HIA Forum, HIA: A tool to support healthier communities (September 2009)

The HIA Forum provides an opportunity for those with an interest in HIA to meet, share experiences, hear about new developments and consider how to progress HIA. 2009 HIA Forum events focused on how HIA can and is being used to support healthier communties.

Further support for a palaearctic origin of Leishmania

The fossil record and systematics of murid rodents, reservoirs of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Palaearctic, Oriental, African, Nearctic and Neotropical, strongly support a Palaearctic origin of Leishmania. The fossil record and systematics of phlebotomine sand flies reinforce this idea. Interpretations of molecular data that place the origin of Leishmania in the Neotropical are inconsistent with the natural histories of reservoirs and vectors. The evolutionary pattern of New World rats (Sigmodontinae) indicates that they may be the most important reservoirs of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis throughout their range.

Final Report Review of DHSSPS Training Support Funding For Social Care Voluntary Organisations February 2011 (PDF 368KB)

Review of DHSSPS Training Support Funding Programme For Social Care Voluntary Organisations

Addressing Young People's Drinking in Northern Ireland: Action to Support the New Strategic Direction for Alcohol and Drugs

This action plan focuses on three main areas: • reducing young people’s demand for alcohol by providing information, education and training to young people and their parents; •restricting the supply of alcohol via measures to reduce accessibility to alcohol (including how alcohol is priced, marketed, and promoted); and • providing treatment and support for those who require additional help. While the emphasis of this action plan is on young people, it recognises that their drinking patterns are very much influenced by modelling the drinking patterns of adults in our society, and it therefore contains actions that will impact on the entire population. Alcohol misuse - however you measure the cost, whether to the individual, the family, the community, the health service, or society as a whole - is one of the biggest public health issues facing Northern Ireland.

Report of Student Support Review

Report of Student support review

Student Support Determination 07-08 (PDF 167 KB)

Financial support arrangements in the 2007/08 academic year for Allied Health Professional Students and Medical and Dental students from year five study

Multisensory mechanisms in temporo-parietal cortex support self-location and first-person perspective.

Self-consciousness has mostly been approached by philosophical enquiry and not by empirical neuroscientific study, leading to an overabundance of diverging theories and an absence of data-driven theories. Using robotic technology, we achieved specific bodily conflicts and induced predictable changes in a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness by altering where healthy subjects experienced themselves to be (self-location). Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) activity reflected experimental changes in self-location that also depended on the first-person perspective due to visuo-tactile and visuo-vestibular conflicts. Moreover, in a large lesion analysis study of neurological patients with a well-defined state of abnormal self-location, brain damage was also localized at TPJ, providing causal evidence that TPJ encodes self-location. Our findings reveal that multisensory integration at the TPJ reflects one of the most fundamental subjective feelings of humans: the feeling of being an entity localized at a position in space and perceiving the world from this position and perspective.

Entorns col•laboratius virtuals asíncrons basats en Web i enfocats en la gestió del coneixement = Web-based Asynchronous Collaborative Environments Focused on Knowledge Management

Report for the scientific sojourn at the University of California at Berkeley, USA, from september 2007 until july 2008. Communities of Learning Practice is an innovative paradigm focused on providing appropriate technological support to both formal and especially informal learning groups who are chiefly formed by non-technical people and who lack of the necessary resources to acquire such systems. Typically, students who are often separated by geography and/or time have the need to meet each other after classes in small study groups to carry out specific learning activities assigned during the formal learning process. However, the lack of suitable and available groupware applications makes it difficult for these groups of learners to collaborate and achieve their specific learning goals. In addition, the lack of democratic decision-making mechanisms is a main handicap to substitute the central authority of knowledge presented in formal learning.

Intracortical connectivity of layer VI pyramidal cells in the barrel cortex of mice

ABSTRACT : The whisker-to-barrel pathway of rodents is formed by a series of somatotopic projections from the mystacial whisker follicles to the layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex such that each follicle corresponds to a cluster of cortical neurons called barrel. Barrels are present in layer IV but form part of functional columns that comprise the entire depth of the somatosensory cortex. Interestingly, the cortex of the barrelless mouse strain (BRL) is organized such a manner that thalamocortical afferents do not remodel their projections in layer IV and barrels fail to appear. Nevertheless, functionally, a columnar organization persists, indicating that functional columns are not only provided by thalamocortical projections and layer IV cells. Since in the visual cortex of cats, layer VI cells contribute to the response properties of layer IV neurons, we wonder whether layer VI pyramidal cells could contribute to the columnar organization of the primary somatosensory cortex of mice. To address -this question, we morphologically analyzed the distribution of intracortical axon collaterals of layer VI neurons after in-vivo juxtacellular injections of biocytin in the C2 barrel column. Injected hemispheres were tangentially serial cut and intracortical collaterals of individual layer VI neurons were reconstructed at the light microscopic level. The position of axonal boutons was recorded to evaluate the distribution of presumed synaptic contacts. In normal (NOR) mice, cluster analysis shows that layer VI pyramidal cells can be classified in four statistically different clusters of neurons. Moreover, we assume that two classes are formed by cortico-cortical neurons and two classes are formed by cortico-thalamic neurons. Looking at the direction of the main axon in the white matter, we noticed that its orientation correlates perfectly with the type of neuron: cortico-cortical neurons send main axon medially whereas cortico-thalamic neurons send main axon laterally. Performing the same study in the BRL strain, we showed that the BRL mutation affects layer VI pyramidal cells tangentially and radially: the effects of the mutation are illustrated by a significant decrease of the index of colurnnarization and a significant decrease of percentage of boutons in granular and supragranular layers comparing to NOR neurons. In spite of these differences, the same four classes of layer VI neurons have been found in BRL mice. Using a tangential analysis of the boutons distribution, we showed that putative synapses are distributed mainly in the C2 barrel column. This was observed for each layer, type of neuron, cluster or strain, indicating that layer VI pyramidal cells could participate to the functional columnar organization of the barrel cortex. To determine post-synaptic partners of layer VI neurons in layer IV, we conducted an ultrastructural analysis of layer VI-to-IV contacts. We showed that synapses principally occur on spines and spiny dendritic shafts, supposed to belong to excitatory neurons. We furthermore showed that pre-synaptic elements are significantly different between en passant and terminaux contacts, which support hypothesis that terminaux boutons should show longer duration of facilitation than en passant boutons. RÉSUMÉ : Le «whisker-to-barrel pathway» des rongeurs est caractérisé par une série de projections somatotopiques depuis les follicules des moustaches ('whiskers') jusqu'à la couche IV de l'aire somatosensorielle primaire, de telle façon que chaque follicule corresponde à un groupe de neurones corticaux appelés tonneaux (`barrels'). Les tonneaux sont seulement présents en couche IV mais font partie de colonnes fonctionnelles qui s'étendent sur toute la profondeur du cortex somatosensoriel. Chez les souris mutantes barrelless (BRL), le cortex somatosensoriel est organisé de façon telle que lés afférences thalamocorticales ne remodellent pas leurs projections en couche IV et que les tonneaux n'apparaissent pas. Fonctionnellement, pourtant, une organisation en colonnes persiste, ce qui indique que les colonnes fonctionnelles ne sont pas uniquement produites par les projections thalamocorticales et par les cellules de la couche IV. Puisque les cellules de la couche VI contribuent à influencer les réponses des cellules de la couche IV dans le cortex visuel du chat, nous nous sommes demandé si ces cellules ne pourraient pas aussi contribuer à l'organisation en colonnes du cortex somatosensoriel primaire de la souris. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons analysé de façon morphologique la distribution intracorticale des collatéraux axonaux de neurones de la couche VI. Suite à des injections juxtacellulaires de biocytine in-vivo dans la colonne C2, les hémisphères cérébraux ont été tangentiellement coupés en série et les collatéraux intracorticaux des neurones de la couche VI ont été reconstruits en microscopie optique. La position des boutons axonaux a aussi été enregistrée pour évaluer la distribution des contacts synpptiques potentiels. Chez les souris NOR, une analyse multivariée montre que les cellules pyramidales de la couche VI sont distribuées en quatre classes. Deux de ces classes sont probablement formées de neurons cortico-corticaux, alors que les deux autres sont probablement formées de neurones corticothalamiques. En observant la direction de l'axone principal dans la matière blanche, nous avons noté que son orientation est parfaitement corrélée avec le type supposé de neurone : les neurones corticocorticaux envoient leurs axones principaux médiallement, alors que les neurons cortico-thalamiques envoient leurs axones principaux latéralement. En menant la même étude chez les souris BRL, nous avons montré que la mutation affecte les cellules pyramidales de la couche VI de façon tangentielle, mais aussi radiaire : les effets de 1a mutation se traduisent par une diminution significative de l'index de « columnarization » et de la connectivité en couches granulaire et supragranulaire. Malgré ces différences, les quatre mêmes classes de neurones ont été retrouvées. En utilisant une analyse tangentielle de la distribution des boutons, nous avons montré que les synapses potentielles sont distribuées principalement dans la colonne C2. Cette observation a été faite dans chaque couche, chaque type de neurones, chaque classe de neurones et chaque souche de souris, indicant que les cellules de la couche VI participent certainement à l'organisation en colonne du cortex somatosensoriel. Pour déterminer les partenaires post-synaptiques des cellules de la couche VI en couche IV, nous avons conduit une analyse ultrastructurelle de ces contacts. Nous avons montré que les synapses interviennent principalement sur les épines et sur les dendrites supposés appartenir à des cellules excitatrices. Nous avons aussi montré que les éléments pré-synaptiques de ces synapses sont significativement differents selon le type de bouton, en passant ou terminal, ce qui supporte l'hypothèse que les boutons terminaux seraient capables d'une plus longue facilitation.

Inspection of Social Care Support Services for Carers of Older People (PDF 1776 KB)

Social Services Inspection Final Report for Craigavon & Banbridge - fieldwork inspection 14-25 Nov 2005

Sperrin Lakeland Report on Care Support Services for Carers of Older People (PDF 1050 KB)

Sperrin Lakeland Trust inspection