A method to calculate the surface tension of a cylindrical droplet

The history of Laplace's equations for spherical and cylindrical droplets and the concept of dividing surface in Gibbs' thermodynamic theory of capillary phenomena are briefly reviewed. The existing theories of surface tensions of cylindrical droplets are briefly reviewed too. For cylindrical droplets, a new method to calculate the radius and the surface tension of the surface of tension is given. This method is suitable to be used by molecular dynamics simulations.

关于固体表面上液体球冠的平衡条件问题——兼评“冷凝器壁面滴状冷凝的热力学机理及最佳接触角”等文章

对于第一类液滴(尺度远大于界面层的厚度),无论是远离固体壁面的液体球或附着在壁面上的球冠,其内外压力差(简称"附加压力")均适用经典Laplace公式,并且特别对球冠情况给出了一种新的整体性证明.还澄清有关争论:指出[曹治党、郭愚1999物理学报481823]一文对附壁面第一类液体球冠所推导出的附加压力与接触角有关的公式是错误的,而[闵敬春2002物理学报512730]是正确的。

兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环加速过程的束流反馈

正在建设中的兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)主环用于束流的加速。在加速过程中,为了保证束流的谐振加速,须准备2个束流反馈环(相位反馈环和束流径向位置反馈环)来保证主导磁场与高频频率的同步。本文基于Laplace变换及数值计算结果,分析了束流反馈环对同步加速器中束流动力学行为的影响。

Local histogram based geometric invariant image watermarking

Compared with other existing methods, the feature point-based image watermarking schemes can resist to global geometric attacks and local geometric attacks, especially cropping and random bending attacks (RBAs), by binding watermark synchronization with salient image characteristics. However, the watermark detection rate remains low in the current feature point-based watermarking schemes. The main reason is that both of feature point extraction and watermark embedding are more or less related to the pixel position, which is seriously distorted by the interpolation error and the shift problem during geometric attacks. In view of these facts, this paper proposes a geometrically robust image watermarking scheme based on local histogram. Our scheme mainly consists of three components: (1) feature points extraction and local circular regions (LCRs) construction are conducted by using Harris-Laplace detector; (2) a mechanism of grapy theoretical clustering-based feature selection is used to choose a set of non-overlapped LCRs, then geometrically invariant LCRs are completely formed through dominant orientation normalization; and (3) the histogram and mean statistically independent of the pixel position are calculated over the selected LCRs and utilized to embed watermarks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can provide sufficient robustness against geometric attacks as well as common image processing operations. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Laser light scattering of the molecular weight distribution of unfractionated phenolphthalein poly(aryl ether sulfone)

Two unfractionated samples of phenolphthalein poly( aryl ether sulfone) (PES-C) were characterized in CHCl3 at 25 degrees C by applying a recently developed laser light-scattering (LLS) procedure. The Laplace inversion of precisely measured intensity-intensity time correlation function lead us first to an estimate of the characteristic line-width distribution G(Gamma) and then to the translational diffusion coefficient distribution G(D). A combination of static and dynamic LLS results enabled us to determine D = (2.69 x 10(-4))M(-0.553), which agrees with the calibration of D = (2.45 x 10(-4))M(-0.55) previously established by a set of narrowly distributed PES-C samples. Using this newly obtained scaling between D and M, we were able to convert G(D) into a differential weight distribution f(w)(M) for the two PES-C samples. The weight-average molecular weights calculated from f(w)(M) are comparable to that obtained directly from static LLS. Our results showed that using two broadly distributed samples instead of a set of narrowly distributed samples have provided not only similar final results, but also a more practical method for the PES-C characterization. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Dynamic light-scattering characterization of the molecular weight distribution of a broadly distributed phenolphthalein poly(aryl ether ketone)

Using a recently developed laser light-scattering (LLS) procedure, we accomplished the characterization of a broadly distributed unfractionated phenolphthalein poly(aryl ether ketone) (PEK-C) in CHCl3 at 25 degrees C. The laplace inversion of precisely measured intensity-intensity time correlation function from dynamic LLS leads us first to an estimate of the characteristic line-width distribution G(Gamma) and then to the translational diffusion coefficient distribution G(D). By using a previously established calibration of D (cm(2)/s) = 2.37 X 10(-4)M(-0.57), were able to convert G(D) into a differential weight distribution f(w)(M). The weight-average molecular weight M(w) calculated from f(w)(M) agrees well with that directly measured in static LLS. Our results indicate that both the calibration and LLS procedure used in this study are ready to be applied as a routine method for the characterization of the molecular weight distribution of PEK-C. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A DYNAMIC LASER LIGHT-SCATTERING STUDY OF CHITOSAN IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION

The solution behavior of four chitosans (91% deacetylated chitin) with different molecular weights in 0.2M CH3COOH/0.1M CH3COONa aqueous solution was investigated at 25 degrees C by dynamic laser light scattering (LLS). The Laplace inversion of the precisely measured intensity-intensity time correlation function leads us to an estimate of the line-width distribution G(Gamma), which could be further reduced to a translational diffusion coefficient distribution G(D). By using a combination of static and dynamic LLS results, i.e. Mw and G(D), we were able to establish a calibration of D = k(D)M(-alpha D) with k(D) = (3.14 +/- 0.20) X 10(-4) and alpha(D) = 0.655 +/- 0.015. By using this calibration, we successfully converted G(D) into a molecular weight distribution f(w)(M). The larger alpha(D) value confirms that the chitosan chain is slightly extended in aqueous solution even in the presence of salts. This is mainly due to its backbone and polyelectrolytes nature. As a very sensitive technique, our dynamic LLS results also revealed that even in dilute solution chitosan still forms a small amount of larger sized aggregates that have ben overlooked in previous studies. The calibration obtained in this study will provide another way to characterize the molecular weight distribution of chitosan in aqueous solution at room temperature. (C) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Generation of internal and surface waves by seafloor movement in a two layer fluid system

Internal and surface waves generated by the deformations of the solid bed in a two layer fluid system of infinite lateral extent and uniform depth are investigated. An integral solution is developed for an arbitrary bed displacement on the basis of a linear approximation of the complete description of wave motion using a transform method (Laplace in time and Fourier in space) analogous to that used to study the generation of tsunamis by many researchers. The theoretical solutions are presented for three interesting specific deformations of the seafloor; the spatial variation of each seafloor displacement consists of a block section of the seafloor moving vertically either up or down while the time-displacement history of the block section is varied. The generation process and the profiles of the internal and surface waves for the case of the exponential bed movement are numerically illustrated, and the effects of the deformation parameters, densities and depths of the two layers on the solutions are discussed. As expected, the solutions derived from the present work include as special cases that obtained by Kervella et al. [Theor Comput Fluid Dyn 21:245-269, 2007] for tsunamis cased by an instantaneous seabed deformation and those presented by Hammack [J Fluid Mech 60:769-799, 1973] for the exponential and the half-sine bed displacements when the density of the upper fluid is taken as zero.

一种新的角加速度估计方法及其应用

首先提出了一种新的基于卡尔曼滤波及牛顿预测的角加速度估计方法,在已知电机驱动系统位置信息的情况下,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估计系统的角加速度;同时采用牛顿预测方法解决估计算法的滞后问题,进一步提高了估计加速度的响应频带．以此为基础,本文进一步分析了利用估计加速度进行反馈控制以增强系统对外扰动的鲁棒性问题,提出了加速度反馈控制策略的设计准则并分析了稳定性．在一个直接驱动机器人关节上针对上述加速度估计及控制方法进行了实验研究:将估计加速度的实验结果与实测加速度(利用加速度计)的实验结果进行了比较分析,从而定量地揭示出估计加速度及其反馈控制在实际系统中的可行性及有效性．

六轮摇臂式月球车环境交互动力学建模研究

目前，移动机器人被广泛应用于危险的非结构环境中，在诸如行星探测、灾难搜救、军事侦察、矿山开采等作业中， 机器人将起着越来越重要的作用。机器人在非结构环境中的运动能力和环境适应能力决定了机器人的作业性能。具备稳定性、机动性、越障能力、通过能力与可靠性的移动机器人将具有更好的环境适应能力，进而更好地完成作业任务。 本文针对中国科学院知识创新工程方向性项目“月球车月面探测作业支撑技术研究” 的实际需求， 在对国内外的同类研究深入分析综合的基础上， 对月球车移动系统与环境交互动力学的几个关键问题进行了研究与探讨。(1)研究月球车的运动稳定性和机动性问题。基于车体固定坐标系和地面固定坐标系， 分别建立了四轮转向的六轮摇臂转向架式月球车的转向动力学模型， 证明在两种坐标系下的模型转向动力学方程的一致性；分析了月球车运动的稳态特性和瞬态特性，采用机动性因子来定量地描述月球车运动的稳定性和机动性及其相互关系， 并用机动性因子来设计月球车的稳定性和机动性。(2)研究如何保持理想运动姿态的问题。建立了保持月球车运动姿态的理想模型， 模拟人驾驶汽车的过程建立月球车跟踪规划路径行驶的视觉预瞄模型，设计了保持月球车理想姿态行驶的模型参考自适应控制方案。(3)研究月球车的运动在环境扰动的干扰下会偏离规划路径的问题。利用Laplace 变换考察月球车运动动力学系统对几种典型的环境干扰力形式 的响应，研究环境干扰力对月球车运动的影响。(4)根据车辆地面力学的理论，设计月球车车轮的结构参数，使其充分利 用土壤推力，考虑纵列式月球车多轮通过土壤参数的修正，在NASA 建议的五种土壤上对月球车的支承通过性指标进行了计算； 研究刚性驱动轮在松软路面上行驶车轮滑转率和车轮结构参数对车轮挂钩牵引力、驱动力矩、车轮驱动效率等车轮驱动动力学特性的影响。(5)针对月球车在松软路面上不能正常行驶的主要原因是车轮过度下陷这个问题， 结合月球车行驶动力学模型， 设计以车轮滑转率为状态变量的滑模驱动控制器。仿真结果表明， 采用该控制器可以避免车轮的过度 滑转下陷，保证月球车能够在软质路面上正常行驶。(6)评价六轮摇臂转向架式月球车的越障能力，给出了车轮牵引系数与垂直越障高度的定量函数关系式； 针对月球车越障能力的评价以及越障时各车轮驱动力矩的协调分配的问题， 建立一种基于运动轨迹角的月球车越障能力判断准则， 引入了越障指数，用于定量地评价月球车的越障能力。(7)利用闭链坐标变换和瞬时重合坐标法，结合Kane 方程，同时考虑三维不平地形、松软路面和车轮的滑移，建立了六轮摇臂转向架式月球车的三维姿态动力学模型。

综合权值递推最小二乘法估计从UUV航行参数

根据主UUV观测系统测量的从UUV方位信息精度高、距离信息精度低的特点,将遗忘因子和位置权值构成的综合权值融入递推最小二乘算法(RLS)用于从UUV航行参数分析,避免采用EKF算法对观测噪声要求高的缺陷,克服数据饱和现象。同时对从UUV方位信息进行预处理以提高航行参数估计的收敛速度。仿真实验证明了方法的有效性。

力扰动对月球车运动影响的解析模型

研究结果表明,环境扰动对月球车运动的影响取决于月球车自身的结构参数及动力学特性。为合理地设计月球车的结构参数及动力学特性、规划和控制月球车的运动提供参考依据。

扩散波勘探方法基础及其在石油油气藏开发中的应用研究

As we know, the essence of exploration is objective body determined by getting the information. Such as seismic、electrical and electromagnetic prospecting, they are the common methods of the exploration. Therefore, They have a complete set of theory now. In fact, the effective information can also be got by the diffusion way, it is called diffusion prospecting. The diffusion way prospecting is necessary and important. The way of diffusion prospecting is studied in the paper and main works include below: (1) On the basis of studying basic law of the diffusion, the paper gives the idea of diffusion wave and the formulas of computing diffusion wave function. (2) The paper studies the way of the diffusion prospecting and the methods of data processing. At the same time, it also expounds the characteristics and the applied foreground of the diffusion prospecting. (3) The paper gives the tomography idea and the basic method of diffusion CT. Meanwhile, it also expounds the foreground that the diffusion CT is applied in oil development prospecting. (4) As the inversion of the diffusion equation is a part of the diffusion prospecting way, the methods of diffusion equation inversion are studied and the two formulas are deduced --Laplace transform and polynomial fitting inversion formulas. As the other important result of diffusion equation inversion, the inversion can offer a new analysis method for well Testing in oil development. In order to show a set of methods in the paper feasible, forward、inversion and CT numerical simulation are done in the paper.

超参数控制下的波阻抗约束反演

The seismic survey is the most effective geophysical method during exploration and development of oil/gas. As a main means in processing and interpreting seismic data, impedance inversion takes up a special position in seismic survey. This is because the impedance parameter is a ligament which connects seismic data with well-logging and geological information, while it is also essential in predicting reservoir properties and sand-body. In fact, the result of traditional impedance inversion is not ideal. This is because the mathematical inverse problem of impedance is poor-pose so that the inverse result has instability and multi-result, so it is necessary to introduce regularization. Most simple regularizations are presented in existent literature, there is a premise that the image(or model) is globally smooth. In fact, as an actual geological model, it not only has made of smooth region but also be separated by the obvious edge, the edge is very important attribute of geological model. It's difficult to preserve these characteristics of the model and to avoid an edge too smooth to clear. Thereby, in this paper, we propose a impedance inverse method controlled by hyperparameters with edge-preserving regularization, the inverse convergence speed and result would be improved. In order to preserve the edge, the potential function of regularization should satisfy nine conditions such as basic assumptions edge preservation and convergence assumptions etc. Eventually, a model with clear background and edge-abnormity can be acquired. The several potential functions and the corresponding weight functions are presented in this paper. The potential functionφLφHL andφGM can meet the need of inverse precision by calculating the models. For the local constant planar and quadric models, we respectively present the neighborhood system of Markov random field corresponding to the regularization term. We linearity nonlinear regularization by using half-quadratic regularization, it not only preserve the edge, and but also simplify the inversion, and can use some linear methods. We introduced two regularization parameters (or hyperparameters) λ2 and δ in the regularization term. λ2 is used to balance the influence between the data term and the transcendental term; δ is a calibrating parameter used to adjust the gradient value at the discontinuous position(or formation interface). Meanwhile, in the inverse procedure, it is important to select the initial value of hyperparameters and to change hyperparameters, these will then have influence on convergence speed and inverse effect. In this paper, we roughly give the initial value of hyperparameters by using a trend- curve of φ-(λ2, δ) and by a method of calculating the upper limit value of hyperparameters. At one time, we change hyperparameters by using a certain coefficient or Maximum Likelihood method, this can be simultaneously fulfilled with the inverse procedure. Actually, we used the Fast Simulated Annealing algorithm in the inverse procedure. This method overcame restrictions from the local extremum without depending on the initial value, and got a global optimal result. Meanwhile, we expound in detail the convergence condition of FSA, the metropolis receiving probability form Metropolis-Hasting, the thermal procession based on the Gibbs sample and other methods integrated with FSA. These content can help us to understand and improve FSA. Through calculating in the theoretic model and applying it to the field data, it is proved that the impedance inverse method in this paper has the advantage of high precision practicability and obvious effect.