Mediadores Pró-inflamatórios como factores preditivos de malária grave em crianças

A malária é uma doença potencialmente fatal, causada pelo parasita Plasmodium e transmitida ao ser humano pela picada do mosquito Anopheles, sendo endémica em 106 países, principalmente dos trópicos. É responsável por uma grande mortalidade e morbilidade em termos globais, principalmente em crianças com menos de cinco anos, continuando por esclarecer muitos dos mecanismos que contribuem para o seu espectro de gravidade. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo geral o estudo do perfil de mediadores pró-inflamatórios como possíveis factores preditivos de malária grave, definida pelos critérios da OMS, numa amostra de crianças da vila de Bor, na Guiné-Bissau. Procedeu-se à determinação dos níveis de anticorpos totais e IgG e IgM anti- P. falciparum, determinação dos níveis de óxido nítrico (NO) e estudo do processo de activação do sistema complemento pela determinação dos níveis de anafilatoxina C5a e proteína C reactiva (CRP). Cumpriram os critérios iniciais de inclusão no estudo, treze crianças, tendo para a fase final do mesmo, sido considerados doze crianças, com uma mediana de idades de cinco anos, oriundos na sua maioria de famílias com baixo nível socioeconómico. As principais manifestações clínicas de malária grave foram a prostração, icterícia e a dispneia e todas as crianças foram tratadas com quinino endovenoso. Verificou-se um óbito. Nesta amostra de doentes, observou-se na maioria dos casos, um aumento dos mediadores inflamatórios doseados, nomeadamente as IgGs totais, IgG e IgM anti- P. falciparum, CRP, C5a e NO. Apesar do reduzido tamanho da amostra, pretendeu-se com este estudo contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos e clínicos da malária grave em crianças de uma zona endémica como é a Guiné-Bissau.

Pesquisa de campo sobre malária humana, numa área endêmica na amazônia brasileira

Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico sobre malária na população humana residente no município de Ariquemes, Estado de Rondônia. Um formulário composto de questões dirigidas no setndo de obter dos colonizadores o grau de conhecimento sobre os fatores condicionados à malária, principalmente sobre o aspecto migracional e conhecimentos sobre a transmissão e terapêutica da enfermidade. O questionário foi aplicado em 936 chefes de famílias perfazendo um total de 4.633 indivíduos, representando 8% da população fixa do município de Ariquemes. De cada indivíduo foi coletada uma amostra de sangue e examinada para plasmódios. O estudo foi dividido e aplicado nas duas áreas, rural e urbana, do município, para fins de comparação. Dos 2.310 indivíduos estudados na área urbana, 68 eram portadores de infecção malárica, 69% com P. falciparum e 31% com P. vivax. Nos 2.323 residentes na área rural, detectou-se 151 casos de infecção, sendo 53% para P. falciparum e 47% para P. vivax. O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido e a faixa etárua de maior prevalência no setor urbano foi de 15 à 29 anos e no rural foi de 6 à 14 anos. Todos esses pacientes foram tratados radicalmente utilizando-se o esquema terapêutico da SUCAM orientado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Observou-se a ocorrência de exportação de casos de malária da área rural para urbana nas migrações internas. Mais de 50% da população desconhece o papel do mosquito na transmissão da malária e a grande maioria dos colonizadores são analfabetos ou alfabetizados até o 1o grau. A quase totalidade da população é oriunda dos estados do sul, principalmente do Estado do Paraná. Os esquemas assistenciais de saúde a essa população é bastante precário, talvez devido ao grande afluxo migracional na região.

BIOLOGIA DE ANOFELINOS AMAZÔNICOS. XXL OCORRRÊNCIA DE ESPÉCIES DE ANOPHELES E OUTROS CULICÍDEOS NA ÁREA DE INFLUÊNCIA DA HIDRELÉTRICA DE BALBINA - CINCO ANOS APÓS O ENCHIMENTO DO RESERVATÓRIO

Um inquérito entomològico foi realizado na área de influência da Hidrelétrica de Balbina, situada a 146 km de Manaus, Amazonas, para avaliar os possíveis efeitos sobre as populações de Anophelese de outros culicídeos. Cinco anos após a formação do lago, An. darlingi, An. nuneztovarie An. triannulatusforam as espécies encontradas com maior freqüência nas coletas realizadas em 1. Rodovia BR-174, 2. Acceso á Usina Hidrelétrica de Balbina e 3. Área Uatumã-Morena. Para cada espécie os índices mosquito/homem/hora foram respectivamente: Area 1 - 0,57; 12,85; 0,43. Área 2 - 0; 3,75; 0,18 e Área 3 - 0; 26,38; 0,34. Representantes das duas primeiras espécies se mostraram positivas para Plasmodiumcom testes imunoenzimáticos. A prevalência de mosquitos positivos foi 1:35 para An. darlingie apenas 1:548 para An. nuneztovari.A densidade dos outros culicídeos foi baixa (Área 1 - 3,23 m/h/h; Área 2 - 4,5 m/h/h; Área 3 - 7,40 m/h/h) embora a diversidade foi comparável ( 32 espécies diferentes) com as encontradas em outras hidrelétricas construídas em rios de águas brancas ou claras da Amazônia. Nas águas pretas da Balbina, uma proliferação inicial de macrófitas foi seguida pela redução destas possivelmente pela falta de nutrientes na água. A diminuição no crescimento de macrófitas deve estar relacionada com a escassez de Mansoniasp. na área.

Feeding of the Brycon cephalus, Triportheus elongatus and Semaprochilodus insignis (osteichthyes, characiformes) larvae in Solimões/Amazonas River and floodplain areas.

Information on larval fish feeding is essential for understanding their trophic relations, including the management in conditions totally or partially controlled by humans. An experiment was designed to evaluate the larval diets of three commercially important species. Four varzea-lakes and the adjacent river were sampled with bongo and hand nets from January 1993 to November 1995. Larval diets were evaluated by length-classes and capture sites, and were tested by two factor ANOVA. The larvae were feeding in all habitats, except in the flooded forests. The three species had different diets, which varied with their length and lake. The rotifers were the main initial food item of the three species, replaced by fish larvae in Brycon cephalus, cladocerans in Triportheus elongatus and detritus in Semaprochilodus insignis. The increase of the ingestion limit, as the larvae grew, was higher than the increase in the consumed prey size for the three species.

Fisheries and fishing effort at the Indigenous Reserves Ashaninka/Kaxinawá, river Breu, Brazil/Peru

This article aimed to describe the subsistence fisheries of traditional populations of three ethnic groups, one Ashaninka and two Kaxinawá, lying on the banks of the River Breu. Initially, monitors were trained to fill logbooks with data from fisheries of the villages during an annual cycle (august/1995 august/1996). Based on these data, it was realized an inventory of the most common fish species caught as well as one about the fishing environment. The following results were obtained: i) Indians prefer to use pools, locally known as "poços", for fishing; ii) the most common caught species are the "mandis" (35%, Pimelodidae), armored catfishes (Loricariidae), specially Hypostomus sp. (25%), the "curimatá" (9%, Prochilodus sp.) and the "saburus" (8%, Curimatidae), among others; iii) the fishing gears that lead to a high rate of fishing are the native "tingui", nets and bow and arrows; iv) fisheries are more intensive during summer; v) the fishing effort and their associated factors statistically significant in predicting the catches in the Indian Reserve were f1 = number of fishermen, f2 = (number of fishermen*total time devoted to fishing), f3 = [(number of fishermen)*(total time devoted to fishing)-(the time displacement)] and the factor villages and fishing gears; vi) although almost all the fisheries are done by walking to the fishing places, catches increase when paddle boats are used; and vii) the most active fishermen belong to Kaxinawá tribe.

Abundance of two Dendrocincla woodcreepers (aves: Dendrocolaptidae) in relation to forest structure in Central Amazonia

Few studies have been conducted to verify how the structure of the forest affects the occurence and abundance of neotropical birds. Our research was undertaken between January 2002 and July 2004 at the Reserva Ducke, near Manaus (02º55',03º01'S; 59º53',59º59'W) in central Amazonia, to verify how the forest structure affects the occurrence and abundance of two bird species: the Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa and the White-chinned Woodcreeper Dendrocincla merula. Bird species occurrence was recorded using lines of 20 mist-nets (one sample unit), along 51 1-km transects distributed along 9 pararel 8 km trails covering an area of 6400 ha. Along these transects, we placed 50 x 50m plots where we recorded forest structure components (tree abundance, canopy openness, leaf litter, standing dead trees, logs, proximity to streams, and altitude). We then related these variables to bird occurence and abundance using multiple logistic and multiple linear regression models, respectively. We found that D. fuliginosa frequently used plateau areas; being more abundant in areas with more trees. On the other hand, D. merula occurred more frequently and was more abundant in areas with low tree abundance. Our results suggest that although both species overlap in the reserve (both were recorded in at least 68% of the sampled sites), they differ in the way they use the forest microhabitats. Therefore, local variation in the forest structure may contribute to the coexistence of congeneric species and may help to maintain local alpha diversity.

Structure of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) population in areas with different degrees of human settlement: Cantá - Roraima - Brazil

Malaria has still been one of the most important endemic diseases in the Amazonian region. This study presents the impact of human settlements on the structure of Anopheles population. Diversity, abundance, richness and distribution of the genus Anopheles were observed in two areas with different levels of human settlement in the Cantá city, Roraima State, Northern Brazil. The influence of the dry and rainy seasons on mosquito populations was also observed. Mosquito captures were performed between 6:00 and 10:00 pm during the dry (February and November) and rainy (May and August) seasons at four different sites of each area. Among the 11 species of Anopheles identified through the adults' characteristics, An. albitarsis s.l. (45.5%) and An. darlingi (19.2%) were the most abundant in the more intensively anthropized area while An. triannulatus (19.2%) was more common in the less modified area. Other species found were An. nuneztovari (10.9%), An. oswaldoi (2.0%), An. evansae (1.7%), An. brasiliensis (0.6%), An. intermedius (0.3%), An. mediopunctatus (0.5%), An. periassui (0.08%) and An. argyritarsis (0.04%). The highest mosquitoes' population density was observed in May and the lowest one was observed in February and November. These results demonstrate the existence of a high diversity of anophelines in the study areas, showing that anthropic changes in the environment and climate variability affect both the population density and relative abundance of these vectors.

A structured inventory of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in natural and artificial forest gaps at Porto Urucu, Western Brazilian Amazonia

A preliminary survey of the spider fauna in natural and artificial forest gap formations at “Porto Urucu”, a petroleum/natural gas production facility in the Urucu river basin, Coari, Amazonas, Brazil is presented. Sampling was conducted both occasionally and using a protocol composed of a suite of techniques: beating trays (32 samples), nocturnal manual samplings (48), sweeping nets (16), Winkler extractors (24), and pitfall traps (120). A total of 4201 spiders, belonging to 43 families and 393 morphospecies, were collected during the dry season, in July, 2003. Excluding the occasional samples, the observed richness was 357 species. In a performance test of seven species richness estimators, the Incidence Based Coverage Estimator (ICE) was the best fit estimator, with 639 estimated species. To evaluate differences in species richness associated with natural and artificial gaps, samples from between the center of the gaps up to 300 meters inside the adjacent forest matrix were compared through the inspection of the confidence intervals of individual-based rarefaction curves for each treatment. The observed species richness was significantly higher in natural gaps combined with adjacent forest than in the artificial gaps combined with adjacent forest. Moreover, a community similarity analysis between the fauna collected under both treatments demonstrated that there were considerable differences in species composition. The significantly higher abundance of Lycosidae in artificial gap forest is explained by the presence of herbaceous vegetation in the gaps themselves. Ctenidae was significantly more abundant in the natural gap forest, probable due to the increase of shelter availability provided by the fallen trees in the gaps themselves. Both families are identified as potential indicators of environmental change related to the establishment or recovery of artificial gaps in the study area.

The seasonal diet of Aequidens tetramerus (Cichlidae) in a small forest stream in the Machado River basin, Rondônia, Brazil

Trophic relationships in fish communities are affected by the availability of resources, which in turn is affected by spatial and temporal variations throughout the year. The aims of this study were to characterize the diet of A. tetramerus in a streamlet in the north of Brazil and compare its composition in different hydrological seasons (wet and dry seasons). Collections were performed every two months from October 2011 to September 2012 with the aid of seine nets, hand net and fishing traps in the streamlet located in the Machado River drainage basin in the Rondônia state. Most of the specimens collected were quite small (< 40 mm) and had empty stomachs. Our results showed that A. tetramerus feeds on a wide variety of items of plant origin, such as algae, seeds and leaves, as well as items of animal origin, including bryozoans, crustaceans, fish scales, terrestrial insects and detritus. The data also indicated higher consumption of aquatic insects than other food items, suggesting a primarily insect-based diet. Items of plant and allochthonous origin were consumed more in the wet season than in the dry season, but there were no seasonal differences in the consumption of animal and autochthonous items.

Bat survey of the lower Juruena River and five new records for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

ABSTRACT The northern Brazilian state of Mato Grosso is considered an important biogeographical region, but has many sampling gaps. Apart from the well-documented non volant mammal community in the region, the bat fauna still poorly recorded. The aim of this study was to record the bat species of Juruena National Park, northern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Nineteen sites were sampled using mist-nets placed at ground level and near potential bat roosts. We collected 115 individuals belonging to 35 species and five families, which increased the number of species known for Mato Grosso´s Amazon from 86 to 91. The five new records were: Peropteryx kappleri, Peropteryx leucoptera, Lonchorhina inusitata, Tonatia saurophila, and Artibeus concolor. Our results pointed out the necessity of more studies in order to better estimate the bat diversity in northern Mato Grosso.

SOFHIA: a CAD environment to design digital control systems

"Series Title: IFIP - The International Federation for Information Processing, ISSN 1868-4238"

An evolutionary approach to the use of Petri net based models: from parallel controllers to HW/SW co-design

"A workshop within the 19th International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets - ICATPN’1998"

An object-oriented model for rapid prototyping of data path/control systems - a case study

Publicado em "Information control in manufacturing 1998 : (INCOM'98) : advances in industrial engineering : a proceedings volume from the 9th IFAC Symposium, Nancy-Metz, France, 24-26 June 1998. Vol. 2"

Redes e nós da aprendizagem: a integração curricular no 1º ano da escolaridade obrigatória

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Educação Pré-escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

proxel-based method : formalisation, analysis and applications

Simulation, modelling, proxels, PDEs, Markov chains, Petri nets, stochastic, performability, transient analysis