Multi-axis solutions in packaging machines in Europe

The objective of this thesis was to examine the potential of multi-axis solutions in packaging machines produced in Europe. The definition of a multi-axis solution in this study is a construction that uses a common DC bus power supply for different amplifiers running the axes and the intelligence is centralized into one unit. The cost structure of a packaging machine was gained from an automation research, which divided the machines according to automation categories. The automation categories were then further divided into different sub-components by evaluating the ratio of multi-axis solutions compared to other automation components in packaging machines. A global motion control study was used for further information. With the help of the ratio, an estimation of the potential of multi-axis solutions in each country and packaging machine sector was completed. In addition to the research, a specific questionnaire was sent to five companies to gain information about the present situation and possible trends in packaging machinery. The greatest potential markets are in Germany and Italy, which are also the largest producers of packaging machinery in Europe. The greatest growth in the next few years will be seen in Turkey where the annual growth rate equals the general machinery production rate in Asia. The greatest market potential of the Nordic countries is found in Sweden in 35th position on the list. According to the interviews, motion control products in packaging machines will retain their current power levels, as well as the number of axes in the future. Integrated machine safety features together with a universal programming language are the desired attributes of the future. Unlike generally in industry, the energy saving objectives are and will remain insignificant in the packaging industry.

Towards multi bibliographic format support in Invenio

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Suomen mahdollisuudet vaikuttaa Euroopan unionin lainsäädäntömenettelyyn

Väitöstutkimuksen kohteena on säädösten valmistelu ja niitä koskevaa päätöksenteko Euroopan unionissa erityisesti siitä näkökulmasta, miten Suomen kaltainen pieni jäsenvaltio voi vaikuttaa EU-säädöksiin. Väitöskirjassa analysoidaan unionin toimielinten välillä vallitsevaa dynamiikkaa ja Suomen asemaa erityisesti EUT-sopimuksen 289 artiklan 1 kohdan ja 294 artiklan mukaisessa tavallisessa lainsäätämisjärjestyksessä. Lissabonin sopimuksen voimaantulon jälkeen tavallinen lainsäätämisjärjestys, joka aiemmin tunnettiin yhteispäätösmenettelynä, on selvästi yleisin lainsäädäntömenettely unionissa. Väitöskirja koostuu kuudesta erillisjulkaistusta pääosin vertaisarvioidusta artikkelista ja niitä täydentävästä ja kokoavasta yhteenveto-osasta. Kirjan tämä painos sisältää vain yhteenvetoluvun, ei erikseen julkaistuja artikkeleita. Väitöskirjassa hyödynnetään eurooppaoikeuden ja politiikan tutkimuksen kirjallisuutta. Metodologisesti väitöstutkimus edustaa empiiristä oikeustutkimusta, jossa yhdistyy lainopillinen analyysi ja empiiristen, tässä tapauksessa lähinnä laadullisten aineistojen analyysi. Yhteenvedossa on seurattu lainsäädäntömuutoksia ja oikeuskäytäntöä 10. huhtikuuta 2015 asti. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen kantavana teemana on oikeuden ja politiikan suhde EUlainsäätämisessä. Artikkeleita ja yhteenvetoa sitovat yhteen kaksi yleisen tason argumenttia. Ensiksi, EU:n lainsäädäntömenettelyä koskevat oikeussäännöt ja institutionalisoituneet käytännöt luovat kehikon toimielinten sisäiselle päätöksenteolle sekä niiden välisille poliittisluonteisille neuvotteluille, vaikkakaan sääntöihin ja käytäntöihin ei yleensä ole tarvetta nimenomaisesti vedota menettelyn kuluessa. Toiseksi, koska Suomen kaltaisen pienen jäsenvaltion muodollinen valta – siis äänimäärä neuvostossa – on hyvin rajallinen, suomalaisten ministerien ja virkamiesten tulisi hyödyntää erilaisia epävirallisia vaikuttamiskanavia, jos halutaan vahvistaa Suomen tosiasiallista vaikutusvaltaa menettelyssä. Unionin lainsäädäntötoiminta ei tyypillisesti ole rationaalisen mallin mukaan etenevää päätöksentekoa, vaan tempoilevaa ja vaikeasti ennakoitavaa kamppailua eri preferenssejä edustavien toimijoiden välillä. Väitöskirjan ensimmäisessä artikkelissa analysoidaan säädösvalmistelua ja lainsäätämismenettelyä unionissa vaihe vaiheelta. Johtopäätöksenä todetaan, että unioniin on syntynyt yhteispäätösmenettelyn, sittemmin tavallisen lainsäätämisjärjestyksen myötä uudenlainen lainsäätämiskulttuuri, jolle on leimallista tiiviit yhteydet komission, Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston välillä. Toimielimet ottavat nykyisin joustavasti huomioon toistensa kantoja menettelyn edetessä, mikä mahdollistaa sen, että valtaosa EU-säädöksistä voidaan hyväksyä jo ensimmäisessä käsittelyssä. Toisessa tutkimusartikkelissa analysoidaan komission asemaa unionin toimielinrakenteessa. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan komission aloiteoikeutta sekä komission puheenjohtajan ja sen jäsenten valintamenettelyjä siitä näkökulmasta, edistääkö komissio todella unionin yleistä etua itsenäisenä ja riippumattomana, kuten EU-sopimuksen 17 artiklassa edellytetään. Tiettyjen järjestelyjen myötä Euroopan parlamentin ja komission suhde on kehittynyt siihen suuntaan, että komissio toimii jossain määrin parlamentille vastuunalaisena hallituksena. Artikkelissa kritisoidaan, että kehitys ei välttämättä lähennä kansalaisia unionin toimielimiin ja että kehitys omiaan vaarantamaan komission aseman verrattain riippumattomana välittäjänä trilogeissa. Kolmas artikkeli sisältää tapaustutkimuksen kuluttajille myönnettäviä luottoja sääntelevän direktiivin (2008/48/EY) valmisteluvaiheista. Tapaustutkimus konkretisoi Suomen hallituksen edustajien tekemän EU-vaikuttamisen keinoja, vahvuuksia ja kehittämiskohteita. Artikkelissa todetaan, että Suomelle aivan keskeinen vaikuttamisresurssi ovat sellaiset virkamiehet, jotka hallitsevat niin käsiteltävän säädöshankkeen sisältökysymykset kuin unionin päätöksentekomenettelyt ja toimielinten institutionalisoituneet käytännöt. Artikkelissa tehdyt empiiriset havainnot jäsenvaltioiden välillä käydyistä neuvotteluista tukevat konstruktiivisen mallin perusoletuksia. Neljännessä artikkelissa, joka on laadittu yhteistyönä professori Tapio Raunion kanssa, analysoidaan unioniasioiden kansallista valmistelua ja tarkemmin ottaen sitä, miten Suomen neuvottelukannat muotoutuvat valtioneuvoston yhteensovittamisjärjestelmän ylimmällä tasolla EU-ministerivaliokunnassa. Artikkelissa todetaan laajan pöytäkirja-aineiston ja sitä täydentävän haastatteluaineiston pohjalta, että EUministerivaliokunnan asialistan laadinta on delegoitu kokonaisuudessaan asiantuntijavirkamiehille. Lisäksi asialistan muotoutumiseen vaikuttaa luonnollisesti unionin toimielinten, erityisesti Eurooppa-neuvoston agenda. Toisaalta, EU-ministerivaliokunnan kokouksissa ministerit yksin tekevät päätöksiä ja linjaavat Suomen EU-politiikkaa. Viidennessä artikkelissa selvitetään, miten olisi toimittava, jos pyritään siihen, että uusi tai muutettu EU-säädös vastaisi mahdollisimman pitkälti Suomen kansallisesti määriteltyä neuvottelukantaa. Tehokkainta on vaikuttaa aloiteoikeutta lainsäädäntömenettelyssä käyttävään komissioon, tarvittaessa myös virkahierarkian ylimmillä tasoilla, sekä tehdä yhteistyötä muiden jäsenvaltioiden kanssa, erityisesti puheenjohtajavaltion, tulevien puheenjohtajavaltioiden ja suurten jäsenvaltioiden kanssa. Mikäli käsittelyssä oleva EU-säädöshanke arvioidaan kansallisesti erityisen tärkeiksi tai ongelmalliseksi, tulisi vaikuttamistoimia laajentaa kattamaan myös Euroopan parlamentin avainhenkilöitä. Kuudennessa artikkelissa analysoidaan suomalaisen kansalaisyhteiskunnan ja etujärjestöjen vaikutusmahdollisuuksia EU-asioiden valmistelussa. Johtopäätöksenä todetaan, että muodollinen yhteensovittaminen EU-valmistelujaostojen laajan kokoonpanon kokouksissa ei ole sidosryhmille ensisijainen eikä tehokkain vaikuttamisen keino. Sen sijaan korostuvat epäviralliset yhteydet toimivaltaisen ministeriön vastuuvirkamieheen kotimaassa ja vaikuttaminen eurooppalaisen kattojärjestön välityksellä. Väitöskirjan yhteenveto-osassa on eritelty, missä EU:n säädösvalmistelun ja lainsäätämismenettelyn vaiheissa Suomen kaltaisella pienellä jäsenvaltiolla on parhaat edellytykset vaikuttaa valmisteltavana olevaan säädökseen. Parhaat vaikutusmahdollisuudet ovat aivan EU-säädöksen elinkaaren alkuvaiheessa, kun komissio on vasta käynnistämässä uutta säädösvalmistelua. Väitöstutkimuksessa todetaan, että varhaista kannanmuodostusta ja sen mahdollistamaa ennakkovaikuttamista on Suomessa kyetty kehittämään etenkin niissä poliittisesti, taloudellisesti tai oikeudellisesti tärkeissä hankkeissa, joissa hallituksen kannanmuodostus tapahtuu EU-ministerivaliokunnassa. Muissa unionin säädöshankkeissa ennakollisen vaikuttamisen intensiteetti näyttäisi vaihtelevan, riippuen muun muassa toimivaltaisen ministeriön keskijohdon ja ylimmän johdon sitoutumisesta. Toinen Suomelle otollinen vaikuttamisen ajankohta on silloin, kun komission antamaa ehdotusta käsitellään asiantuntijavirkamiesten kesken neuvoston työryhmässä. Tehokas vaikuttaminen edellyttää, että Suomea neuvotteluissa edustavat henkilöt kokoavat ”samanmielisistä” jäsenvaltioista kaksoisenemmistösäännön mukaisen voittavan koalition. Viimeinen vaikuttamisen ikkuna aukeaa silloin, kun Coreper-komiteassa laaditaan neuvoston puheenjohtajalle neuvottelumandaattia toimielinten välisiin trilogeihin tavallisen lainsäätämisjärjestyksen ensimmäisessä käsittelyssä. Tässä varsin myöhäisessä menettelyvaiheessa vaikuttaminen on pienen jäsenvaltion näkökulmasta jo selvästi vaikeampaa. Väitöskirja sijoittuu luontevasti osaksi valtiotieteellistä eurooppalaistumis-kirjallisuutta siltä osin, kuin siinä on tutkittu EU-jäsenyyden vaikutuksia kotimaisiin hallinnon rakenteisiin ja politiikan asialistaan. Kuten tunnettua, Suomen EU-politiikka rakentuu eduskunnalle vastuullisen valtioneuvoston varaan. Väitöskirjassa ei kuitenkaan ole otettu erityiseen tarkasteluun perustuslakiin sidottua eduskunnan ja hallituksen yhteistoimintaa EU-asioissa. Sen sijaan on tutkittu unioniasioiden valmistelua ja yhteensovittamista valtioneuvoston sisällä. Kun EU-asioiden yhteensovittamisjärjestelmää luotiin, pidettiin tärkeänä, että jokaisessa säädöshankkeessa ja politiikkahankkeessa kyetään muodostamaan kansallisesti yksi ja yhtenäinen neuvottelupositio. Yhtenäisen kansallisen linjan ajamisen katsottiin parantavan Suomen asemaa unionin päätöksenteossa. Väitöskirjassa todetaan johtopäätöksenä, että EU-asioiden kansallinen valmistelujärjestelmä toteuttaa sille asetetut tavoitteet käytännössä varsin hyvin. Merkittävin kehittämiskohde liittyy kansallisen EU-valmistelun reaktiivisuuteen. Jos Suomi haluaa vaikuttaa yhä vahvemmin EU-lainsäätämiseen, Suomelle tärkeät hankkeet pitäisi tunnistaa jo varhaisessa vaiheessa ja priorisoida selkeästi niiden hoitamista ministeriöissä.

A SOA-based Framework for Multi-Devices and Multi-Platform User Interfaces

This thesis reports investigations on applying the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach in the engineering of multi-platform and multi-devices user interfaces. This study has three goals: (1) analyze the present frameworks for developing multi-platform and multi-devices applications, (2) extend the principles of SOA for implementing a multi-platform and multi-devices architectural framework (SOA-MDUI), (3) applying and validating the proposed framework in the context of a specific application. One of the problems addressed in this ongoing research is the large amount of combinations for possible implementations of applications on different types of devices. Usually it is necessary to take into account the operating system (OS), user interface (UI) including the appearance, programming language (PL) and architectural style (AS). Our proposed approach extended the principles of SOA using patterns-oriented design and model-driven engineering approaches. Synthesizing the present work done in these domains, this research built and tested an engineering framework linking Model-driven Architecture (MDA) and SOA approaches to developing of UI. This study advances general understanding of engineering, deploying and managing multi-platform and multi-devices user interfaces as a service.

Influence of multi-phase phenomena on semibatch crystallization processes of aqueous solutions

Crystal properties, product quality and particle size are determined by the operating conditions in the crystallization process. Thus, in order to obtain desired end-products, the crystallization process should be effectively controlled based on reliable kinetic information, which can be provided by powerful analytical tools such as Raman spectrometry and thermal analysis. The present research work studied various crystallization processes such as reactive crystallization, precipitation with anti-solvent and evaporation crystallization. The goal of the work was to understand more comprehensively the fundamentals, phenomena and utilizations of crystallization, and establish proper methods to control particle size distribution, especially for three phase gas-liquid-solid crystallization systems. As a part of the solid-liquid equilibrium studies in this work, prediction of KCl solubility in a MgCl2-KCl-H2O system was studied theoretically. Additionally, a solubility prediction model by Pitzer thermodynamic model was investigated based on solubility measurements of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with the presence of non-electronic organic substances in aqueous solutions. The prediction model helps to extend literature data and offers an easy and economical way to choose solvent for anti-solvent precipitation. Using experimental and modern analytical methods, precipitation kinetics and mass transfer in reactive crystallization of magnesium carbonate hydrates with magnesium hydroxide slurry and CO2 gas were systematically investigated. The obtained results gave deeper insight into gas-liquid-solid interactions and the mechanisms of this heterogeneous crystallization process. The research approach developed can provide theoretical guidance and act as a useful reference to promote development of gas-liquid reactive crystallization. Gas-liquid mass transfer of absorption in the presence of solid particles in a stirred tank was investigated in order to gain understanding of how different-sized particles interact with gas bubbles. Based on obtained volumetric mass transfer coefficient values, it was found that the influence of the presence of small particles on gas-liquid mass transfer cannot be ignored since there are interactions between bubbles and particles. Raman spectrometry was successfully applied for liquid and solids analysis in semi-batch anti-solvent precipitation and evaporation crystallization. Real-time information such as supersaturation, formation of precipitates and identification of crystal polymorphs could be obtained by Raman spectrometry. The solubility prediction models, monitoring methods for precipitation and empirical model for absorption developed in this study together with the methodologies used gives valuable information for aspects of industrial crystallization. Furthermore, Raman analysis was seen to be a potential controlling method for various crystallization processes.

Entry mode choice of Finnish startups entering Chinese market in tablet industry

Since the implement of opening policy, the overall economy of China has maintained rapid and stable development, which has now makes China become the world's second largest economy. China, it is to become the largest overseas market for many large global enterprises from various industries, this naturally also includes the Tablet PC industry that raised in recent years. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze different internal and external factors that influence the entry mode choices of Finnish SMEs in tablet industry entering Chinese market. The goal is to find out the suitable entry modes for the Finnish tablet or other relevant SMEs entering Chinese market. Qualitative analysis is the main research method in empirical part of this study. The interviews were carried out with the case company and other two Finnish business organizations in China. The result of the study indicated that the internal resource and external business environment affect the entry modes choices much more than other factors for SMES. The exporting mode and sales subsidiary could be a better choice for SMEs entering Chinese market. Furthermore, firms should fully learn the Chinese market combine with its own background before making decisions.

Deviations of Governance In IT Multi-Sourcing: A Case Study

IT outsourcing (ITO) refers to the shift of IT/IS activities from internal to external of an organization. In prior research, the governance of ITO is recognized with persistent strategic importance for practice, because it is tightly related to ITO success. Under the rapid transformation of global market, the evolving practice of ITO requires updated knowledge on effective governance. However, research on ITO governance is still under developed due to the lack of integrated theoretical frameworks and the variety of empirical settings besides dyadic client-vendor relationships. Especially, as multi-sourcing has become an increasingly common practice in ITO, its new governance challenges must be attended by both ITO researchers and practitioners. To address this research gap, this study aims to understand multi-sourcing governance with an integrated theoretical framework incorporating both governance structure and governance mechanisms. The focus is on the emerging deviations among formal, perceived and practiced governance. With an interpretive perspective, a single case study is conducted with mixed methods of Social Network Analysis (SNA) and qualitative inquiries. The empirical setting embraces one client firm and its two IT suppliers for IT infrastructure services. The empirical material is analyzed at three levels: within one supplier firm, between the client and one supplier, and among all three firms. Empirical evidences, at all levels, illustrate various deviations in governance mechanisms, with which emerging governance structures are shaped. This dissertation contributes to the understanding of ITO governance in three domains: the governance of ITO in general, the governance of multi-sourcing in particular, and research methodology. For ITO governance in general, this study has identified two research strands of governance structure and governance mechanisms, and integrated both concepts under a unified framework. The composition of four research papers contributes to multi-sourcing research by illustrating the benefits of zooming in and out across the multilateral relationships with different aspects and scopes. Methodologically, the viability and benefit of mixed-method is illustrated and confirmed for both researchers and practitioners.

Attractive silences in cricket courtship song : mate choice using a short-range signal /

Matings systems using signals for sexual communication have been studied extensively and results commonly suggest that females use these signals for locating males, species-identification, and mate choice. Although numerous mating systems employ multiple signals, research has generally focused on long-range signals perhaps due to their prominence and ease of study. This study focused on the short-range acoustic courtship song of crickets. The results presented here suggest this signal is under selection by female choice. Females mated preferentially with males having shorter silences between the two types of ticks within the song. The length of these silences (Gap 1) was correlated with male condition such that males having long silences were significantly lower in mass with respect to body size when compared to males having short silences. Both Gap 1 length and male condition were significantly repeatable within males over time suggesting the possibility these traits have a genetic basis. This study is the first empirical study to test female preferences within the natural variation of the courtship song. It now appears, at least in crickets, that both the longand short-range signals of a multi-signal mating system may contribute to male mating success.

Learning to be literate : parental empowerment in early literacy interventions

Considerable research has focused on the success of early intervention programs for children. However, minimal research has focused on the effect these programs have on the parents of targeted children. Many current early intervention programs champion family-focused and inclusive programming, but few have evaluated parent participation in early interventions and fewer still have evaluated the impact of these programs on beliefs and attitudes and parenting practices. Since parents will continue to play a key role in their child's developmental course long after early intervention programs end, it is vital to examine whether these programs empower parents to take action to make changes in the lives of their children. The goal of this study was to understand parental influences on the early development of literacy, and in particular how parental attitudes, beliefs and self efficacy impact parent and child engagement in early literacy intervention activities. A mixed method procedure using quantitative and qualitative strategies was employed. A quasi-experimental research design was used. The research sample, sixty parents who were part of naturally occurring community interventions in at- risk neighbourhoods in a south-western Ontario city participated in the quantitative phase. Largely individuals whose home language was other than English, these participants were divided amongst three early literacy intervention groups, a Prescriptive Interventionist type group, a Participatory Empowering type group and a drop-in parent- child neighbourhood Control group. Measures completed pre and post a six session literacy intervention, on all three literacy and evidence of change in parental empowerment. Parents in all three groups, on average, held beliefs about early literacy that were positive and that were compatible with current approaches to language development and emergent literacy. No significant change in early literacy beliefs and attitudes for pre to post intervention was found. Similarly, there was no significant difference between groups on empowerment scores, but there was a significant change post intervention in one group's empowerment score. There was a drop in the empowerment score for the Prescriptive Interventionist type group, suggesting a drop in empowerment level. The qualitative aspect of this study involved six in-depth interviews completed with a sub-set of the sixty research participants. Four similar themes emerged across the groups: learning takes place across time and place; participation is key; success is achieved by taking small steps; and learning occurs in multiple ways. The research findings have important implications for practitioners and policy makers who target at risk populations with early intervention programming and wish to sustain parental empowerment. Study results show the value parents place on early learning and point to the importance of including parents in the development and delivery of early intervention programs. groups, were analyzed for evidence of change in parental attitudes and beliefs about early literacy and evidence of change in parental empowerment. Parents in all three groups, on average, held beliefs about early literacy that were positive and that were compatible with current approaches to language development and emergent literacy. No significant change in early literacy beliefs and attitudes for pre to post intervention was found. Similarly, there was no significant difference between groups on empowerment scores, but there was a significant change post intervention in one group's empowerment score. There was a drop in the empowerment score for the Prescriptive Interventionist type group, suggesting a drop in empowerment level. The qualitative aspect of this study involved six in-depth interviews completed with a sub-set of the sixty research participants. Four similar themes emerged across the groups: learning takes place across time and place; participation is key; success is achieved by taking small steps; and learning occurs in multiple ways. The research findings have important implications for practitioners and policy makers who target at risk populations with early intervention programming and wish to sustain parental empowerment. Study results show the value parents place on early learning and point to the importance of including parents in the development and delivery of early intervention programs.

Effect of age on female choice in the field cricket, Gryllus interger

Female choice is an important element of sexual selection that may vary among females of the same species. Few researchers have investigated the causes of variation in selectivity with respect to potential mates and overall level of motivation toward a stimulus source representative of a mate. This study demonstrates that female age may be one cause of variation in female choice. Females of different ages may have different mate preferences. As females age, they have less time left to reproduce, and their residual reproductive value decreases. This should correspond to a higher reproductive effort which may be represented as increased motivation and/or decreased selectivity. The effect of age on mate choice in Gryllus integer was investigated by using a non-compensating treadmill, called the Kugel, to measure female phonotaxis. Artificially generated male calling songs of varying pulse rates were broadcast in either a singlestimulus or a three-stimulus experimental design. The pulse rates used in the calling song stimuli were 70, 64, 76, 55 and 85 pulses per second. These corresponded to the documented mean pulse rate for the species at the experimental temperature, one standard deviation below and above the mean, and 2.5 standard deviations below and above the mean, respectively. Test females were either 11-14 days or 25-28 days post-ecdysis. Trials usually were conducted two to seven hours into the scotophase. In the single-stimulus experiment, females were presented with stimuli with only one pulse rate. Older females achieved higher vector scores than younger females, indicating that older females are more motivated to mate. Both groups showed little phonotactic response towards 55 or 85 pIs, both of which lie outside the natural range of G. integer calling song at the experimental temperature. Neither group discriminated among the three pulse rates that fell within the natural range of calling song. In the three-stimulus experiment, females were presented with stimuli with one of three pulse rates, 64, 70 or 76 pIs, In alternation. Both age groups had reduced responsiveness in this experiment, perhaps due to an increase in perceived male density. Additionally, younger females responded significantly more to 64 and 70 pIs than to the higher pulse rate, indicating that they are selective with respect to mate choice. Older females did not discriminate among the three pulse rates. Therefore, it was concluded that selectivity decreases with age. A further study was conducted to determine that these effects were due to age and not due to the differing periods without a mating between the two age groups. Again, stimuli were presented in a three-stimulus experimental design. Age was held constant at 28 days and time since last mating varied from 11 to 25 days. Females varyIng in time since last mating did not differ in their responses to the calling song pulse rates. This indicated that the increased motivation and decreased selectivity exhibited In the initial experiments were due to age and not to time without a mating. Neither time of trial nor female weight had an effect upon female phonotaxis. Data are discussed in terms of mate choice, residual reproductive value, and costs of choice.

Heritability of multiple mating by female field crickets, Gryllus integer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

The heritability of multiple mating in female Gryllus integer crickets was studied. Two preliminary experiments were conducted to determine when females first mate following the post-imaginal moult and to ascertain whether constant exposure to males affects female mating rate. Female Q. integer first mated at an average age of 3.6 days (S.D. = 2.3, Range = 0-8 days) . Exposing female crickets to courting males 24 hr daily did not significantly alter mating rates from those females in contact with males for only 5 hr per day. A heritability value of 0.690 ± 0.283 was calculated for multiple mating behavior in female Q. integer using a parent-offspring regression approach. Parental females mated between land 30 times (x 9.8, S . D. = 6. 6 ) and offspring matings ranged from 0 to 26 times (x 7 .3, S.D. = 3.4). Multiple mating is probably a sexually selected trait which functions as a mechanism of female choice and increases reproductive success through increased offspring production. Classical theory suggests that traits intimately related with fitness should exhibit negligible heritable variation. However, this study has shown that multiple mating, a trait closely linked with reproductive fitness, exhibits substantial heritability. These results are in concordance with a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting many fitness traits in natural populations demonstrate heritabilities far removed from zero. Various mechanisms which may maintain heritable variation for female multiple mating in wild, outbred Q. integer populations are discussed.

Mating behaviours of the field cricket (Gryllus integer) at different levels of male density

The reproductive behaviour of the field cricket, Gryllus integer, was systematically observed in indoor arenas to determine the extent of female Choice and male-male competition at different sex ratios representing two male densities (12:6 and 6:6). The costs and benefits to males and females in those two densities were analyzed according to the theory of the evolution o£ leks. Observations were conducted during the dark hours when most calling occurred since hourly rates of courtship song and mating did not fluctuate significantly over a 24 h period. Female mating rates were not significantly different between densities, therefore males at high densities were not advantaged because of increased female tendencies to mate when social stimulation was increased. Mean rates of acoustical signalling (calling and courtin"g) did not differ significantly between densities. Mean rates of fighting by males at the high density were significantly greater than those of males at the low density. Mating benefits associated with callin~courting and fighting were measured. Mating rates did not vary with rates of calling at either density. Calling was not a prerequisite to mating. Courtship song preceded all matings. There was a significant power fit between male mating and courting rates, and male mating and fighting rates at the low, but not at the high, density. Density differences in the benefits associated with increased courting and fighting may relate, in part, to greater economic defensibility and monopoly of females due to reduced male competition at the low density. Dominant males may be preferentially chosen by females or better able to monopolize mating opportunities than subordinate males. Three criteria were used to determine whether dominant males were preferentially chosen by females. The number of matings by males who won fights (within 30 min of mating) was significantly greater than the number of matings by males who were defeated in such fights. Mating rates did not vary significantly with rates of winning at either density. There was a significant power fit between male mating rates and the percentage of fights a male won (irrespective of his fighting-frequency) at the low density. The mean duration a male guarded the female after mating did not vary significantly between densities. There was a significant linear relationship between the duration a spermatophore was retained and the duration a male guarded the female after mating. Courtship song apparently stimulated spermatophore removal. Male guarding involved inter-male aggression and reduced courtship attempts by other males. Males at the high density received no apparent reproductive benefits associated with increased social stimulation. Conclusive evidence for preferential choice of males by females, using the criteria examined here, is lacking. Males at the lower density had fewer competitors and could monopolize females more effectively.

The effect of diet and parasite load on female phonotaxis in the Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer

Female crickets respond selectively to variations in species-specific male calling songs. This selectivity has been shown to be age-dependent; older females are less choosy. However, female quality should also affect female selectivity. The effect of female quality on mate choice was examined in Gryllus integer by comparing the phonotactic responses of females on different diets and with different parasite loads to various synthetic models of conspecific calling song. Test females were virgin, 11-14 days old, and had been maintained on one of five diets varying in protein and fat content. Phonotaxis was quantified using a non-compensating Kugel treadmill which generates vector scores incorporating the speed and direction of movement of each female. Test females were presented with four calling song models which differed in pulse rate, but were still within the natural range of the species for the experimental temperature. After testing, females were dissected and the number of gregarine parasites within the digestive tract counted. There were no significant effects of either diet or parasitism on female motivation to mate although the combined effects of these variables seem to have an effect with no apparent trend. Control females did not discriminate among song types, but there was a trend of female preferences for lower pulse rates which are closest to the mean pulse rate for the species. Heavily parasitized females did not discriminate among pulse rates altho~gh there was a similar trend of high vector scores for low pulse rates. Diet, however, affected selectivity with poorly-fed females showing significantly high vector scores for pulse rates near the species mean. Such findings raise interesting questions about energy allocation and costs and risks of phonotaxis and mate choice in acoustic Orthoptera. These results are discussed in terms of sexual selection and female mate choice.

The effect of gregarine parasite infections, age, and diet on calling song structure and mating behaviour in the Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer

In the past ten years, many researchers have focussed their attention on parasites regarding the role they may play in causing variations in male secondary sexual traits and subsequent effects on female choice. Male age has also been suggested to be an important factor in female choice if old age reflects superior genes. This study investigated the effects that gregarine gut parasites, age, and diet have on the calling and mating behaviour of the male Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer. Male calling songs were recorded in the laboratory using a Digital Signal Processing Network. The song parameters measured were: pulse rate, pulse width, burst duration, pulses per burst, interburst interval, and percent missing pulses. The effects of parasite load and age on the various calling song parameters was investigated in crickets that were fed two different diets varying in nutritional quality. None of the calling song parameters were affected by either parasite load or age in either diet grou p. Courtship behaviour was ob served and recorded using an Eventlog recorder on an IBM computer in the laboratory. Females mated equally with paras(tized and unparasitized males and with old and young males The total duration and proportion of time spent performing each of 9 courtship displays were recorded for males on each diet. Only one display was affected by parasite load. Highly parasitized males fed the nutritionally inferior diet juddered for a proportionately shorter time than males with low parasite loads. Also, older males performed juddering and shaking antennae proportionally longer and juddering and raising wings for longer durations than younger males. Males that successfully mated were observed for performance of 8 post-copulatory guarding behaviour displays. None of the guarding behaviours were affected by parasite load. However, one display was affected by age, with older males performing guard turning for shorter durations than younger males. Results are discuss,ed in terms of the influence of parasites and age on female choice.

Genetic programming for the RoboCup Rescue Simulation System

The Robocup Rescue Simulation System (RCRSS) is a dynamic system of multi-agent interaction, simulating a large-scale urban disaster scenario. Teams of rescue agents are charged with the tasks of minimizing civilian casualties and infrastructure damage while competing against limitations on time, communication, and awareness. This thesis provides the first known attempt of applying Genetic Programming (GP) to the development of behaviours necessary to perform well in the RCRSS. Specifically, this thesis studies the suitability of GP to evolve the operational behaviours required of each type of rescue agent in the RCRSS. The system developed is evaluated in terms of the consistency with which expected solutions are the target of convergence as well as by comparison to previous competition results. The results indicate that GP is capable of converging to some forms of expected behaviour, but that additional evolution in strategizing behaviours must be performed in order to become competitive. An enhancement to the standard GP algorithm is proposed which is shown to simplify the initial search space allowing evolution to occur much quicker. In addition, two forms of population are employed and compared in terms of their apparent effects on the evolution of control structures for intelligent rescue agents. The first is a single population in which each individual is comprised of three distinct trees for the respective control of three types of agents, the second is a set of three co-evolving subpopulations one for each type of agent. Multiple populations of cooperating individuals appear to achieve higher proficiencies in training, but testing on unseen instances raises the issue of overfitting.