression de l’IC. L’utilisation d’un modèle de souris transgénique surexprimant le récepteur AT1 (souris AT1R) a permis d’étudier les changements électriques, structurels et contractiles avant et après le développement d’hypertrophie. Premièrement, chez les souris AT1R mâles, un ralentissement de la conduction ventriculaire a été observé indépendamment de l’hypertrophie. Ce résultat était expliqué par une réduction de la densité du courant Na+, mais pas de l’expression du canal. Ensuite, le rôle des protéines kinases C (PKC) dans la régulation du canal Na+ par l’ANGII a été exploré. Les évidences ont suggéré que la PKCα était responsable de la modulation de la diminution du courant Na+ chez les souris AT1R mâles et dans les cardiomyocytes humains dérivés de cellules souches induites pluripotentes (hiPSC-CM) en réponse à un traitement chronique à l’ANGII. Ensuite, les différences entre les sexes ont été comparées chez la souris AT1R. Une plus grande mortalité a été constatée chez les femelles AT1R suggérant qu’elles sont plus sensibles à la surexpression de AT1R. Le remodelage électrique ventriculaire a donc été comparé entre les souris AT1R des deux sexes. Les courants ioniques étaient altérés de façon similaire entre les sexes excluant ainsi leur implication dans la mortalité plus élevée chez les femelles. Ensuite, l’homéostasie calcique et la fonction cardiaque ont été étudiées. Il a été démontré que les femelles développaient une hypertrophie et une dilatation ventriculaire plus sévère que les mâles. De plus, les femelles AT1R avaient de petits transitoires calciques, une extrusion du Ca2+ plus lente ainsi qu’une augmentation de la fréquence des étincelles Ca2+ pouvant participer à des troubles contractiles et à la venue de post-dépolarisations précoces. En conclusion, l’ANGII est impliquée dans le remodelage électrique, structurel et calcique associé à l'émergence de l’IC. De surcroît, ces altérations affectent plus sévèrement les femelles soulignant la présence de différences entre les sexes dans le développement de l’IC.

Functional Evaluation of Causal Mutations Identified in Human Genetic Studies

Human genetics has been experiencing a wave of genetic discoveries thanks to the development of several technologies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole-exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. Despite the massive genetic discoveries of new variants associated with human diseases, several key challenges emerge following the genetic discovery. GWAS is known to be good at identifying the locus associated with the patient phenotype. However, the actually causal variants responsible for the phenotype are often elusive. Another challenge in human genetics is that even the causal mutations are already known, the underlying biological effect might remain largely ambiguous. Functional evaluation plays a key role to solve these key challenges in human genetics both to identify causal variants responsible for the phenotype, and to further develop the biological insights from the disease-causing mutations.

We adopted various methods to characterize the effects of variants identified in human genetic studies, including patient genetic and phenotypic data, RNA chemistry, molecular biology, virology, and multi-electrode array and primary neuronal culture systems. Chapter 1 is a broader introduction for the motivation and challenges for functional evaluation in human genetic studies, and the background of several genetics discoveries, such as hepatitis C treatment response, in which we performed functional characterization.

Chapter 2 focuses on the characterization of causal variants following the GWAS study for hepatitis C treatment response. We characterized a non-coding SNP (rs4803217) of IL28B (IFNL3) in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the discovery SNP identified in the GWAS. In this chapter, we used inter-disciplinary approaches to characterize rs4803217 on RNA structure, disease association, and protein translation.

Chapter 3 describes another avenue of functional characterization following GWAS focusing on the novel transcripts and proteins identified near the IL28B (IFNL3) locus. It has been recently speculated that this novel protein, which was named IFNL4, may affect the HCV treatment response and clearance. In this chapter, we used molecular biology, virology, and patient genetic and phenotypic data to further characterize and understand the biology of IFNL4. The efforts in chapter 2 and 3 provided new insights to the candidate causal variant(s) responsible for the GWAS for HCV treatment response, however, more evidence is still required to make claims for the exact causal roles of these variants for the GWAS association.

Chapter 4 aims to characterize a mutation already known to cause a disease (seizure) in a mouse model. We demonstrate the potential use of multi-electrode array (MEA) system for the functional characterization and drug testing on mutations found in neurological diseases, such as seizure. Functional characterization in neurological diseases is relatively challenging and available systematic tools are relatively limited. This chapter shows an exploratory research and example to establish a system for the broader use for functional characterization and translational opportunities for mutations found in neurological diseases.

Overall, this dissertation spans a range of challenges of functional evaluations in human genetics. It is expected that the functional characterization to understand human mutations will become more central in human genetics, because there are still many biological questions remaining to be answered after the explosion of human genetic discoveries. The recent advance in several technologies, including genome editing and pluripotent stem cells, is also expected to make new tools available for functional studies in human diseases.

A Rare Loss-of-Function Variant in Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SCARB1) Raises HDL Cholesterol and Increases Risk of Coronary Disease

Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is the major receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol (HDL-C). In humans, high amounts of HDL-C in plasma are associated with a
lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Mice that have depleted Scarb1 (SR-BI
knockout mice) have markedly elevated HDL-C levels but, paradoxically, increased
atherosclerosis. The impact of SR-BI on HDL metabolism and CHD risk in humans remains
unclear. Through targeted sequencing of coding regions of lipid-modifying genes in 328
individuals with extremely high plasma HDL-C levels, we identified a homozygote for a lossof-function
variant, in which leucine replaces proline 376 (P376L), in SCARB1, the gene
encoding SR-BI. The P376L variant impairs posttranslational processing of SR-BI and
abrogates selective HDL cholesterol uptake in transfected cells, in hepatocyte-like cells
derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from the homozygous subject, and in mice.
Large population-based studies revealed that subjects who are heterozygous carriers of
the P376L variant have significantly increased levels of plasma HDL-C. P376L carriers have
a profound HDL-related phenotype and an increased risk of CHD (odds ratio = 1.79, which is
statistically significant).

Friedreich Ataxia

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive neurological and cardiac abnormalities. It has a prevalence of around 2×10⁵ in whites, accounting for more than one-third of the cases of recessively inherited ataxia in this ethnic group. FRDA may not exist in nonwhite populations.The first symptoms usually appear in childhood, but age of onset may vary from infancy to adulthood. Atrophy of sensory and cerebellar pathways causes ataxia, dysarthria, fixation instability, deep sensory loss, and loss of tendon reflexes. Corticospinal degeneration leads to muscular weakness and extensor plantar responses. A hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may contribute to disability and cause premature death. Other common problems include kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus, and, in 10% of patients, diabetes mellitus.The FRDA gene (FXN) encodes a small mitochondrial protein, frataxin, which is produced in insufficient amounts in the disease, as a consequence of the epigenetic silencing of the gene triggered by a GAA triplet repeat expansion in the first intron of the gene. Frataxin deficiency results in impaired iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in mitochondria, in turn leading to widespread dysfunction of iron-sulfur center containing enzymes (in particular respiratory complexes I, II and III, and aconitase), impaired iron metabolism, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therapy aims to restore frataxin levels or to correct the consequences of its deficiency.

The effect of chaperone compounds on glucocerebrosidase stability and activity in fibroblasts from Gaucher Disease patients with different genotypes

Dissertação de mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

IPSCs, a promising tool to restore muscle atrophy

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising tool for regenerative medicine in chronic conditions associated with muscle atrophy since iPSCs are easier to obtain, pose less ethical limitations and can better capture human genetic diversity compared with human embryonic stem cells. We highlight the potentiality of iPSCs for treating muscle-affecting conditions for which no effective cure is yet available, notably aging sarcopenia and inherited neurometabolic conditions

Direct reprogramming of adult cells: avoiding the pluripotent state

The procedure of using mature, fully differentiated cells and inducing them toward other cell types while bypassing an intermediate pluripotent state is termed direct reprogramming. Avoiding the pluripotent stage during cellular conversions can be achieved either through ectopic expression of lineage-specific factors (transdifferentiation) or a direct reprogramming process that involves partial reprogramming toward the pluripotent stage. Latest advances in the field seek to alleviate concerns that include teratoma formation or retroviral usage when it comes to delivering reprogramming factors to cells. They also seek to improve efficacy and efficiency of cellular conversion, both in vitro and in vivo. The final products of this reprogramming approach could be then directly implemented in regenerative and personalized medicine.

Forced Expression of Nanog in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Cells Activates Other Six Pluripotent Genes

Human endothelial cells (ECs) have the ability to make up the lining of blood vessels. These cells are also capable of neovascularization and revascularization and have been applied in various clinical situations. With the aim of understanding the effect of NANOG superexpression on ECs, we transduced the Nanog gene into the ECs. Nanog is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and is essential for pluripotency and self-renewal. However, Nanog can also be expressed in somatic stem cells, and this gene is related to great expansion capacity in vitro. We found that ECs expressing Nanog showed expression of other stemness genes, such as Sox2, FoxD3, Oct4, Klf4, c-myc, and beta-catenin, that are not normally expressed or are expressed at very low levels in ECs. Nanog is one of the stemness genes that can activate other stemness genes, and the upregulation of the Nanog gene seems to be critical for reprogramming cells. In this study, the introduction of Nanog was sufficient to alter the expression of key genes of the pluripotent pathway. The functional importance of Nanog for altering the cell expression profile and morphology was clearly demonstrated by our results.