Development of an integrative approach for the characterization of ecological risk on marine transition ecosystems: the Sado Estuary as a case study

Estuaries and other transitional waters are complex ecosystems critically important as nursery and shelter areas for organisms. Also, humans depend on estuaries for multiple socio-economical activities such as urbanism, tourism, heavy industry, (taking advantage of shipping), fisheries and aquaculture, the development of which led to strong historical pressures, with emphasis on pollution. The degradation of estuarine environmental quality implies ecologic, economic and social prejudice, hence the importance of evaluating environmental quality through the identification of stressors and impacts. The Sado Estuary (SW Portugal) holds the characteristics of industrialized estuaries, which results in multiple adverse impacts. Still, it has recently been considered moderately contaminated. In fact, many studies were conducted in the past few years, albeit scattered due to the absence of true biomonitoring programmes. As such, there is a need to integrate the information, in order to obtain a holistic perspective of the area able to assist management and decision-making. As such, a geographical information system (GIS) was created based on sediment contamination and biomarker data collected from a decade-long time-series of publications. Four impacted and a reference areas were identified, characterized by distinct sediment contamination patterns related to different hot spots and diffuse sources of toxicants. The potential risk of sediment-bound toxicants was determined by contrasting the levels of pollutants with available sediment quality guidelines, followed by their integration through the Sediment Quality guideline Quotient (SQG-Q). The SQG-Q estimates per toxicant or class was then subjected to georreferencing and statistical analyses between the five distinct areas and seasons. Biomarker responses were integrated through the Biomarkers Consistency Indice and georreferenced as well through GIS. Overall, in spite of the multiple biological traits surveyed, the biomarker data (from several organisms) are accordant with sediment contamination. The most impacted areas were the shipyard area and adjacent industrial belt, followed by urban and agricultural grounds. It is evident that the estuary, although globally moderately impacted, is very heterogeneous and affected by a cocktail of contaminants, especially metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Although elements (like copper, zinc and even arsenic) may originate from the geology of the hydrographic basin of the Sado River, the majority of the remaining contaminants results from human activities. The present work revealed that the estuary should be divided into distinct biogeographic units, in order to implement effective measures to safeguard environmental quality.

Apoio à implementação do Sistema de Informação Territorial da Administração Interna e à análise de padrões espaciais

Este documento visa apresentar o trabalho de Estágio realizado na Direção Geral de Administração Interna (DGAI) como parte integrante e conclusiva do Mestrado em Gestão do Território na Área de Especialização em Deteção Remota e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, ministrado pela Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. O Estágio desenvolveu-se em duas fases. A primeira detém um caráter mais genérico e teve como objetivo prestar apoio à consolidação do Sistema de Informação Territorial da Administração Interna (SITAI), onde, entre diversas atividades desenvolvidas, a principal, e conforme exposto no presente relatório, reside na adaptação de dados do Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Censos 2011) ao território nacional após a Reorganização Administrativa do Território das Freguesias (RATF). A segunda enfoca o fenómeno da Violência Doméstica (VD) e consiste no tratamento e análise de vários tipos de dados provenientes da base de dados do Ministério da Administração Interna (MAI) relacionados com o mesmo. Não obstante esta segmentação de trabalhos, é objetivo deste Estágio a aplicação dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) envolvendo dados de realidades específicas e a produção de informação capaz de se constituir como instrumento de suporte à decisão e desenvolvimento de políticas de segurança interna pelas quais o MAI é responsável.

Relating the spatial component and users interests to improve applications based on questions, petitions and participatory processes

Nowadays, participatory processes attending the need for real democracy and transparency in governments and collectives are more needed than ever. Immediate participation through channels like social networks enable people to give their opinion and become pro-active citizens, seeking applications to interact with each other. The application described in this dissertation is a hybrid channel of communication of questions, petitions and participatory processes based on Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS), Participation Geographic Information System (PGIS) and ‘soft’ (subjective data) Geographic Information System (SoftGIS) methodologies. To achieve a new approach to an application, its entire design is focused on the spatial component related with user interests. The spatial component is treated as main feature of the system to develop all others depending on it, enabling new features never seen before in social actions (questions, petitions and participatory processes). Results prove that it is possible to develop a working application mainly using open source software, with the possibility of spatial and subject filtering, visualizing and free download of actions within application. The resulting application empowers society by releasing soft data and defines a new breaking approach, unseen so far.

Determination of the most suitable oil pipeline route using GIS least cost path analysis

The Keystone XL has a big role for transforming Canadian oil to the USA. The function of the pipeline is decreasing the dependency of the American oil industry on other countries and it will help to limit external debt. The proposed pipeline seeks the most suitable route which cannot damage agricultural and natural water recourses such as the Ogallala Aquifer. Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, the suggested path in this study got extremely high correct results that will help in the future to use the least cost analysis for similar studies. The route analysis contains different weighted overlay surfaces, each, was influenced by various criteria (slope, geology, population and land use). The resulted least cost path routes for each weighted overlay surface were compared with the original proposed pipeline and each displayed surface was more effective than the proposed Keystone XL pipeline.

O uso da Deteção Remota para a extração de Indicadores Urbanos

Nas últimas décadas o aumento da expansão das áreas urbanas conduziu a rápidas mudanças nos ambientes urbanos. Estas mudanças necessitam de uma observação e compreensão, por forma a permitir a monitorização e avaliação do processo de planeamento urbano. A utilização de dados obtidos por Deteção Remota (DR), aliada aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), surge como uma fonte de informação válida para modelar, recolher, armazenar, exibir e analisar os sistemas urbanos. Neste contexto, a informação planimétrica e altimétrica recolhida por sensores remotos pode ser explorada por forma a extrair informação acerca do uso e ocupação do solo, e apresenta-la sob a forma de indicadores para apoio à decisão. Um sistema de indicadores urbanos baseados em dados obtidos por DR constitui uma ferramenta para as cidades transmitirem os diferentes riscos urbanos bem como na promoção de medidas e estratégias para um eficiente planeamento urbano. A dissertação de mestrado proposta tem como principal objetivo a criação de um sistema de indicadores urbanos que caracterize a cidade de Lisboa ao nível das áreas verdes e do volume construído. Assim, de forma a atingir o objetivo principal é desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada em informação altimétrica e planimétrica que permite analisar as áreas verdes da cidade de Lisboa bem como o volume construído. A informação altimétrica urbana (3D) é derivada de dados cartográficos oficiais (curvas de nível que originam um Modelo Digital de Terreno) e informação recolhida por LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) (que representa o Modelo Digital de Superfície). A informação 2D é extraída de uma imagem do satélite de alta resolução Worldview-2 de 2010, com um pixel de 0,5m, do concelho de Lisboa, através de técnicas de processamento digital de imagem. A informação recolhida permite, por um lado a modelação 3D do edificado, e por outro a quantificação 2D da cobertura vegetal em meio urbano. Posteriormente, num ambiente SIG, a informação extraída é cruzada com dados censitários e dados de uso e ocupação do solo. A análise ocorre tendo por base as Subsecções Estatísticas (SSE) da cidade de Lisboa (INE, 2011) e o sistema proposto inclui assim a extração de indicadores divididos tematicamente em indicadores de área e indicadores de volume. Os resultados obtidos permitem relacionar as áreas verdes, a população e o volume construído.

Desperdício de medicamentos em ambiente hospitalar : identificação dos pontos críticos no circuito, impacto no consumo de recursos e estratégias de controlo

RESUMO - Numa época de constrangimento orçamental, os hospitais do SNS vêm-se na obrigação de melhorar a eficiência de utilização dos recursos disponíveis, por forma a contribuir para o seu equilíbrio financeiro. Cabe a cada prestador analisar a sua posição, avaliar as suas oportunidades e adoptar estratégias que a curto, médio ou longo prazo se traduzam numa efetiva melhoria na eficiência. A análise e o controlo do desperdício associado à prestação de cuidados de saúde apresentam-se, globalmente, como uma dessas oportunidades. Neste trabalho são exploradas oportunidades de redução de desperdício em medicamentos, numa perspectiva meramente operacional, a nível das funções desempenhadas pelos Serviços Farmacêuticos (SF). No hospital em estudo acompanhou-se as diferentes linhas de produção dos SF, nomeadamente as tarefas envolvidas no processo de Distribuição Individual Diária em Dose Unitária, na distribuição de medicamentos para o Serviço de Urgências (SU) e na preparação de citotóxicos e imunomoduladores para o Hospital de Dia de Oncologia. Durante o ano de 2013, os SF devolveram aos fornecedores 0,07% e abateram 0,05% da despesa em medicamentos. A análise dos erros de medicação registados reflete o tipo de distribuição adotado para a maioria dos serviços de internamento do hospital. As melhorias encontradas a este nível passam pelo reforço de recursos humanos a desempenhar as tarefas de dispensa de medicamentos mas também pela implementação de uma cultura de registo de erros e acidentes, baseada no sistema de informação, para que se consiga quantificar o desperdício associado e agir com vista à optimização do circuito. A relação entre o método de distribuição adotado para o SU e a utilização do medicamento neste serviço foi apenas investigada para os medicamentos de registo individual de administração. Foi determinado um índice de eficiência de utilização de 67,7%, entre o dispensado e o administrado. Às discrepâncias encontradas está associado um custo de 32 229,6 € para o ano de 2013. Constatou-se também que, a nível do consumo de citotóxicos e imunomoduladores houve, durante o mês de abril de 2013, um índice de desperdício médio de 14,7%, entre o prescrito e o consumido, que se traduziu num custo do desperdício mensal de 13 070,9 €. Com base no desperdício mensal estimou-se que o desperdício anual associado à manipulação de citotóxicos e imunomoduladores deverá corresponder a 5,5% da despesa anual do serviço com estes medicamentos. Não obstante as limitações encontradas durantes o trabalho, e parte do desperdício apurado ser inevitável, demonstrou-se que o desperdício em medicamentos pode traduzir-se numa fatia não negligenciável mas controlável da despesa do hospital em estudo. No seguimento do seu conhecimento, a sua contenção pode ter um impacto na redução de despesa a curto-médio prazo, sem a necessidade de racionamento da utilização de medicamentos e sem alterar os padrões de qualidade assistencial exigidos pela tutela e pelos doentes. Por último, são apresentadas recomendações para a redução do desperdício em medicamentos, adequadas a cada uma das dimensões analisadas.

Framework for the semantic alignment of enterprise’s domain knowledge

Nowadays, the consumption of goods and services on the Internet are increasing in a constant motion. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) mostly from the traditional industry sectors are usually make business in weak and fragile market sectors, where customized products and services prevail. To survive and compete in the actual markets they have to readjust their business strategies by creating new manufacturing processes and establishing new business networks through new technological approaches. In order to compete with big enterprises, these partnerships aim the sharing of resources, knowledge and strategies to boost the sector’s business consolidation through the creation of dynamic manufacturing networks. To facilitate such demand, it is proposed the development of a centralized information system, which allows enterprises to select and create dynamic manufacturing networks that would have the capability to monitor all the manufacturing process, including the assembly, packaging and distribution phases. Even the networking partners that come from the same area have multi and heterogeneous representations of the same knowledge, denoting their own view of the domain. Thus, different conceptual, semantic, and consequently, diverse lexically knowledge representations may occur in the network, causing non-transparent sharing of information and interoperability inconsistencies. The creation of a framework supported by a tool that in a flexible way would enable the identification, classification and resolution of such semantic heterogeneities is required. This tool will support the network in the semantic mapping establishments, to facilitate the various enterprises information systems integration.

Chagas disease in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil: analysis of admissions and mortality time series

INTRODUCTION: A time series study of admissions, deaths and acute cases was conducted in order to evaluate the context of Chagas disease in Pernambuco. METHODS: Data reported to the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian National Health Service between 1980 and 2008 was collected for regions and Federal Units of Brazil; and microregions and municipalities of Pernambuco. Rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) of hospitalization, mortality and acute cases were calculated using a national hospital database (SIH), a national mortality database (SIM) and the national Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), respectively. RESULTS: The national average for Chagas disease admissions was 0.99 from 1995 to 2008. Pernambuco obtained a mean of 0.39 in the same period, with the highest rates being concentrated in the interior of the state. The state obtained a mean mortality rate of 1.56 between 1980 and 2007, which was lower than the national average (3.66). The mortality rate has tended to decline nationally, while it has remained relatively unchanged in Pernambuco. Interpolating national rates of admissions and deaths, mortality rates were higher than hospitalization rates between 1995 and 2007. The same occurred in Pernambuco, except for 2003. Between 2001 and 2006, rates for acute cases were 0.56 and 0.21 for Brazil and Pernambuco, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although a decrease in Chagas mortality has occurred in Brazil, the disease remains a serious public health problem, especially in the Northeast region. It is thus essential that medical care, prevention and control regarding Chagas disease be maintained and improved.

Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2007 and 2009

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an expanding zoonosis in Brazil and is becoming urbanized in several Brazilian regions. This study aims to describe the epidemiological features of human and canine VL in the municipality of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, by focusing on their spatial distribution. METHODS: Data concerning human cases and reactive dogs for VL from 2007 to 2009 were obtained from the Information System for Disease Notification (SINAN) and from reports of the local Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), respectively. The addresses of human and canine cases have been georeferenced and localized in thematic maps, allowing their spatial visualization as well as the identification of areas at risk of VL transmission. RESULTS: Ninety-five cases of human VL were reported in the period. The 0-9-year-old age group (48.4%) was the most affected, within which the majority consisted of male patients (64%). Of the samples collected for the canine serological survey, 2,919 (6.3%) were reactive to VL. The spatial localization of these cases shows that the disease was scattered in the urban area of the municipality. Areas showing a higher dissemination risk were concentrated in the central, northwestern, and southern regions of the city. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the areas most at risk in urban Montes Claros may help guide actions toward local epidemiological vigilance and control.

Produção e facilitação da visualização on-line de uma carta de desporto de natureza

Os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica detêm um papel de crescente importância para a tomada de decisão ao nível do ordenamento do território, conforme o que a própria legislação evidencia. Existe uma carência de uniformização da informação para que possa existir um cruzamento eficiente e uma disponibilização mais facilitada à população e às diversas entidades. As instituições públicas, como é o caso do Instituto de Conservação e Florestas (ICNF I.P.), reconhecem esta necessidade, pelo que se propôs uma série de tarefas, para a concretização deste estágio, no sentido de a colmatar. Este instituto detém um papel de especial relevo na conservação do património natural assim como no ordenamento das áreas protegidas para que se possa usufruir das mesmas, sob um ponto de vista cada vez mais ecológico e promotor de desenvolvimento sustentável. A elaboração de um instrumento de gestão territorial, como se pode classificar a Carta de Desporto de Natureza (CDN), acarreta grande responsabilidade e exige um forte empenho, não apenas no envolvimento da população e das entidades que dele fruirão, mas no cumprimento da legislação existente quer para as atividades quer para o próprio território, no sentido da sua proteção, preservação e promoção de usos adequados. Neste trabalho procurou-se cumprir todas estas disposições sempre com o objetivo de, ao se construir normas de uniformização e ao se elaborar um exemplo de CDN para um território com tanto valor como é a Reserva Natural do Estuário do Tejo, tornar acessível a informação sobre esta área protegida. A intensão é também promover a motivação para a prática de um desporto natureza, saudável e em equilíbrio com o ambiente. O desafio não se ficou por aqui, havendo também a procura de utilização de Free Open Source Software, para que o processo de utilização e disponibilização informação SIG seja cada vez mais acessível e direta.

Epidemiological aspects of dengue in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The dengue fever remains to be a disease of serious public health concern, and its incidence has increased in the past decades. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological incidence of dengue in the period 2001-2010. METHODS: This is an epidemiological study of dengue in the municipality of Aracaju, state of Sergipe, in the period between 2001 and 2010, whose data were obtained from the Information System of Diseases Notifications. A descriptive analysis of the number of confirmed cases of dengue, according to year, semester, sanitary district, age, and sex, was performed. RESULTS: There were 16,462 confirmed cases, especially in 2008, which obtained the highest incidence of the disease, with 10,485 confirmed cases. The first semester obtained the highest registration of cases during the years of research; this was predominated by females between 15 and 49 years old. With regard to the territorial distribution, the second district of the municipality obtained the highest number of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In 2008, in the City of Aracaju, SE, a significant increase in the proportion of dengue cases compared with other years was verified. However, a fast decline in the other years was observed, possibly because of the intensification of preventive actions to combat the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus.

Epidemiological profile of meningococcal disease in the State of Minas Gerais and in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions, Brazil, during 2000-2009

INTRODUCTION: Infection by Neisseria meningitidis, termed as meningococcal disease, can cause meningococcal meningitis and septicemia with or without meningitis. Meningococcal disease is endemic in Brazil and has a high potential to cause large-scale epidemics; therefore, it requires the immediate notification of cases to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) in Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe an epidemiological profile using data from notified and confirmed cases in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from January 2000 to December 2009, obtained from the investigation records of individuals with meningitis registered with SINAN. METHODS: This was a retrospective, population-based study. Descriptive analysis of the data was made using the simple and relative frequencies of the categorical variables in the investigation records. RESULTS: There were 1,688 confirmed patients in Minas Gerais of which 45.5% lived in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions. The highest frequencies of cases were in the 1-4-years age group (26.3%), males (54.7%), caucasian (36.4%), and lived in an urban area (80%). In the patients with specified education, 650 (60.9%) patients had secondary education. Serogrouping of meningococci had been performed in 500 (29.6%) patients by age and gender; 285 (57%) belonged to serogroup C, 67 (13.4%) were in the 1-to 4-years age group, and 168 (33.6%) were male. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profiles of patients in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions were not significantly different from the profile of patients in Minas Gerais.

Biological, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors associated with death from AIDS in Brasília, Brazil, in 2007

INTRODUCTION: In the jurisdiction of Brasília, Brazil, significant reductions in mortality rates and lethality resulting from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were observed shortly after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In recent years, however, the decline of these rates has not been as significant. Non-adherence to treatment and delayed diagnosis appear to be the main factors that increase the risk of death from AIDS. Behavioral, socioeconomic, and biological factors could also be associated with increased risk of death due to AIDS. This study aimed to identify which of these factors were associated with deaths from AIDS in Brasília. METHODS: A case-control study was undertaken using the data recorded in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases. Cases consisted of AIDS deaths occurring in 2007, residing in Brasília, and over 12 years of age. Controls consisted of AIDS patients who did not die until December 31 2007, also residing in Brasília, and over 12 years of age. For each group, frequency and proportion tables for the variables were prepared. The statistical association of each factor in isolation with the occurrence of the deaths was verified through a model of multivariate analysis using logistic regression. RESULTS: The factors that were associated with an increased risk of death were intravenous drug use, age 50 years or more, and residing in a region whose residents have low per capita income. CONCLUSIONS: We identified factors associated with death due to AIDS that can guide health planning.

Process virtualization theory (PVT) and institutional theory (INT) to explain SAAS adoption

Software as a service (SaaS) is a service model in which the applications are accessible from various client devices through internet. Several studies report possible factors driving the adoption of SaaS but none have considered the perception of the SaaS features and the pressures existing in the organization’s environment. We propose an integrated research model that combines the process virtualization theory (PVT) and the institutional theory (INT). PVT seeks to explain whether SaaS processes are suitable for migration into virtual environments via an information technology-based mechanism. INT seeks to explain the effects of the institutionalized environment on the structure and actions of the organization. The research makes three contributions. First, it addresses a gap in the SaaS adoption literature by studying the internal perception of the technical features of SaaS and external coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures faced by an organization. Second, it empirically tests many of the propositions of PVT and INT in the SaaS context, thereby helping to determine how the theory operates in practice. Third, the integration of PVT and INT contributes to the information system (IS) discipline, deepening the applicability and strengths of these theories.

Multiple causes of death related to Chagas' disease in Brazil, 1999 to 2007

INTRODUCTION: Chagas' disease is a major public health problem in Brazil and needs extensive and reliable information to support consistent prevention and control actions. This study describes the most common causes of death associated with deaths related to Chagas' disease (underlying or associated cause of death). METHODS: Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health (approximately 9 million deaths). We analyzed all deaths that occurred in Brazil between 1999 and 2007, where Chagas' disease was mentioned on the death certificate as underlying or associated cause (multiple causes of death). RESULTS: There was a total of 53,930 deaths related to Chagas' disease, 44,543 (82.6%) as underlying cause and 9,387 (17.4%) as associated cause. The main diseases and conditions associated with death by Chagas' disease as underlying cause included direct complications of cardiac involvement, such as conduction disorders/arrhythmias (41.4%) and heart failure (37.7%). Cerebrovascular disease (13.2%), ischemic heart disease (13.2%) and hypertensive diseases (9.3%) were the main underlying causes of deaths in which Chagas' disease was identified as an associated cause. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular diseases were often associated with deaths related to Chagas' disease. Information from multiple causes of death recorded on death certificates allows reconstruction of the natural history of Chagas' disease and suggests preventive and therapeutic potential measures more adequate and specifics.