Förra delen om Gamle Carleby: med wederbörandes minne under oeconomiae professorens och Kongl. Swenska Wettenskaps Acad. ledamots, herr Pehr Kalms inseende, för lager-kransen utgifwen, och almen granskning understäld i Åbo Academies öfre sal, den 19 Julii efter m. 1754, af Jacob Chydenius, Jac. son, Österbotninge

1. painos: Turku 1754

Sednare delen om Gamle Carleby: med wederbörandes minne utgifwen af praesis Jacob Chydenius, Jac. son. och som et academiskt prof, allmän granskning understäld, i Åbo Academies öfre sal, den 7. Dec. efter middagen, 1754 af respondens Samuel Fabrell, norr finne

Alkuperäinen väitöskirja: Åbo, 1754

Amerika-boken: hjälpreda för utvandrare : riktiga och pålitliga upplysningar om resan till Amerika, arbets- och naturförhållandena i de olika staterna m. m.

Med en karta öfver Förenta staterna. - Texten densamma som i föreg.

Medborgare, brukare av välfärd eller klient? : en jämförande studie om brukarens inflytande mellan en kommun, ett assistansbolag och ett brukarkooperativ som utför personlig assistans

The focus of this licentiate dissertation is to produce a better understanding of how we may give citi-zen as users a stronger influence over their welfare services and in the long run help to democratize the welfare state. The aim of this project is to analyze what kind of influence a user with a functional dis-order may have in different organizational contexts over his or her personal assistance. This study focuses on the influence a user may have over his or her welfare service, personal assis-tance. A municipality, an assistance firm and a user cooperative are compared with the thesis that the organization that surrounds the users shapes the possibilities the user have to influence his or her per-sonal assistance. The major thesis is thus: Participatory democracy as a model or approach may function differently when the services are delivered in a different way by different organizations – varying organizational forms. There are questions that try to answer if there are outspoken social goals within each organization. Questions regarding influence of the user when she or he is choosing the assistance provider and the users possibility to influence and his or her power to decide who and when anyone works as an assis-tant are asked. The results indicate that there are different sets of internal logic within the organizations that affect their goals and level of user influence. Within the user cooperative the user is considered a citizen and as a user expected to handle the role as work leader for his or her personal assistants. However the user is also a citizen and is expected within the usercooperative to act as a member and citizen to have po-litical influence. The usercooperative aims at influencing the political policy process regarding ques-tions concerning the rights of persons with disabilities. This gives the user a part in collective action as a member of the usercooperative. The other producers of personal assistance, the municipality and the assistance firm gives in this study a similar result as they give the user of personal assistance quite similar models for user influence within the respective organization. Within these organizations the user have chosen to let the organiza-tions handle the role of work leader in the written agreements with the producer and thereby the influ-ence they may have in practice is not so much a case of self-determination as a case of co-influence. The user can be seen as a user within a municipality, a client or consumer within the assistance firm and a citizen within the usercooperative. The results indicate the need for future research where co-production, institutional logic and development of democratic theory through democratic innovations are central aspects of future research.

Drömmen, resan och att finna sin plats : en hermeneutisk studie om vårdarens identitet

Bakgrund. Studien utgår ifrån antagandet att vårdaren är i en ständig utveckling av sin identitet och att utvecklingen påverkas av många olika faktorer. Forskningsöversikten visar att arbetsgemenskapen är av stor betydelse och att vårdarens identitet påverkas av olika erfarenheter och upplevelser. Det teoretiska perspektivet i denna studie är vårdvetenskapligt och den metodologiska ansatsen baserar sig på Gadamers hermeneutik. Syfte. Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för utvecklingen av vårdarens identitet samt att få en inblick i vilka faktorer som påverkar utvecklingen. Intresset riktas speciellt till arbetsgemenskapens och ensamhetens betydelse för utvecklingen. Metod. Materialet består av nio stycken av vårdare skrivna berättelser vilka har tolkats med hjälp av hermeneutisk tolkningsmetod. Den hermeneutiska tolkningsmetoden har inneburit en rörelse mellan helhet–delar–helhet och att den egna förförståelsen och traditionen har fått ta plats i tolkningen. Resultatet har framträtt när författaren och texterna nått en gemensam förståelse. Resultat. Vårdarens identitet formas av fyra element: 1. Ryggsäcken, det ”bagage” som vårdaren alltid bär med sig i alla situationer, såsom sin personlighet, tidigare erfarenheter och sin kunskap, 2. Patienten, d.v.s. att ha en vilja att vårda och en målsättning att ge god vård, 3. Arbetsmiljön och att finna sin plats i gemenskapen, 4. Vårdarens egen begrundan och reflektion. Om elementen inte helt kan uppfyllas försvagas identiteten. Att uppfylla alla element kan jämföras med att tillgodose vårdarens kroppsliga, själsliga och andliga aspekter. Resultatet visar också att arbetsgemenskapen och ensamheten har stor betydelse för identiteten. Vårdaren vill finnas i antingen en positiv arbetsgemenskap, som präglas av trygghet, tillit, respekt och arbetsglädje eller i en positiv ensamhet, där hon känner frihet och kan växa i sin roll. En del vårdare arbetar varierat med båda typerna av arbetsuppgifter. Båda arbetssätten stärker vårdarens identitet. Det som försvagar vårdarens identitet är negativ arbetsgemenskap, d.v.s. att känna att man inte passar in och att den egna utvecklingen hämmas eller negativ ensamhet, såsom känslor av totalt utanförskap i en arbetsgemenskap eller stor osäkerhetskänsla förorsakad av att man arbetar ensam. Negativ ensamhet kan ses som ett hot mot vårdarens identitet och liv. En stark identitet och att vara trygg i sin yrkesroll ska i förlängningen leda till en vilja hos vårdaren att ge god och kärleksfull vård.

Företagsamhet i skola och utbildning : lärares tankar om förutsättningarna att nå målen i temaområdet Deltagande, demokrati och entreprenörskap

Developing students’ enterprise and proactive approaches to life have been goals of Finnish public education since its introduction. Still, education in Finland today is criticized for not reaching these goals and for overlooking the development of students’ enterprise. The role of enterprise education is ambivalent. On the one hand, enterprise education is advocated as the solution to many of the alleged problems in public education; on the other hand, the pedagogical ideas that enterprise education builds on appear to coincide with the contemporary understanding of “good education.” The thesis discusses what sets enterprise education apart from other types of education and teaching. Notably, the pedagogical foundations for enterprise education are not necessarily solid or sufficiently explored. Thus, the overall aim of the thesis is to explore the conditions for developing enterprise in education. Sloyd, as a school subject that promotes handicraft-based education, has long been attributed as having the potential to develop students’ character and person; similarly, it is also identified as being well suited for developing student enterprise. Enterprise education is not specific to sloyd, however. In fact, developing enterprise is a cross-curricular goal for basic education. In a subject-focused educational structure and culture, the development of an enterprising mindset in students is a common concern for all teachers. Thus, an understanding of the conditions for enterprise education must not be limited to one school subject; rather, the nature of the phenomenon requires a cross-curricular approach. Altogether, the conditions for enterprise education appear to be in need of further research. In addition to a subject-focused structure, other influencing factors that are mentioned in discussions on enterprise education include the need for a more enterprising working culture in school. Importantly, another key factor is the individual teacher’s pedagogical philosophy, which constitutes the frame of reference that informs how he or she understands and interprets his or her profession. Notably, the conditions for enterprise education are poor unless a teacher’s pedagogical philosophy emphasizes a focus on enterprise. The empirical research uses a hermeneutical approach and focuses on exploring teachers’ views on the conditions for reaching the national goals related to students’ enterprise. The interview study was conducted among class and subject teachers around Swedish-speaking Finland. The study shows that teachers view themselves as the most important factor for a focus on enterprise. Teachers have also identified a vast number of contextual factors that influence, support, or counteract a focus on enterprise. Structure, culture, resources, and curriculum, as well as numerous societal factors, all interact to affect the conditions for enterprise education. The prevailing culture of subject focus poses a challenge to enterprise education. At the same time, however, a focus on enterprise can be seen as a natural tendency in grades one to six. Indeed, teachers of all grade levels interpret the development of a proactive approach to life as one of education’s core values. Altogether, the thesis offers a deepened and nuanced understanding of the conditions for enterprise education. While the public education system in Finland seems to have some favourable basic conditions for enterprise education, multifaceted challenges must be faced if the national goals related to enterprise are to be reached.

Utmanande och givande. Lärares tankar om arbete i ett mångkulturellt klassrum

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