辽宁太子河流域枯季水资源实时预报研究

太子河流域位于辽河中下游，区内分布有我国重要的钢铁、石化和粮食生产基地，是辽宁社会和经济发达地区。当前，太子河流域水资源短缺、水污染和地下水超采问题突出，水资源已成为制约当地社会经济持续、健康、稳定发展的重要因素。针对当前太子河流域严峻的水资源开发利用态势，论文提出了水资源实时评价的内容和方法，根据水资源实时监控管理的实际需要，将水资源实时评价分为汛末水资源实时评价和汛前水资源实时评价两部分。其中汛末评价主要是为计划用水和节约用水服务，而汛前评价主要是为抗旱减灾服务。在实时评价基础上，将水资源实时预报分为面向实时管理的水资源实时预报和面向实时调度的水资源实时预报两部分。建立了基于人工神经网络的地表径流实时预报模型和基于数值模拟技术的地下水可开采量（可供水量）实时预报模型，并进行了模型的率定、识别和验证。此外，借助由水资源实时预报模型和水资源实时管理模型构成的水资源实时预报管理祸合计算模式及计算流程，经模型祸合迭代计算，得出了太子河流域枯水期（2001～2002年度）水资源实时管理方案。上述研究成果，可以为辽宁太子河流域实现“计划用水和节约用水”提供决策依据，并可为北方干旱、半干旱地区流域水资源的“统一管理、动态管理和科学管理”提供可借鉴模式。

杂谷脑流域景观格局优化配置研究

景观格局优化理论、方法和技术的研究是景观生态学的一个热点问题，同时也是一个难点。本文以眠江上游典型研究区-杂谷脑流域为研究对象，利用遥感和GIS技术分析该流域从1974年到2000年景观格局的时空变化，并分析了对该流域生态安全存在威胁的主要因素；以空间模拟技术和线性规划为基础建模，从理论和方法上探讨景观格局优化配置问题，以期为该区域的农林复合景观系统的生态安全和可持续发展找出切实可行的格局优化模式；并提出生态敏感度概念，为景观管理优先级提供依据。本文的主要结论如下：（l）杂谷脑流域作为长江上游重要的森林资源输出地，从1974年到2000年景观变化得出，有林地面积减少13％；灌木林地面积增加37％；相应的水源涵养能力下降，土壤侵蚀量增加7.8％；（2）杂谷脑流域陡坡耕作严重，分布在20°-45°坡度上的耕地占耕地总面积的78．2％；干旱河谷分布范围扩大，面积从1974年的217.99km2增加到2000年的237．38kmZ对生态安全造成威胁；（3）产业结构以资源密集型产业和重污染工业为主，结构不合理，第一产业比例大，农民人均纯收入远低于同期全国平均水平，教育水平比较低，这些问题会对杂谷脑流域生态安全产生负向影响；（4）以减少土壤侵蚀为依据，通过空间建模和线性规划方法优化设计杂谷脑流域景观格局，优化结果显示土壤侵蚀量比2000年减少2.35*106吨／年，土壤保持能力与1974年相近，水源涵养能力增强；（5）景观管理对于区域安全必不可少，针对该流域现存问题，建议以提高科学技术水平，调整产业结构和资源利用方式，提高教育水平为突破口。

基于GIS的区域水土流失生态风险评价

为了给区域尺度的水土流失治理、规划及评价提供科学的依据,将"风险评价"的概念引入水土保持学科之中,定义了区域水土流失生态风险评价的概念,提出了评价的方法与步骤,构建了区域水土流失生态风险评价模型框架,并以延河流域为例进行了应用。结果表明:延河中游及安塞县和宝塔区为优先治理区;证明区域水土流失生态风险评价可以为政府水土保持管理决策提供参考。

延河流域退耕前后土壤侵蚀强度的变化

根据修正通用土壤流失方程,在ArcGIS软件平台下,以黄土高原延河流域为例,在合理选用和计算修正通用土壤流失方程中各因子参数的基础上,计算并分析陕北黄土高原延河流域退耕前后土壤侵蚀量的变化及其动态分布。结果表明:1)延河流域退耕后,土壤侵蚀明显减少,与1986—1997年相比,退耕后至2000年土壤侵蚀量平均减少34%;2)坡耕地对土壤侵蚀影响明显,尤其是陡坡耕地退耕至关重要;3)在修正通用土壤流失方程各因子中,短期内影响土壤侵蚀动态变化的主控因子是植被覆盖管理因子,所以调整土地利用结构是减少土壤侵蚀的有效方法。

中国水土流失的概况及其综合治理

本文以翔实的数据说明了我国水土流失严重的现状 ,并从良化生态环境 ,坚持综合整治、搞好小流域治理、提高防洪综合能力、加大执法力度、增强保水保土意识等方面 ,提出了防治我国水土流失的具体途径。

Drivers of soil net nitrogen mineralization in the temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) of four grasslands across the elevation and precipitation gradients was studied in situ in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer using the resin-core technique in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China during the growing season of 2006. The primary objectives were to examine variations of NNM among grassland types and the main influencing factors. These grasslands included Stipa baicalensis (SB), Aneulolepidum Chinense (AC), Stipa grandis (SG), and Stipa krylovii (SK) grassland. The results showed that the seasonal variation patterns of NNM were similar among the four grasslands, the rates of NNM and nitrification were highest from June to August, and lowest in September and October during the growing season. The rates of NNM and nitrification were affected significantly by the incubation time, and they were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, total soil nitrogen (TN) content, soil temperature, and soil water content, but the rates of NNM and nitrification were negatively correlated with available N, and weakly correlated with soil pH and C:N ratio. The sequences of the daily mean rates of NNM and nitrification in the four grasslands during the growing season were AC > SG > SB > SK, and TN content maybe the main affecting factors which can be attributed to the land use type.

水资源分配的决策模型及应用

水资源规划是一个复杂的系统规划问题,所以,在水资源规划中,含有大量的不精确的统计数据和模糊关系。由于这些特点,水资源规划必须用特殊的方法来解决。 本文将层次分析法(AHP)和模糊规划(Fuzzy Programming)方法相结合,形成了一种多目标规划的求解方法,并应用于大凌河流域水资源规划研究的课题中,通过实际分析可以看到,这种方法具有较好的实用性。

乌江流域不同演化阶段水库汞的输入输出通量研究

北欧和北美的研究发现水库是典型的汞敏感生态系统，新建水库而引起的鱼体甲基汞污染问题已受到科学家的高度重视，而我国在这方面的研究比较薄弱。本论文选择乌江流域的6个水库作为研究对象，并根据年龄把这些水库划分为3个演化阶段，洪家渡、引子渡、索风营水库为初级演化阶段，普定、东风水库为中级演化阶段，乌江渡水库为高级演化阶段。对这6个水库总汞和甲基汞的输入和输出通量进行了研究，探讨了不同演化阶段的水库对总汞和甲基汞的“源/汇”作用，主要研究内容有以下三个方面：(1)各水库入出库河流中汞的分布特征；(2)大气降水中汞浓度及沉降通量的分布；(3)乌江流域不同水库汞的输入输出通量。通过本论文的研究，得出以下主要结论： 1. 乌江流域河流中总汞、颗粒态汞、溶解态汞、活性汞、总甲基汞、溶解态甲基汞的年均浓度分别为3.41±1.98、2.05±1.73、1.36±0.44、0.24±0.11、0.15±0.06、0.08±0.03 ng•L-1。与国内外其它河流的比较发现，总汞的浓度明显低于国外受污染的河流，略高于国外未受污染的河流。溶解态汞、活性汞、甲基汞的浓度略低于受污染的河流，与未受污染的河流基本相当。与同处在贵州喀斯特地区的阿哈湖、红枫湖、百花湖的入出库河流相比，总汞、溶解态汞、活性汞、甲基汞、溶解态甲基汞的浓度均明显偏低。 2. 水库的修建显著降低了出库河流中总汞、颗粒态汞的浓度，使总甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的浓度升高，而且增加了出库河流中溶解态汞、活性汞、总甲基汞占总汞的比例。不同形态汞的沿程分布显示，梯级水库的修建改变了河流原有的汞的生物地球化学过程，使乌江多个河段的甲基汞升高，并且随着水库生态系统的不断演化，水库输出的甲基汞将增加，下游河流水体中甲基汞有继续升高的趋势。 3. 大气降雨中总汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞、活性汞、总甲基汞的浓度分别为7.49~149 ng•L-1、1.23~10.0 ng•L-1、5.76~142 ng•L-1、0.56~2.94 ng•L-1、0.08~0.82 ng•L-1，且以颗粒态汞为主，约占总汞比例的87%。总汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞、甲基汞的浓度有明显的季节变化趋势，冬春季高于夏秋季，而空间分布特征不明显。2006年总汞、甲基汞的年湿沉降通量为34.7±5.80 µg•m-2•yr-1、0.18±0.03 µg•m-2•yr-1，且主要受降雨量的影响。乌江流域降雨中总汞的浓度及其湿沉降通量远高于北美和日本，低于中国的一些城市地区（如长春和北京），而甲基汞的浓度和通量与其它地区相当。 4. 在乌江流域的不同水库中，降雨输入总汞和甲基汞的通量主要受降雨量和水库面积的影响，而与降雨的汞浓度间没有相关性。河流向水库输入总汞的量主要受河流流量的控制，而输入甲基汞和颗粒物的量受河流流量和浓度的影响。下泄水输出总汞、甲基汞、颗粒物的通量受浓度和流量的影响。由于流域面积/水面面积的比值较大，水库水量、总汞、甲基汞、颗粒物的输入以河流为主，分别占总输入的87%、80%、85%、86%。输出以下泄输出为主，下泄水输出的水量、总汞、甲基汞、颗粒物分别占总输出的80%、77%、86%、79%。 5. 从输入-输出通量的结果发现，各水库均表现为河流颗粒物输送的“汇”；除乌江渡水库外，其它水库均表现为总汞的“汇”；对甲基汞而言，引子渡、洪家渡、索风营水库表现为“汇”，而普定、东风、乌江渡水库则表现为“源”。 6. 普定和洪家渡水库中总汞的贮存率为56%和57%，明显高于其它水库，说明在上游有水库存在的情况下，水库对总汞“汇”的作用将降低。普定、东风、乌江渡水库中甲基汞的净通量分别为+69.4 g•yr-1、+368 g•yr-1、+857 g•yr-1，转化率为13%、73%、84%，说明甲基汞的净通量和转化率与水库的演化阶段有关，随着水库演化阶段的升高而增加，并且随着水库的不断演化，甲基汞将从“汇”变成“源”。

Aplicación de un método objetivo al estudio de las comunidades de pastizal de la Depresión del Salado (Provincia de Buenos Aires)

p.27-40

Un modelo de simulación de la productividad actual y potencial de un pastizal de la Depresión del Salado

p.95-101

Aspectos ecofisiológicos de dos forrajeras estivales de los pastizales de la Depresión del Salado (Paspalum dilatatum Poir. y Bothriochloa laguroides D. C.)

p.57-74

Indicadores de calidad de la tierra en distintas posiciones de la cuenca del Río Santa María

p.111-115

Identifying the influence of geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities on riverine sulfate on a watershed scale by combining hydrometric, chemical and isotopic approaches

Throughout the last few decades, sulfate concentrations in streamwater have received considerable attention due to their dominant role in anthropogenic acidification of surface waters. The objectives of this study conducted in the Oldman River Basin in Alberta (Canada) were to determine the influence of geology, land use and anthropogenic activities on sources, concentrations and fluxes of riverine sulfate on a watershed scale. This was achieved by combining hydrological, chemical and isotopic techniques. Surface water samples were collected from the main stem and tributaries of the Oldman River on a monthly basis between December 2000 and March 2003 and analyzed for chemical and isotopic compositions. At a given sampling site, sulfate sources were primarily dependent on geology and did not vary with time or flow condition. With increasing flow distance a gradual shift from ?34S values > 10 ‰ and ?18O values > 0 ‰ of riverine sulfate indicating evaporite dissolution and soil-derived sulfate in the predominantly forested headwaters, to negative ?34S and ?18O values suggested that sulfide oxidation was the predominant sulfate source in the agriculturally used downstream part of the watershed. Significant increases in sulfate concentrations and fluxes with downstream distance were observed, and were attributed to anthropogenically enhanced sulfide oxidation due to the presence of an extensive irrigation drainage network with seasonally varying water levels. Sulfate-S exports in an artificially drained subbasin (64 kg S/ha/yr) were found to exceed those in a naturally drained subbasin (4 kg S/ha/yr) by an order of magnitude. Our dataset suggests that the naturally occurring process of sulfide oxidation has been enhanced in the Oldman River Basin by the presence of an extensive network of drainage and irrigation canals.

Approaches to the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive: Targeting Mitigation Measures at Critical Source Areas of Diffuse Phosphorus in Irish Catchments

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) has initiated a shift towards a targeted approach to implementation through its focus on river basin districts as management units and the natural ecological characteristics of waterbodies. Due to its role in eutrophication, phosphorus (P) has received considerable attention, resulting in a significant body of research, which now forms the evidence base for the programme of measures (POMs) adopted in WFD River Basin Management Plans (RBMP). Targeting POMs at critical sources areas (CSAs) of P could significantly improve environmental efficiency and cost effectiveness of proposed mitigation strategies. This paper summarises the progress made towards targeting mitigation measures at CSAs in Irish catchments. A review of current research highlights that knowledge related to P export at field scale is relatively comprehensive however; the availability of site-specific data and tools limits widespread identification of CSA at this scale. Increasing complexity of hydrological processes at larger scales limits accurate identification of CSA at catchment scale. Implementation of a tiered approach, using catchment scale tools in conjunction with field-by-field surveys could decrease uncertainty and provide a more practical and cost effective method of delineating CSA in a range of catchments. Despite scientific and practical uncertainties, development of a tiered CSA-based approach to assist in the development of supplementary measures would provide a means of developing catchment-specific and cost-effective programmes of measures for diffuse P. The paper presents a conceptual framework for such an approach, which would have particular relevance for the development of supplementary measures in High Status Waterbodies (HSW). The cost and resources necessary for implementation are justified based on HSWs’ value as undisturbed reference condition ecosystems.