Short communication. Potential to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions by tillage reduction in dryland soils of Spain

Spain is one of the countries with the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the EU-27. Consequently, mitigation strategies need to be reported and quantified to accomplish the goals and requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. In this study, a first estimation of the carbon (C) mitigation potential of tillage reduction in Mediterranean rainfed Spain is presented. Results from eight studies carried out in Spain under rainfed agriculture to investigate the effects of no-tillage (NT) and reduced tillage (RT) compared with conventional tillage (CT) on soil organic carbon (SOC) were used. For current land surface under conservation tillage, NT and RT are sequestering 0.14 and 0.08 Tg C yr-1, respectively. Those rates represent 1.1% and 0.6% of the total CO2 emissions generated from agricultural activities in Spain during 2006. Alternatively, in a hypothetical scenario where all the arable dryland was under either NT or RT management, SOC sequestration would be 2.18 and 0.72 Tg C yr-1 representing 17.4% and 5.8% of the total 2006 CO2 equivalent emissions generated from the agricultural sector in Spain. This is a significant estimate that would help to achieve GHG emissions targets for the current commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.

Vaihtosuuntauksen ja suodatuksen toteuttaminen tasasähkönjakeluverkossa

Pienjännitejakeluverkko Suomessa on toteutettu 400 V:n kolmivaiheisella vaihtosähköllä. Pienestä jännitteestä johtuen 20/0.4 kV:n muuntajat täytyy sijoittaa lähelle kuluttajaa, jotta siirtohäviöt eivät nouse liian suuriksi. Suuremman vaihto- tai tasajännitteen käyttö pienjännitejakelussa kasvattaisi verkon tehonsiirtokapasiteettia ja mahdollistaisi pidempien siirtomatkojen käytön. Käynnissä olevassa tutkimushankkeessa käsitellään vaihtoehtoa, jossa tasajännitettä käytettäisiin 20 kV:n verkon ja kuluttajan välisessä tehonsiirrossa ja kuluttajalla sijaitseva vaihtosuuntaaja muodostaisi tasasähköstä standardien mukaista yksi- tai kolmivaiheista vaihtosähköä. Tässä diplomityössä käsitellään tehoelektroniikan soveltamista kuluttajalle sijoitetussa vaihtosuuntaajassa. Työssä tarkastellaan yksivaiheisia invertteritopologioita, niiden ohjausta ja soveltamista erilaisissa vaihtosuuntaajaratkaisuissa sekä LC- ja LCL-suotimien soveltuvuutta invertterin lähtöjännitteen suodatukseen. Lisäksi esitellään erilaisia rakenneratkaisuja vaihtosuuntauksen toteutukseen ja tarkastellaan näiden järjestelmien vikatilanteita ja sähköturvallisuutta. Lopuksi käsitellään koko järjestelmän häviöitä ja hyötysuhdetta eri suodinkomponenteilla sekä kytkentätaajuuksilla ja esitellään laboratorioprototyyppi. Työssä saatiin selville, että puolisiltainvertteri ei sovellu suurten kondensaattorien vuoksi syöttämään verkkotaajuista kuormaa, vaan joudutaan käyttämään kokosiltainvertteriä. Kokosiltainvertterin ja LC- tai LCL-suotimen käsittävää kokonaisuutta tarkasteltaessa havaittiin, että pienimmät häviöt saavutetaan LC-suotimella 5 %:n ja LCL-suotimella 1 %:n särövaatimuksella. Hyötysuhdekäyrää tarkasteltaessa saatiin sama tulos läpi koko invertterin tehoalueen. Suotimen häviöiden tarkka laskenta on kuitenkin erittäin haasteellista, joten tulokset ovat suuntaa-antavia.

Influence of sample processing on the analysis of carotenoids in maize

We performed a number of tests with the aim to develop an effective extraction method for the analysis of carotenoid content in maize seed. Mixtures of methanol–ethyl acetate (6:4, v/v) and methanol–tetrahydrofuran (1:1, v/v) were the most effective solvent systems for carotenoid extraction from maize endosperm under the conditions assayed. In addition, we also addressed sample preparation prior to the analysis of carotenoids by liquid chromatography (LC). The LC response of extracted carotenoids and standards in several solvents was evaluated and results were related to the degree of solubility of these pigments. Three key factors were found to be important when selecting a suitable injection solvent: compatibility between the mobile phase and injection solvent, carotenoid polarity and content in the matrix.

Highly textured Sr, Nb, co-doped BiFeO3 thin films grown on SrRuO3/Si substrates by rf-sputtering

In this study, (011)-highly oriented Sr, Nb co-doped BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films were successfully grown on SrRuO3/Si substrates by rf-magnetron sputtering. The presence of parasite magnetic phases was ruled out based on the high resolution x-ray diffraction data. BFO films exhibited a columnar-like grain growth with rms surface roughness values of 5.3 nm and average grain sizes of 65-70 nm for samples with different thicknesses. Remanent polarization values (2Pr) of 54 lC cm 2 at room temperature were found for the BFO films with a ferroelectric behavior characteristic of an asymmetric device structure. Analysis of the leakage mechanisms for this structure in negative bias suggests Schottky injection and a dominant Poole-Frenkel trap-limited conduction at room temperature. Oxygen vacancies and Fe3þ/Fe2þ trap centers are consistent with the surface chemical bonding states analysis from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The (011)-BFO/ SrRuO3/Si film structure exhibits a strong magnetic interaction at the interface between the multiferroic film and the substrate layer where an enhanced ferromagnetic response at 5 K was observed. Zero-field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) magnetization curves of this film system revealed a possible spin glass behavior at spin freezing temperatures below 30 K depending on the BFO film thickness.

Diversidade genética em castanheira-do-gurgueia (Dipteryx lacunifera Ducke) com base em características físicas e químico-nutricionais do fruto

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre 23 genótipos de castanheira-do-gurgueia, com base em características físicas e químico-nutricionais do fruto. Os frutos foram coletados em áreas de ocorrência natural da espécie no cerrado do sudoeste piauiense. As características físicas analisadas foram: (a) fruto - massa média (MMF); comprimento (CF); largura (LF); espessura (EF), e massa média do pericarpo (MMP); e (b) castanha - massa média (MMC); comprimento (CC); largura (LC), e espessura (EC). As características químico-nutricionais da castanha analisadas foram: gordura (G); proteína bruta (PB); fibra bruta (FB); cinzas (CZ); carboidratos totais (CT); energia (E), e minerais (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu e Zn). A divergência genética foi estimada utilizando a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D²) como medida de dissimilaridade. Estimou-se, também, a importância relativa das características na divergência genética. Os métodos de agrupamento utilizados foram de Tocher e UPGMA. Os genótipos apresentaram variabilidade para a maioria das características analisadas. Os genótipos G-17 e G-18 são os mais divergentes, e os genótipos G-3 e G-16 são os mais similares. As características que tiveram as maiores contribuições para a divergência entre os genótipos foram MMP, MMF, E, FB, CT e PB. A castanha-do-gurgueia é uma boa fonte de P, K, Mg, PB, FB, CT e E.

An integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a new drug of abuse, methylone, a synthetic cathinone sold as 'bath salts'

Material and methods. Methylone was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats intravenously (10 mg/kg) and orally (15 and 30 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations and metabolites were characterized by LC/MS and LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Locomotor activity was monitored for 180-240 min. Results. Oral administration of methylone induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity in rats. The plasma concentrations after i.v. administration were described by a two-compartment model with distribution and terminal elimination phases of α = 1.95 h− 1 and β = 0.72 h− 1. For oral administration, peak methylone concentrations were achieved between 0.5 and 1 h and fitted to a flip-flop model. Absolute bioavailability was about 80% and the percentage of methylone protein binding was of 30%. A relationship between methylone brain levels and free plasma concentration yielded a ratio of 1.42 ± 0.06, indicating access to the central nervous system. We have identified four Phase I metabolites after oral administration. The major metabolic routes are N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation and O-methylation of a demethylenate intermediate. Discussion. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of methylone showed a correlation between plasma concentrations and enhancement of the locomotor activity. A contribution of metabolites in the activity of methylone after oral administration is suggested. Present results will be helpful to understand the time course of the effects of this drug of abuse in humans.

Occurrence of inorganic arsenic in edible Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) products

The present study reports arsenic speciation analysis in edible Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) products. The study focused on the extraction, and accurate quantification of inorganic arsenic (iAs), the most toxic form of arsenic, which was selectively separated and determined using anion exchange LC-ICPMS. A wide variety of edible Shiitake products (fresh mushrooms, food supplements, canned and dehydrated) were purchased and analysed. A cultivated Shiitake grown under controlled conditions was also analysed. The extraction method showed satisfactory extraction efficiencies (>90%) and column recoveries (>85%) for all samples. Arsenic speciation revealed that iAs was the major As compound up to 1.38 mg As per kg dm (with a mean percentage of 84% of the total arsenic) and other organoarsenicals were found as minor species. Shiitake products had high proportions of iAs and therefore should not be ignored as potential contributors to dietary iAs exposure in populations with a high intake of Shiitake products.

An integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a new drug of abuse, methylone, a synthetic cathinone sold as 'bath salts'

Material and methods. Methylone was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats intravenously (10 mg/kg) and orally (15 and 30 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations and metabolites were characterized by LC/MS and LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Locomotor activity was monitored for 180-240 min. Results. Oral administration of methylone induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity in rats. The plasma concentrations after i.v. administration were described by a two-compartment model with distribution and terminal elimination phases of α = 1.95 h− 1 and β = 0.72 h− 1. For oral administration, peak methylone concentrations were achieved between 0.5 and 1 h and fitted to a flip-flop model. Absolute bioavailability was about 80% and the percentage of methylone protein binding was of 30%. A relationship between methylone brain levels and free plasma concentration yielded a ratio of 1.42 ± 0.06, indicating access to the central nervous system. We have identified four Phase I metabolites after oral administration. The major metabolic routes are N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation and O-methylation of a demethylenate intermediate. Discussion. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of methylone showed a correlation between plasma concentrations and enhancement of the locomotor activity. A contribution of metabolites in the activity of methylone after oral administration is suggested. Present results will be helpful to understand the time course of the effects of this drug of abuse in humans.

Mephedrone pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in rats: relation to pharmacodynamics

Rationale Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is a still poorly known drug of abuse, alternative to ecstasy or cocaine. Objective The major aims were to investigate the pharmacokineticsa and locomotor activity of mephedrone in rats and provide a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Methods Mephedrone was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats intravenously (10 mg/kg) and orally (30 and 60 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations and metabolites were characterized using LC/MS and LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Locomotor activity was monitored for 180-240 min. Results Mephedrone plasma concentrations after i.v. administration fit a two-compartment model (α=10.23 h−1, β=1.86 h−1). After oral administration, peak mephedrone concentrations were achieved between 0.5 and 1 h and declined to undetectable levels at 9 h. The absolute bioavailability of mephedrone was about 10 % and the percentage of mephedrone protein binding was 21.59±3.67%. We have identified five phase I metabolites in rat blood after oral administration. The relationship between brain levels and free plasma concentration was 1.85±0.08. Mephedrone induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity, which lasted up to 2 h. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model successfully describes the relationship between mephedrone plasma concentrations and its psychostimulant effect. Conclusions We suggest a very important first-pass effect for mephedrone after oral administration and an easy access to the central nervous system. The model described might be useful in the estimation and prediction of the onset, magnitude,and time course of mephedrone pharmacodynamics as well as to design new animal models of mephedrone addiction and toxicity.

Residues of b-lactams and quinolones in tissues and milk samples. Confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The aim of this work is to optimize and validate methods for the multiresidue determination of series of families of antibiotics as quinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins included in European regulation in food samples using LC-MS/MS. Different extraction techniques and clean-up applied to antibiotics in meat were compared. The quality parameters were established according with EU guideline. The developed method was applied to 49 positive raw milk samples from animal medicated with different antibiotics; the 63% of the analyzed samples were found to be compliant. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Antioxidant compoundsand total antioxidant activity in fruits of acerola from cv. Flor Branca, Florida Sweet and BRS 366

Information on antioxidant properties at different ontological stages may help producers and food technologists to identify which cultivar and/or maturity stage are most adequate for their need, therefore this work aimed to study the changes in the antioxidant metabolism during acerola development. Fruit from cv. Flor Branca, BRS366 and Florida Sweet were harvested at different stages: immature green colored (I), physiologically mature with green color and maximum size (II), breaker (III) and full red ripe (IV). After harvest, fruits were selected, divided into four replications with 500 g each and evaluated regarding their titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, polyphenol, anthocyanin, yellow flavonoid, total antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Anthocyanin and flavonoid were determined through LC-DAD-ESI/MS and all analysis followed a completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 design. Fruits of 'Florida Sweet' presented significantly higher soluble solids (9.46ºBrix). Vitamin C content decreased during ripening, but ripe 'BRS 366' fruits showed the greatest values (1363 mg.100 g-1) and highest TAA with 42.36 µM TEAC.g-1FW. Cyanidin 3-rhamnoside (520.76 mg.100 g-1 DM) and quercetin 3-rhamnoside (33.72 mg.100 g-1 DM) were the most abundant anthocyanin and yellow flavonoids found mainly in 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola, whose antioxidant enzymes activities were also higher. Ripe 'Florida Sweet' fruit presents a great potential for fresh consumption, meanwhile physiologically mature 'BRS 366' fruit seems the best option for the bioactive compounds processing industry. As 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola kept the highest activity levels, it could be an indicative of greater potential for postharvest conservation.

DTC-induktiomoottorikäytön soveltaminen keskitaajuusalueelle

Työssä tarkastellaan olemassa olevan suoraa vääntömomentin säätöä käyttävän taajuudenmuuttajan soveltamista keskitaajuusalueella toimiviin induktiomoottorikäyttöihin. Keskinopeusalueen sovellusten pyörimisnopeudet ovat tyypillisesti 6000…30000rpm. Tällöin invertterin lähtötaajuuden on nelinapaista moottoria ohjattaessa ulotuttava 1000Hz:iin. ABB:n ACS600 taajuudenmuuttajan nykyinen syöttötaajuus ulottuu noin 400Hz:iin ja sen keskimääräinen kytkentätaajuus on luokkaa 3kHz. Taajuudenmuuttajan keskimääräistä kytkentätaajuutta ei haluta tästä merkittävästi nostaa, koska tällöin pääteasteen mitoitusta ja rakennetta on muutettava. Tarkastelussa keskitytään täten jännitemodulointiin, joka määrittelee invertterin lähtöjännitteen käyrämuodon ja pääteasteen tehokytkimien kytkentätaajuuden. Työssä esitetään suoran käämivuon säädön periaatetta soveltava 30-kulmainen modulointimenetelmä (30-modulointi), jolla moottorin syöttövirrasta voidaan eliminoida 5. ja 7. yliharmoninen komponentti. Yliharmonisten komponenttien eliminointi mahdollistaa passiivisilla komponenteilla toteutetun alipäästösuodattimen asentamisen invertterin lähtöön, jolloin moottorissa tapahtuvat tehohäviöt saadaan pieniksi. 30-moduloinnin ohjaukseen ja säätöön esitetään menetelmät, jotka mahdollistavat sen toteuttamisen nykyiseen taajuudenmuuttajaan ohjelmallisesti ilman suuria laitteistomuutoksia. 30-moduloinnin ominaisuuksia tarkastellaan analyyttisin menetelmin ja sen toimintaa testataan esitettyjen teorioiden perusteella simuloimalla. 30-moduloinnin ohjelmallinen implementointi nykyiseen ACS600:een mahdollistaa periaatteessa noin 600Hz:n syöttötaajuuden saavuttamisen. Tällöin invertterin keskimääräinen kytkentätaajuus voidaan säätää koko pyörimisnopeusalueella alle 4kHz:n tasolle.

Influence of Gilbert's syndrome on the formation of ethyl glucuronide.

A drinking experiment with participants suffering from Gilbert's syndrome was performed to study the possible influence of this glucuronidation disorder on the formation of ethyl glucuronide (EtG). Gilbert's syndrome is a rather common and, in most cases, asymptomatic congenital metabolic aberration with a prevalence of about 5 %. It is characterized by a reduction of the enzyme activity of the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform 1A1 up to 80 %. One of the glucuronidation products is EtG, which is formed in the organism following exposure to ethanol. EtG is used as a short-term marker for ethyl alcohol consumption to prove abstinence in various settings. After 2 days of abstinence from ethanol and giving a void urine sample, 30 study participants drank 0.1 L of sparkling wine (9 g ethanol). 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after drinking, urine samples were collected. 3 hours after drinking, an additional blood sample was taken, in which liver enzyme activities, ethanol, hematological parameters, and bilirubin were measured. EtG and ethyl sulfate (EtS), another short-term marker of ethanol consumption, were determined in the urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); creatinine was measured photometrically. In all participants, EtG and EtS were detected in concentrations showing a wide range (EtG: 3 h sample 0.5-18.43 mg/L and 6 h sample 0.67-13.8 mg/L; EtS: 3 h sample 0.87-6.87 mg/L and 6 h sample 0.29-4.48 mg/L). No evidence of impaired EtG formation was found. Thus, EtG seems to be a suitable marker for ethanol consumption even in individuals with Gilbert's syndrome.

Brain metastases in gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma: insights into the role of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).

BACKGROUND: Gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas rarely metastasize to the central nervous system (CNS). The role of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in patients with these cancers and CNS involvement is presently unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicentre registry was established to collect data from patients with gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas and CNS involvement both retrospectively and prospectively. Inclusion in the study required a predefined clinical data set, a central neuro-radiological or histopathological confirmation of metastatic CNS involvement and central assessment of HER2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridisation (ISH). In addition, expression of E-cadherin and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins were assessed by IHC. RESULTS: One hundred patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The population's median age was 59 years (interquartile range: 54-68), of which 85 (85%) were male. Twenty-five patients were of Asian and 75 of Caucasian origin. HER2 status was positive in 36% (95% CI: 26.6-46.2) of cases. Median time from initial diagnosis to the development of brain metastases (BMets) or leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) was 9.9 months (95% CI: 8.5-15.0). Median overall survival from diagnosis was 16.9 months (95% CI: 14.0-20.7) and was not related to the HER2 status. E-cadherin loss was observed in 9% of cases and loss of expression in at least one DNA MMR proteins in 6%. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of a positive HER2 status in patients with gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma and CNS involvement was higher than expected. The impact of anti-HER2 therapies should be studied prospectively.

Post-mortem determination of insulin using chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay: preliminary results.

Insulin determination in blood sampled during post-mortem investigation has been repeatedly asserted as being of little diagnostic value due to the rapid occurrence of decompositional changes and blood haemolysis. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of insulin determination in post-mortem serum, vitreous humour, bile, and cerebrospinal and pericardial fluids in one case of fatal insulin self-administration and a series of 40 control cases (diabetics and non-diabetics) using a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. In the case of suicide by insulin self-administration, insulin concentrations in pericardial fluid and bile were higher than blood clinical reference values, though lower than post-mortem serum concentration. Insulin concentrations in vitreous (11.50 mU/L) and cerebrospinal fluid (17.30 mU/L) were lower than blood clinical reference values. Vitreous insulin concentrations in non-diabetic control cases were lower than the estimated detection limit of the method. These preliminary results tend to confirm the usefulness of insulin determination in vitreous humour in situations of suspected fatal insulin administration. Additional findings pertaining to insulin determination in bile, pericardial, and cerebrospinal fluid would suggest that analysis performed in post-mortem serum and injection sites could be complemented, in individual cases, by investigations carried out in alternative biological fluids. Lastly, these results would indicate that analysis with chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay may provide suitable data, similar to analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunoradiometric assay, to support the hypothesis of insulin overdose. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.