Frações lábeis da matéria orgânica do solo em cultivo de palma de óleo em sistemas agroflorestais em Tomé-Açu, Pará.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da variabilidade espacial do manejo do solo e a conversão de uma floresta sucessional em cultivos de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis) em sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) nas frações lábeis da matéria orgânica do solo em Tomé-Açu, PA. Foram avaliados dois SAFs com cultivo de palma de óleo, sendo um menos diversificado (leguminosas arbóreas) e outro mais diversificado (espécies frutíferas e florestais). Os SAFs foram comparados com uma floresta secundária de 20 anos. As amostras foram coletadas nas áreas influenciadas pela linha de palma de óleo (Palma, Pilha e Carreador) e na área influenciada pelas linhas de plantio das espécies dos SAFs. As frações foram separadas por diferença de densidade dos resíduos orgânicos através do método de fracionamento densimétrico com utilização de NaI (iodeto de sódio d=1,8 g cm-3). O teor das frações lábeis sofreu influencia do manejo de local de coleta e sistema de uso do solo. A conversão de floresta sucessional para cultivo de palma com SAFs diminui o teor das frações lábeis da matéria orgânica do solo.

Matéria orgânica e agregação de um planossolo sob diferentes coberturas florestais.

A qualidade da serapilheira pode alterar a agregação do solo, modificando a dinâmica de transformação e alocação do carbono (C) do solo em diferentes compartimentos. Avaliou-se neste estudo, a estabilidade de agregados e sua relação com características químicas da serapilheira, com o carbono orgânico e a fração leve livre da matéria orgânica, sob três diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal floresta secundária (FS) e plantios de Mimosa Caesalpinaefolia (PM) e Carapa guianenses (PA) com posterior regeneração natural. Amostras de serapilheira foram caracterizadas quanto aos teores de polifenóis, lignina, suberina, tanino, holocelulose e relação C/N. Coletaram-se amostras de terra em duas profundidades (0-10 e 10-20 cm) para estimativa da agregação através da análise do diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) e índice de estabilidade dos agregados (IEA). Subamostras das mesmas profundidades foram ainda caracterizadas quanto aos teores de C e da fração leve livre (FLL). Os maiores teores de suberina e polifenóis da serapilheira, encontrados nas áreas FS e PM, reduziram a velocidade de decomposição dos resíduos no solo o que acarretou maiores teores da FLL em ambas as coberturas. Esses compostos contribuíram para a estabilização do C à fase mineral, pois os maiores teores de C foram encontrados nessas áreas. Essa afirmativa é confirmada pelos valores de DMP, DMG e IEA entre as áreas, que são maiores para as coberturas PM e FS. Os teores de polifenóis e suberina foram determinantes na compartimentação do C e agregação do solo das áreas de FS e PM.

Frações da matéria orgânica em ambiente de barragem subterrânea no Semiárido nordestino.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição do carbono das frações humificadas da materia orgânica do solo (MOS), em área de barragem subterrânea, no Semiárido nordestino. A barragem foi dividida em três áreas relacionadas à distância em relação ao sangradouro (parede, meio e fim). Essas áreas foram subdivididas em três subáreas ou blocos, a partir de uma linha longitudinal, situada na metade da parede. Foram coletadas amostras de solos, em triplicata, sobre a linha (centro da barragem) e nos lados direito e esquerdo da mesma. A amostragem foi composta por três amostras simples. As posições de amostragem em relação à parede da barragem (sangradouro) foram considerados os tratamentos. Observou-se que não houve diferença na qualidade da MOS em função da posição de amostragem dentro da barragem. Porém, MOS apresenta-se altamente humificada e estabilizada na forma da fração humina.

Fontes de matéria orgânica para inibição de fitopatógenos habitantes do solo.

Podridões radiculares e murchas, causadas respectivamente por Cylindrocladium spathiphylli e Verticillium dahliae, podem inviabilizar a produção comercial de espatifilo e da berinjela. Com o reconhecido potencial de fontes de carbono na indução de supressividade de solos e de substratos a diversos patógenos habitantes do solo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar o potencial de seis fontes de carbono (esterco bovino de curral, cama de frango, torta de mamona, casca de camarão, hidrolisado de peixe e lodo de esgoto compostado) na inibição do crescimento micelial de C. spathiphylli; 2) avaliar o potencial de hidrolisado de peixe e cama de frango na indução de supressividade de substrato a C. spathiphylli; e 3) avaliar o efeito do hidrolisado de peixe no controle da murcha de verticilio em berinjela e no desenvolvimento das plantas. Para avaliar a inibição do crescimento micelial de C. spathiphylli, extratos aquosos das matérias orgânicas foram incorporados ao meio BDA nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% (v/v). Além disso, ao substrato padrão para espatifilo foram incorporados as matérias orgânicas nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% (v/v) e as misturas colocadas em placas de petri e recobertas com uma camada de Agar-água. No centro das placas foi colocado um disco de micélio do patógeno em pleno desenvolvimento e avaliado o crescimento micelial. O extrato aquoso do hidrolisado de peixe, não autoclavado, a 25% reduziu o crescimento micelial. Os extratos autoclavados não inibiram o crescimento do patógeno. Nos substratos autoclavados apenas o hidrolisado de peixe, nas concentrações de 15 a 25%, inibiram completamente o crescimento micelial. Nos substratos não autoclavados o hidrolisado de peixe a 15, 20 e 25%, a torta de mamona a 15 e 25% e a casca de camarão a 20 e 25% inibiram complemente o crescimento micelial de C. spathiphylli. O hidrolisado de peixe na concentração de 20 e 30% do volume da capacidade de retenção de água do substrato induziu a supressividade ao patógeno, controlando completamente a incidência da doença. Por outro lado, a cama de frango não apresentou efeito na indução de supressividade. Nas maiores concentrações do hidrolisado de peixe e da cama de frango a condutividade elétrica do substrato foi responsável por alta fitotoxicidade para as plantas. No estudo sobre o potencial do hidrolisado de peixe em controlar Verticillium em berinjela, foram coletados cinco solos naturalmente infestados com o patógeno e tratados com o hidrolisado na concentração de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% do volume de água necessário para atingir a capacidade de campo dos solos, contidos em vasos de 4 litros. Após 15 dias de incubação foram transplantadas três mudas de berinjela para cada vaso, sendo que os vasos foram mantidos em condições de campo, sob telado e biofumigado mantidos sob telado. O hidrolisado de peixe não apresentou efeito sobre a severidade da doença, nem sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas. O principal efeito foi das condições ambientais da condução do ensaio. Na avaliação, aos 72 dias após o plantio, os tratamentos apresentaram resultados distintos para cada tipo de solo e em cada condição em que as plantas foram mantidas. As plantas que permaneceram no campo apresentaram severidades mais elevadas do que nas demais condições independentemente do tipo de solo. Os resultados demonstram a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a severidade de V. dahliae em berinjela.

A INFLUÊNCIA DO ESTOQUE DE MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA DO SOLO EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA

In the Atlantic forest biome, very fragmented and with high diversity of ecosystems, of species, and high endemism degree, the maintenance of the status of the biological diversity presupposes the recovery and conservation of the mosaic of existent fragments. In that context, the use of global functional indicators for the evaluation of the state of conservation of fragments, for the character of systemic synthesis that they act becomes interesting. In tropical forests ecosystems, the surface organic matter stock of the soil is one functional indicator of the decomposition subsystem and they are responsible in big measured by the maintenance and survival of the communities of those ecosystems group. The human action when fragmenting the forest ecosystems, as it substitutes the native forest for different forms of use of the soil, it creates different head offices that they exercise pressures differentiated on the fragment and, consequently, on the operation of the fundamental processes of the ecosystem that represents it. Thus, in the sense of understanding the state of functional conservation of fragments forest remainders of the Atlantic forest, in the extent of the Environmental Protection Area of Petrópolis - Rio de Janeiro, which interferes in the Mosaic of Units of Conservation of the Fluminense Central Atlantic forest and, in a larger scale still, in the Ecological Corridor of the Serra do Mar, in the present study the stock of organic matter of surface of four forest fragments in summer of 2008 and summer of 2009 are analyzed comparatively.

Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada

In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

Determinação da difusividade efetiva de raiz de chicória

Inulin is a fructooligosacharide found in diverse agricultural products, amongst them garlic, banana, Jerusalem artichoke and chicory root. Inulin generally is used in developed countries, as a substitute of sugar and/or fat due to its characteristics of fitting as functional and dietary food. Chicory root is usually used as source and raw material for commercial extration of inulin. The experiments consisted on drying sliced chicory roots based on a factorial experimental design in a convective dryer whose alows the air to pass perpendicularly through the tray. Effective diffusivity (dependent variable) has been determined for each experimental combination of independent variables (air temperature and velocity). The data curves have been fitted by the solution of the second Fick law and Page's model. Effective difusivity varied from 3.51 x 10-10 m² s-1 to 1.036 x 10-10 m² s-1. It is concluded that, for the range of studied values, air temperature is the only statistically significant variable. So, a first order mathematical model was obtained, representing effective diffusivity behavior as function of air temperature. The best drying condition was correspondent to the trial using the highest drying air temperature.

Influência do processo de secagem na qualidade do cogumelo shiitake

Edible mushroom are highly perishable foods. Drying is an alternative to provide safe storage. In this work, the effects of some drying parameters on the quality of Shiitake mushroom were investigated: geometry of the raw material (whole and sliced), drying temperature (50 °C and 70 ºC) and final moisture content (5% and 15% wb). Experimental kinetics of drying was built and color and texture analyses were done in fresh and in rehydrated dried product. The effect of parameters was evaluated by analysis of variance and test of multiple comparisons. Drying kinetics showed that drying happened in falling-rate period and sliced mushroom dried at 70 ºC required lesser drying time than other treatments. Mushroom dried at 70 ºC showed less darkening. Drying time affected mushroom quality, evaluated by great hardness, gummosis and darkening.

Avaliação de perdas invisíveis na colheita mecanizada em dois fluxos de massa de cana-de-açúcar

In this work the performance of a sugar cane chopped harvester was analysed when fed with two sugar cane mass flows, measuring the invisible losses, which are impossible to measure in the field, harvester sugar cane cleaning efficiency and air velocity on extractors exit. The trial was done under controlled conditions at Copersucar Technology Center in January 2000. The results showed that the flow of sugar cane through the harvester doesn't influence the magnitudes of total invisible losses and raw material cleaning efficiency. The mean air velocity on the primary extractors exit was 12.0 m s-1, and 9.2 m s-1 on the secondary extractor, with a coefficient of variation of 21%, indicating that the poor cleaning performance of the harvester could be related to air velocity difference inside the extractor. Analyzing the data collected in the trials, it was possible to conclude that invisible losses in sugar cane harvester were 10% and the cleaning efficiency was 87%.

Formação das substâncias de reserva durante o desenvolvimento de sementes de urucum (Bixa orellana L. - Bixaceae)

Annatto seeds do not germinate during early stages of their development because of insufficient reserve substances. In situ analysis showed that the principal reserves are proteins and starch, deposited in endosperm cells. During the early stages of development, the starch grains were elliptic, because amylose was the minor component. During development, these grains became more spherical due to an increase in amylose relative to amylopectin. Endosperm cells do not contain protein bodies, but they accumulate proteins dispersed in the cytoplasm. At the final stage of development the proteins became compacted due to the dehydration of the seeds wich is part of the global process of orthodox seeds maturation. Natural fluorescence revealed aromatic amino acids, principally tryptophan and tyrosine in the proteins. The seeds reached their maximum dry weight after moisture contents had declined to around 60%. At this point the seeds presented maximum germination capacity.

Tissue culture of Cecropia glaziovii Sneth (urticaceae): vegetative micropropagation and plant regeneration from callus

Cecropia glaziovii is a tree with used in Brazilian popular medicine. Methods allowing the clonal propagation of this species are of great interest for superior genotype multiplication and perpetuation. For this reason, we examined the effect of different culture media and different types of explants on adventitious shoot regeneration from callus and buds of C. glaziovii. Leaves, petioles and stipules obtained from aseptically grown seedlings or from pre-sterilized plants were used to initiate cultures. Adventitious shoot regeneration was achieved when apical and axillary buds were inoculated on gelled Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine alone (BAP) (1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg L-1) or combined with -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1), after 40 days of culture. Best callus production was obtained after 30 days of petioles' culture on gelled MS medium with 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (5.0 mg L-1) combined with BAP (1.0 mg L-1). Successful shoot regeneration from callus was achieved when MS medium supplemented with zeatin (ZEA) (0.1 mg L-1) alone or combined with 2,4-D (1.0 or 5.0 mg L-1) was inoculated with friable callus obtained from petioles. All shoots were rooted by inoculation on MS medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1.0 mg L-1). Rooted plants transferred to potting soil were successfully established. All in vitro regenerated plantlets showed to be normal, without morphological variations, being also identical to the source plant. Our study has shown that C. glaziovii can be propagated by tissue culture methods, allowing large scale multiplication of superior plants for pharmacological purposes.

Estudo inicial da degradação in vivo de poli(L-co-D,L ácido lático), sintetizado em laboratório, aplicado como prótese tibial em coelhos

The copolymer poly (L-co-D,L lactic acid), PLDLA, has gained prominence in the field of temporary prostheses due to the fact that their time of degradation is quite compatible with the requirement in the case of osseous fracture. In this work the in vivo degradation of devices from copolymer, as a system of plates and screws, used in fixation of the tibia of rabbits was studied. The devices were implanted in 15 adult rabbits, albinos, New Zealand race, and they were used as control devices of alloys of titanium (Ti-6Al-4V/ V grade). The use of copolymers, synthesized in the laboratory, was tested in the repair of fracture in rabbits'tibias, being assessed in the following times: 2 weeks, 2 months and 3 months. Morphological analysis of tissue surrounding the plate and screw system, for 2 weeks of implantation, showed the presence of osteoblasts, indicating a pre bone formation. After 2 months there was new bone formation in the region in contact with the polymer. This bone growth occurred simultaneously with the process of PLDLA degradation, invading the region where there was polymer and after 3 months there was an intense degradation of the copolymer and hence greater tissue invasion compared to 2 months which characterized bone formation in a region where the polymer degraded. The in vivo degradation study of the devices for PLDLA by means of histological evaluations during the period of consolidation of the fracture showed the efficiency of plate and screw system, and it was possible to check formation of bone tissue at the implantation site, without the presence of inflammatory reaction

Ocorrência de fungos filamentosos termo-resistentes em polpa de tomate envasada assepticamente

This work aimed at determining the occurrence of heat resistant molds during the aseptic processing of tomato pulp (8° BRIX). During tomato harvest, 9 lots were sampled (3 at the beginning, 3 at the apex and 3 at the end of harvest) and other 5 lots were sampled between harvest. For each lot, the enumeration of heat resistant molds was carried out in samples collected during the aseptic process. The mean count of heat resistant molds was relatively low, ranging from <1 to 8CFU/100mL of sample. The higher counts were observed in the raw material and the pre-wash and transportation water. Fifty strains of heat resistant molds detected in the enumeration procedure were isolated, codified and stocked. One-month-old spores of each isolate were submitted to different heat shocks to select the most heat resistant mold. The most heat resistant isolated strain (survived 100° C/25 minutes) was identified as Neosartorya fischeri.

Féculas fermentadas na fabricação de biscoitos: estudo de fontes alternativas

The fermented cassava starch has been used as raw material for many products of the Brazilian culinary mainly in the biscuit manufacturing. Starch of arrowroot, english potato, baroa-potato and cassava were extracted and fermented in order to investigate other fermented starch sources for manufacturing biscuits. The fermented starch showed characteristics similar to those of commercial fermented cassava starch. The biscuits manufactured from the fermented starch of english potato didn?t expand and was very hard and the biscuits manufactured from the fermented starch of arrowroot and of baroa-potato were approved by the consumers and can be used in the biscuit manufacturing the same way as the fermented cassava starch.

Utilização de recursos ópticos e equipamentos por escolares com deficiência visual

PURPOSE: To verify perceptions and conduct of students with visual impairment regarding devices and equipment utilized in schooling process. METHODS: A transversal descriptive study on a population of 12-year-old or older students in schooling process, affected by congenital or acquired visual impairment, inserted in the government teaching system of Campinas during the year 2000. An interview quiz, created based on an exploratory study was applied. RESULTS: A group of 26 students, 46% of them with low vision and 53.8% affected by blindness was obtained. Most of the students were from fundamental teaching courses (65.4%), studying in schools with classrooms provided with devices (73.1%). Among the resources used in reading and writing activities, 94.1% of the students reported they used the Braille system and 81.8% reported that the reading subject was dictated by a colleague. Most of the students with low vision wore glasses (91.7%), and 33.3% utilized a magnifying glass as optical devices. Among the non-optical devices, the most common were the environmental ones, getting closer to the blackboard (75.0%) and to the window (66.7%) for better lighting. CONCLUSIONS: It became evident that students with low vision eye-sight made use of devices meant for bearers of blindness, such as applying the Braille system. A reduced number of low vision students making use of optical and non-optical devices applicable to their problems were observed, indicating a probable unawareness of their visual potential and the appropriate devices to improve efficiency.