Simultaneous analysis of five antidepressant drugs using direct injection of biofluids in a capillary restricted-access media-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system

Direct analysis, with minimal sample pretreatment, of antidepressant drugs, fluoxetine, imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline in biofluids was developed with a total run time of 8 min. The setup consists of two HPLC pumps, injection valve, capillary RAM-ADS-C18 pre-column and a capillary analytical C 18 column connected by means of a six-port valve in backflush mode. Detection was performed with ESI-MS/MS and only 1 mu m of sample was injected. Validation was adequately carried out using FLU-d(5) as internal standard. Calibration curves were constructed under a linear range of 1-250 ng mL(-1) in plasma, being the limit of quantification (LOQ), determined as 1 ng mL(-1), for all the analytes. With the described approach it was possible to reach a quantified mass sensitivity of 0.3 pg for each analyte (equivalent to 1.1-1.3 fmol), translating to a lower sample consumption (in the order of 103 less sample than using conventional methods). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of amino acids by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: An evaluation of different protein hydrolysis procedures

In this work, a CE equipment, online hyphenated to an IT MS analyzer by a linear sheath liquid interface promoting ESI, was used to develop a method for quantitative determination of amino acids. Under appropriate conditions (BGE composition, 0.8% HCOOH, 20% CH(3)OH; sheath liquid composition, 0.8% HCOOH, 60% methanol; V(ESI), +4.50 W), analytical curves of all amino acids from 3 to 80 mg/L were recorded presenting acceptable linearity (r > 0.99). LODs in the range of 16-172 mu mol/L were obtained. BSA, a model protein, was submitted to different hydrolysis procedures (classical acid and basic, and catalyzed by the H(+) form of a cation exchanger resin) and its amino acid profiles determined. In general, the resin-mediated hydrolysis yields were overall similar or better than those obtained by classical acid or basic hydrolysis. The resulting experimental-to-theoretical BSA concentration ratios served as correction factors for the quantitation of amino acids in Brazil nut resin generated hydrolysates.

Determination of polyamines in organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis by capillary electrophoresis

A rapid, selective and specific capillary zone electrophoresis method to determine polyamines in organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Beans) was developed using ultra violet (UV) detection. Canavalia ensiformis is relatively free from diseases and it is used as reference in allelopathy studies. Polyamines are widely distributed in plant and it could be involved in plant pathogen interactions. Optimal separation was achieved using 15 mmol.L-1formic acid (pH 3.0) + 4 mmol.L-1 imidazole as a background electrolyte. It was possible to identify and quantify the polyamines on herbal samples in the presence of other phytochemical substances and analyze them quickly (up to 6 min). The applicability of this method was evaluated in crude organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis.

Fast separation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants in plasma sample by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

A simple, fast, and sensitive liquid-liquid extraction method followed by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (LLE/NACE) was developed and validated for Simultaneous determination of four antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine) in human plasma. Several experimental separation conditions using aqueous and nonaqueous media separation were tested by varying the electrolyte pH value (for aqueous medium) and the ionic strength concentration considering the similar mobility of the compounds. High-resolution separation was achieved with a mixture of 1.25 mol L(-1) of phosphoric acid in acetonitrile. The quantification limits of the LLE/CE method varied between 15 and 30 ng mL(-1), with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10.3%. The method was successfully applied in therapeutic drug monitoring and should be employed in the evaluation of plasma levels in urgent toxicological analysis. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sample stacking in CZE using dynamic thermal junctions II: Analytes with high dpK(a)/dT crossing a single thermal junction in a BGE with low dpH/dT

In a previous work [M. Mandaji, et al., this issue] a sample stacking method was theoretically modeled and experimentally demonstrated for analytes with low dpK(a)/dT (analytes carrying carboxylic groups) and BGEs with high dpH/dT (high pH-temperature-coefficients). In that work, buffer pH was modulated with temperature, inducing electrophoretic mobility changes in the analytes. In the present work, the opposite conditions are studied and tested, i.e. analytes with high dpK(a)/dT and BGEs that exhibit low dpH/dT. It is well known that organic bases such as amines, imidazoles, and benzimidazoles exhibit high dpK(a)/dT. Temperature variations induce instantaneous changes on the basicity of these and other basic groups. Therefore, the electrophoretic velocity of some analytes changes abruptly when temperature variations are applied along the capillary. This is true only if BGE pH remains constant or if it changes in the opposite direction of pK(a) of the analyte. The presence of hot and cold sections along the capillary also affects local viscosity, conductivity, and electric field strength. The effect of these variables on electrophoretic velocity and band stacking efficacy was also taken into account in the theoretical model presented. Finally, this stacking method is demonstrated for lysine partially derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. In this case, the amino group of the lateral chain was left underivatized and only the alpha amino group was derivatized. Therefore, the basicity of the lateral amino group, and consequently the electrophoretic mobility, was modulated with temperature while the pH of the buffer used remained unchanged.

Analytical Assessment of a Home Made Capillary Electrophoresis Equipment with Linear Charge Coupled Device for Visible Light Absorption Detection in the Determination of Food Dyes

The performance of modular home made capillary electrophoresis equipment with spectrophotometric detection, at a visible region by means of a miniaturized linear charge coupled device, was evaluated for the determination of four food dyes. This system presents a simple but efficient home made cell detection scheme. A computer program that converts the spectral data after each run into the electropherograms was developed to evaluate the analytical parameters. The dyes selected for analytical evaluation of the system were Brilliant Blue FCF, Fast Green FCF, Sunset Yellow FCF, and Amaranth. Separation was carried out in a 29cm length and 75 mu m I.D fused silica capillary, using 10mmolL-1 borate buffer at pH 9, with separation voltage of 7.5kV. The detection limits for the dyes were between 0.3 and 1.5mgL-1 and the method presented adequate linearity over the ranges studied, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The method was applied for determination and quantification of these dyes in fruit juices and candies.

Omvårdnad vid Amyotrofisk lateral skleros : erfarenheter ur ett patient och anhörigperspektiv : En systematisk litteraturstudie

Amyotrofisk lateral skleros (ALS) är en fortskridande neurologiska sjukdom som ger den drabbade och de anhöriga mycket sorg och smärta. Syftet med föreliggande systematiska litteraturstudie var att utifrån aktuell vetenskaplig litteratur beskriva upplevelsen och behovet av omvårdnad som den sjuke i ALS och deras anhöriga behövde. Syftet var också att beskriva vilken typ av information och stöd som behövdes. De vetenskapliga artiklarna som ligger till grund för denna litteraturstudie har sökt på databaserna Elin@Dalarna och Blackwell Synergy. Artiklarna skulle vara publicerade mellan åren 2000-2007 och vara skrivna på engelska. Även manuella sökningar har gjorts. Resultatet visade att sjukvården hade ett stort ansvar att stötta, hjälpa och informera vid denna fortskridande neurologiska sjukdom. Det fanns behov av multiinriktad omvårdnad där många olika professioner ingick för att kunna ge patienterna den helhetsvård de behövde. Det framkom att anhöriga var de som hade den givna omvårdnadsrollen och att de hade ett behov av avlastning och information om sjukdomen, behandlingen och symtomen. Anhöriga upplevde sjukdomen som en stor börda och påverkade deras egna hälsa.

Combined Vertical And Lateral Channel Evolution Numerical Modeling

Vertical stream bed erosion has been studied routinely and its modeling is getting widespread acceptance. The same cannot be said with lateral stream bank erosion since its measurement or numerical modeling is very challenging. Bank erosion, however, can be important to channel morphology. It may contribute significantly to the overall sediment budget of a stream, is a leading cause of channel migration, and is the cause of major channel maintenance. However, combined vertical and lateral channel evolution is seldom addressed. In this study, a new geofluival numerical model is developed to simulate combined vertical and lateral channel evolution. Vertical erosion is predicted with a 2D depth-averaged model SRH-2D, while lateral erosion is simulated with a linear retreat bank erosion model developed in this study. SRH-2D and the bank erosion model are coupled together both spatially and temporally through a common mesh and the same time advancement. The new geofluvial model is first tested and verified using laboratory meander channels; good agreement are obtained between predicted bank retreat and measured data. The model is then applied to a 16-kilometer reach of Chosui River, Taiwan. Vertical and lateral channel evolution during a three-year period (2004 to 2007) is simulated and results are compared with the field data. It is shown that the geofluvial model correctly captures all major erosion and deposition patterns. The new model is shown to be useful for identifying potential erosion sites and providing information for river maintenance planning.

A lateral pós-vocálica no português gaúcho : análise variacionista e representação não-linear

Este trabalho é um estudo da lateral pós-vocálica no que se refere à sua realização como variante velarizada ou vocalizada, sob a perspectiva variacionista. O corpus utilizado é a fala de vinte e oito indivíduos de quatro regiões representativas de diferentes grupos étnicos existentes no Rio Grande do Sul. São examinadas as variáveis lingüísticas e extralingüísticas envolvidas na variação em estudo, confirmando-se a variável grupo étnico como a que mais favorece a presença das duas variantes. Além disso, apresentam-se as regras de velarização e de vocalização da lateral pós-vocálica em termos de traços fonológicos na linha de Clements e discute-se a posição destas no sistema de acordo com a linha da Fonologia Lexical.

Comportamento de misturas solo-cimento-fibra sob compressão confinada com medição de tensão lateral

Nesta dissertação desenvolve-se um equipamento de compressão confinada com medição de tensão lateral e avalia-se o comportamento, sobre a trajetória de tensões Ko, de um solo e de misturas de solo-fibra e solo-cimento, considerando a influência da adição de fibras de diferentes comprimentos e de cimento em variadas quantidades ao solo estudado bem como o efeito da tensão de cura e índice de vazios de cura na trajetória de tensões Ko, na tensão lateral, nas deformações verticais e nos valores de Ko. O solo utilizado no estudo é uma areia fina de granulometria uniforme extraída de uma jazida localizada no município de Osório – RS. O trabalho de pesquisa realizado com esses solos tem seu enfoque dividido em duas partes principais: (1) projeto, construção, validação e calibração do equipamento; (2) ensaios de compressão confinada com medição de tensão lateral em amostras de solocimento- fibra com dois comprimentos de fibras (6mm e 12 mm), três teores de cimento (1%, 3% e 7%) e em três diferentes condições de cura (cura sob tensão vertical de 0 kPa, cura sob tensão vertical de 0 kPa com índice de vazios modificado pela aplicação anterior à cura de uma tensão vertical de 500 kPa e cura sob tensão vertical de 500 kPa). Os níveis de tensões aplicados neste trabalho chegam a 3000 kPa. Os resultados mostram que o equipamento de compressão confinada com medição de tensões laterais funciona satisfatoriamente, apresentando dados coerentes e confiáveis A inclusão de fibras, bem como o aumento do comprimento das mesmas, diminui os valores de tensão lateral e de Ko em relação ao material sem reforço. A presença de cimento reduz a tensão lateral e gera uma tensão lateral residual, a qual aumenta com o teor de cimento. Da mesma forma, um acréscimo na rigidez ocorre com o aumento da quantidade de cimento. O efeito da cimentação diminui os valores de Ko e os tornam não mais constantes no carregamento. A alteração das condições de cura não causa mudanças significativas no que diz respeito às tensões, mas a rigidez inicial é aumentada com a mudança do índice de vazios e da tensão de cura dos materiais cimentados, sendo o acréscimo maior para a segunda.

Do police reduce crime? Estimates using the allocation of police forces after a terrorist attack

An important challenge in the crime literature is to isolate causal effects of police on crime. Following a terrorist attack on the main Jewish center in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in July 1994, all Jewish institutions (including schools, synagogues, and clubs) were given 24-hour police protection. Thus, this hideous event induced a geographical allocation of police forces that can be presumed to be exogenous in a crime regression. Using data on the location of car thefts before and after the terrorist attack, we find a large deterrent effect of observable police presence on crime. The effect is local, with little or no appreciable impact outside the narrow area in which the police are deployed.

Numerical integration of coupled stochastic oscillators driven by Random Forces

Trabalho apresentado no International Conference on Scientific Computation And Differential Equations 2015

Tombador lateral de cana-de-açúcar do tipo guindaste hilo

Ilustração. Dimensão: 1324x1494. Tamanho: 118Kb.

Vista lateral e esquematizada de uma ponte rolante

Ilustração. Dimensão: 5251x2562. Tamanho: 736Kb.

Longitudinal distribution and lateral pattern of megalopal settlement and juvenile recruitment of Carcinus maenas (L.) (Brachyura, Portunidae) in the Mira River Estuary, Portugal

Settlement is a critical process in the life history of crabs, and thus affecting the abundance, distribution and structure of estuarine communities. The spatial pattern of settlement of megalopae of the shore crab Carcinus maenas along a longitudinal estuarine gradient (Mira River Estuary, Portugal) was examined, as well as its effects on the juvenile population. To measure megalopal settlement, four replicate collectors were deployed in six equally spaced stations along the estuarine axis. Juveniles were collected on the same locations with a quadrat randomly deployed on the substrate. To assess fine-scale megalopal settlement within a curved region of the estuary, replicate collectors were deployed on both margins along Moinho da Asneira curve. Megalopae settled differently along the six longitudinal points, with a tendency to attenuate their settlement upstream. Within the curved region, megalopae preferentially settled on the left margin collectors, probably due to the weaker velocity speeds felt on this margin. Concerning the overall juvenile density, there were significant differences among the stations distributed along the estuary, but they did no reflect a longitudinal dispersion attenuation pattern. Size-frequency distribution of the juvenile population showed that the average size is higher on the left margin. Recruits (carapace length between 1.0 mm and 3.4 mm) were more abundant on the upstream stations. Density of early juveniles (3.4 mm-6.5 mm) and juveniles (6.5 mm-10 mm) was more stable throughout the estuary axis than that of recruits. This distribution pattern may result from tidal excursion processes or mechanisms to avoid biotic interactions, such as predation and competition. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.