Shielding requirements in helical tomotherapy.

Helical tomotherapy is a relatively new intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment for which room shielding has to be reassessed for the following reasons. The beam-on-time needed to deliver a given target dose is increased and leads to a weekly workload of typically one order of magnitude higher than that for conventional radiation therapy. The special configuration of tomotherapy units does not allow the use of standard shielding calculation methods. A conventional linear accelerator must be shielded for primary, leakage and scatter photon radiations. For tomotherapy, primary radiation is no longer the main shielding issue since a beam stop is mounted on the gantry directly opposite the source. On the other hand, due to the longer irradiation time, the accelerator head leakage becomes a major concern. An analytical model based on geometric considerations has been developed to determine leakage radiation levels throughout the room for continuous gantry rotation. Compared to leakage radiation, scatter radiation is a minor contribution. Since tomotherapy units operate at a nominal energy of 6 MV, neutron production is negligible. This work proposes a synthetic and conservative model for calculating shielding requirements for the Hi-Art II TomoTherapy unit. Finally, the required concrete shielding thickness is given for different positions of interest.

Evaluation of Snowplowable Raised Pavement Markers, HR-558, 1995

In 1992, the Iowa DOT installed 6200 snowplowable Raised Pavement Markers (RPM) in six areas around the state. They were evaluated at six-month intervals until the replacement of the reflective lenses in 1995. During this time, the RPM performed well. The Iowa Department of Transportation uses de-icers and sand during the winter to control snow and ice on the pavement. The sand and the chemicals reduced the reflectivity of the reflectors. With minimum or no maintenance the visibility of the RPM is low. Although the RPM appear to present a problem during snow plowing, they are an excellent device for lane delineation at night in adverse weather.

Concrete Whiteness for Barrier Rails, MLR-97-04, 1997

Research has shown that maximum reflectivity, using white cement concrete contributes to increased safety of barrier rails. This research evaluated the whiteness of concrete mixes using white cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and natural sand versus manufactured sand. Results indicated mixes containing white cement achieve the highest reflectivity.

Percolation and three-dimensional structure of supercritical water

It is well established that at ambient and supercooled conditions water can be described as a percolating network of H bonds. This work is aimed at identifying, by neutron diffraction experiments combined with computer simulations, a percolation line in supercritical water, where the extension of the H-bond network is in question. It is found that in real supercritical water liquidlike states are observed at or above the percolation threshold, while below this threshold gaslike water forms small, sheetlike configurations. Inspection of the three-dimensional arrangement of water molecules suggests that crossing of this percolation line is accompa- nied by a change of symmetry in the first neighboring shell of molecules from trigonal below the line to tetrahedral above.

Développement de l'interprétation quantitative de la sismique réflexion lacustre : application de l'AVO aux sédiments quaternaires dans le lac Léman

Résumé Des développements antérieurs, au sein de l'Institut de Géophysique de Lausanne, ont permis de développer des techniques d'acquisition sismique et de réaliser l'interprétation des données sismique 2D et 3D pour étudier la géologie de la région et notamment les différentes séquences sédimentaires du Lac Léman. Pour permettre un interprétation quantitative de la sismique en déterminant des paramètres physiques des sédiments la méthode AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) a été appliquée. Deux campagnes sismiques lacustres, 2D et 3D, ont été acquises afin de tester la méthode AVO dans le Grand Lac sur les deltas des rivières. La géométrie d'acquisition a été repensée afin de pouvoir enregistrer les données à grands déports. Les flûtes sismiques, mises bout à bout, ont permis d'atteindre des angles d'incidence d'environ 40˚ . Des récepteurs GPS spécialement développés à cet effet, et disposés le long de la flûte, ont permis, après post-traitement des données, de déterminer la position de la flûte avec précision (± 0.5 m). L'étalonnage de nos hydrophones, réalisé dans une chambre anéchoïque, a permis de connaître leur réponse en amplitude en fonction de la fréquence. Une variation maximale de 10 dB a été mis en évidence entre les capteurs des flûtes et le signal de référence. Un traitement sismique dont l'amplitude a été conservée a été appliqué sur les données du lac. L'utilisation de l'algorithme en surface en consistante a permis de corriger les variations d'amplitude des tirs du canon à air. Les sections interceptes et gradients obtenues sur les deltas de l'Aubonne et de la Dranse ont permis de produire des cross-plots. Cette représentation permet de classer les anomalies d'amplitude en fonction du type de sédiments et de leur contenu potentiel en gaz. L'un des attributs qui peut être extrait des données 3D, est l'amplitude de la réflectivité d'une interface sismique. Ceci ajoute une composante quantitative à l'interprétation géologique d'une interface. Le fond d'eau sur le delta de l'Aubonne présente des anomalies en amplitude qui caractérisent les chenaux. L'inversion de l'équation de Zoeppritz par l'algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt a été programmée afin d'extraire les paramètres physiques des sédiments sur ce delta. Une étude statistique des résultats de l'inversion permet de simuler la variation de l'amplitude en fonction du déport. On a obtenu un modèle dont la première couche est l'eau et dont la seconde est une couche pour laquelle V P = 1461 m∕s, ρ = 1182 kg∕m3 et V S = 383 m∕s. Abstract A system to record very high resolution (VHR) seismic data on lakes in 2D and 3D was developed at the Institute of Geophysics, University of Lausanne. Several seismic surveys carried out on Lake Geneva helped us to better understand the geology of the area and to identify sedimentary sequences. However, more sophisticated analysis of the data such as the AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) method provides means of deciphering the detailed structure of the complex Quaternary sedimentary fill of the Lake Geneva trough. To study the physical parameters we applied the AVO method at some selected places of sediments. These areas are the Aubonne and Dranse River deltas where the configurations of the strata are relatively smooth and the discontinuities between them easy to pick. A specific layout was developed to acquire large incidence angle. 2D and 3D seismic data were acquired with streamers, deployed end to end, providing incidence angle up to 40˚ . One or more GPS antennas attached to the streamer enabled us to calculate individual hydrophone positions with an accuracy of 50 cm after post-processing of the navigation data. To ensure that our system provides correct amplitude information, our streamer sensors were calibrated in an anechoic chamber using a loudspeaker as a source. Amplitude variations between the each hydrophone were of the order of 10 dB. An amplitude correction for each hydrophone was computed and applied before processing. Amplitude preserving processing was then carried out. Intercept vs. gradient cross-plots enable us to determine that both geological discontinuities (lacustrine sediments/moraine and moraine/molasse) have well defined trends. A 3D volume collected on the Aubonne river delta was processed in order ro obtain AVO attributes. Quantitative interpretation using amplitude maps were produced and amplitude maps revealed high reflectivity in channels. Inversion of the water bottom of the Zoeppritz equation using the Levenberg-Marquadt algorithm was carried out to estimate V P , V S and ρ of sediments immediately under the lake bottom. Real-data inversion gave, under the water layer, a mud layer with V P = 1461 m∕s, ρ = 1182 kg∕m3 et V S = 383 m∕s.

Nd:YAG Laser Welding of 5083 Aluminium Alloy using Filler Wire

High reflectivity and high thermal conductivity, high vapour pressure of alloyingelements as well as low liquid surface tension and low ionisation potential, make laser welding of aluminium and its alloys a demanding task.Problems that occur during welding are mainly process instabilities of the keyhole and the melt pool, increased plasma formation above the melt pool and loss of alloying elements. These problems lead to unwanted metallurgical defects like hot cracks and porosity in the weld bead andother problems concerning the shape and appearance of the weld bead. In order to minimise the defects and improve the weld quality, the process and beam parameters need to be carefully adjusted along with a consideration concerning the use of filler wire for the welding process. In this work the welding of 3,0 mm thick grade 5083 aluminium alloy plates using a 3,0 kW Nd:YAG laser with grade 5183 filler wire addition is investigated. The plates were welded as butt joints with air gap sizes 0,5 mm, 0,7mm and 1,0 mm. The analysis of the weld beads obtained from the weldedsamples showed that the least imperfections were produced with 0,7 mm air gaps at moderate welding speeds. The analysis also covered the calculation of the melting efficiency and the study of the shape of the weld bead. The melting efficiency was on average around 20 % for the melting process of the welded plates. The weld beads showed the characteristic V-shape of a laser weld and retained this shape during the whole series of experiments.

Effect of Shielding Gases in Laser Welding of Aluminium Alloys

High reflectivity to laser light, alloying element evaporation during high power laser welding makes aluminium alloys highly susceptibility to weld defects such as porosity, cracking and undercutting. The dynamic behaviour of the keyhole, due to fluctuating plasma above the keyhole and the vaporization ofthe alloying elements with in the keyhole, is the key problem to be solved for the improvement of the weld quality and stabilization of the keyhole dynamics isperhaps the single most important development that can broaden the application of laser welding of aluminium alloys. In laser welding, the shielding gas is commonly used to stabilize the welding process, to improve the welded joint features and to protect the welded seam from oxidation. The chemicalcomposition of the shielding gas is a key factor in achieving the final qualityof the welded joints. Wide range of shielding gases varying from the pure gasesto complex mixtures based on helium, argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are commercially available. These gas mixtures should be considered in terms of their suitability during laser welding of aluminium alloys to produce quality welds. The main objective of the present work is to study the effect of the shielding gascomposition during laser welding of aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloy A15754 was welded using 3kW Nd-YAG laser (continuous wave mode). The alloy samples were butt welded with different shielding gases (pure and mixture of gases) so that high quality welds with high joint efficiencies could be produced. It was observed that the chemical composition of the gases influenced the final weld quality and properties. In general, the mixture gases, in correct proportions, enabled better utilisation of the properties of the mixing gases, stabilized the welding process and produced better weld quality compared to the pure shielding gases.

A Be-type star with a black-hole companion

Stellar-mass black holes have all been discovered through X-ray emission, which arises from the accretion of gas from their binary companions (this gas is either stripped from low-mass stars or supplied as winds from massive ones). Binary evolution models also predict the existence of black holes accreting from the equatorial envelope of rapidly spinning Be-type stars (stars of the Be type are hot blue irregular variables showing characteristic spectral emission lines of hydrogen). Of the ~80 Be X-ray binaries known in the Galaxy, however, only pulsating neutron stars have been found as companions. A black hole was formally allowed as a solution for the companion to the Be star MWC 656 (also known as HD 215227), although that was based on a single radial velocity curve of the Be star, a mistaken spectral classification and rough estimates of the inclination angle. Here we report observations of an accretion disk line mirroring the orbit of the Be star. This, together with an improved radial velocity curve of the Be star through fitting sharp Fe II profiles from the equatorial disk, and a refined Be classification (to that of a B1.5-B2 III star), reveals a black hole of 3.8 to 6.9 solar masses orbiting MWC 656, the candidate counterpart of the gamma-ray source AGL J2241+4454. The black hole is X-ray quiescent and fed by a radiatively inefficient accretion flow giving a luminosity less than 1.6 x 10-7 times the Eddington luminosity. This implies that Be binaries with black-hole companions are difficult to detect by conventional X-ray surveys.

Assessment of dissolution techniques for the analysis of ceramic samples by plasma spectrometry

In this study, 13 ceramic samples were subjected to dissolution using three different procedures: (a) acid attack in open PTFE vessels with a mixture of HF-HClO4, (b) fusion of the sample with lithium metaborate and (c) microwave digestion in PTFE bombs. The samples used in the study had been previously analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and they cover a wide range of ceramics fired in different atmospheres and temperatures as well as different mineralogical and chemical compositions. The effectiveness of each procedure is evaluated in terms of its ability to dissolve the various mineralogical phases of the samples, of the number of elements that can be determined and of the time needed for the whole scheme of analysis to be completed.

Diodilaserin käytön edellytykset ohutlevyjen hitsauksessa

Diplomityössä tutkitaan diodilaserhitsausta mahdollisena teollisuuden menetelmänä ja menetelmän vaatimuksia hitsattaessa ohutlevyjä. Työssä tutkittavat materiaalit ovat kylmävalssattu teräs ja ruostumaton teräs sekä liitosmuotoina päittäis-, laippa- ja päällekkäisliitos. Materiaalivahvuudet ovat 0,50 mm:stä 1,50 mm:iin. Työn tavoitteena on määrittää näille kyseisille materiaaleille ja liitosmuodoille hitsausnopeus levynvahvuuden funktiona. Lisäksi käsitellään diodilaserin rakennetta, säteen muodostusta, säteen muokkaamista, säteen analysointia ja säteen turvallisuuteen liittyviä asioita. Suoritetaan vertailua käytössä oleviin muihin lasertyöstömenetelmiin konepajoissa ja tehdään arvio mahdollisen diodilaserinvestoinnin kannattavuudesta. Diodilaserhitsauskokeissa käytettiin Hämeen ammattikorkeakoulun Riihimäen yksikön 1 kW:n tehoista diodilaseria. Koekappaleet leikattiin suuntaisleikkurilla. Osalle hitsatuista kappaleista tehtiin poikittaiset vetokokeet ja mitattiin mikrokovuudet. Virheitä tutkittiin silmämääräisesti sekä radiografisella kuvauksella. Kaikille tutkituille liitoksille, materiaaleille ja vahvuuksille saatiin määriteltyä hitsausnopeudet. Tehtyjen testien perusteella suuntaisleikkurin käyttö on mahdollista. Lisäksi havaittiin suojakaasun käytön myötä, että kirkkaan sulan aiheuttama heijastavuuden kasvu edellyttää hitsausnopeuden pienentämistä.

Microscopic-macroscopic approach for binding energies with the Wigner-Kirkwood method. II. Deformed nuclei

The binding energies of deformed even-even nuclei have been analyzed within the framework of a recently proposed microscopic-macroscopic model. We have used the semiclassical Wigner-Kirkwood ̄h expansion up to fourth order, instead of the usual Strutinsky averaging scheme, to compute the shell corrections in a deformed Woods-Saxon potential including the spin-orbit contribution. For a large set of 561 even-even nuclei with Z 8 and N 8, we find an rms deviation from the experiment of 610 keV in binding energies, comparable to the one found for the same set of nuclei using the finite range droplet model of Moller and Nix (656 keV). As applications of our model, we explore its predictive power near the proton and neutron drip lines as well as in the superheavy mass region. Next, we systematically explore the fourth-order Wigner-Kirkwood corrections to the smooth part of the energy. It is found that the ratio of the fourth-order to the second-order corrections behaves in a very regular manner as a function of the asymmetry parameter I=(N−Z)/A. This allows us to absorb the fourth-order corrections into the second-order contributions to the binding energy, which enables us us to simplify and speed up the calculation of deformed nuclei.

Nuclear surface properties in relativistic effective field theory

We perform Hartree calculations of symmetric and asymmetric semi-infinite nuclear matter in the framework of relativistic models based on effective hadronic field theories as recently proposed in the literature. In addition to the conventional cubic and quartic scalar self-interactions, the extended models incorporate a quartic vector self-interaction, scalar-vector non-linearities and tensor couplings of the vector mesons. We investigate the implications of these terms on nuclear surface properties such as the surface energy coefficient, surface thickness, surface stiffness coefficient, neutron skin thickness and the spin-orbit force.

Versatility of field theory motivated nuclear effective Lagrangian approach

We analyze the results for infinite nuclear and neutron matter using the standard relativistic mean field model and its recent effective field theory motivated generalization. For the first time, we show quantitatively that the inclusion in the effective theory of vector meson self-interactions and scalar-vector cross-interactions explains naturally the recent experimental observations of the softness of the nuclear equation of state, without losing the advantages of the standard relativistic model for finite nuclei.

Technology transfer at the periphery of the Mycenaean world: the cases of Mycenaean pottery found in central Macedonia (Greece) and the Plain of Sybaris (Italy)

The study of technology transfer in pottery production to the periphery of the Mycenaean world has been addressed by considering two different areas, southern Italy and central Macedonia. Technological features such as ceramic paste, decoration and firing have been determined for different ceramic groups established according to provenance criteria. The studies of technology and provenance have been performed following an archaeometric approach, using neutron activation analysis, petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results have revealed the existence of two different models. On the one hand, southern Italy seems to exhibit a more organized pottery production, which follows a Mycenaean-like technology, while in central Macedonia production is probably more varied, being based in part on the technology of the local tradition.

High mass microquasars and low latitude gamma-ray sources

Population studies of unidentified EGRET sources suggest that there exist at least three different populations of galactic gamma-ray sources. One of these populations is formed by young objects distributed along the galactic plane with a strong concentration toward the inner spiral arms of the Galaxy. Variability, spectral and correlation analysis indicate that this population is not homogeneous. In particular, there is a subgroup of sources that display clear variability in their gamma-ray fluxes on timescales from days to months. Following the proposal by Kaufman Bernad\'o et al. (2002), we suggest that this group of sources might be high-mass microquasars, i.e. accreting black holes or neutron stars with relativistic jets and early-type stellar companions. We present detailed inhomogeneous models for the gamma-ray emission of these systems that include both external and synchrotron self-Compton interactions. We have included effects of interactions between the jet and all external photon fields to which it is exposed: companion star, accretion disk, and hot corona. We make broadband calculations to predict the spectral energy distribution of these objects from radio up to GeV energies. The results and predictions can be tested by present and future gamma-ray instruments like INTEGRAL, AGILE, and GLAST.