Relaunching the European Retail Finance Market: Comments on the Commission's Green Paper. ECRI Commentary No. 20, 15 December 2015

The European Commission’s Green Paper on retail financial services, published on December 10th, provides valuable insights into the possible benefits of a single market, as well as the obstacles to its development and the possible remedies. While a greater diversity of products within countries could have a positive impact on both consumers and providers, it is also important to highlight that it could contribute to more effective macroeconomic policies at European level. The development of such a single market for Europe where consumers can confidently purchase more profitable financial products abroad necessitates the establishment of a European body along the lines of the US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), or at least the establishment of closer European supervisory cooperation and enforcement. A framework for the digitalisation of financial services should not only focus on mitigating specific types of risk, such as cyber insecurity, lack of privacy and financial exclusion, but it should also continue to maintain a “space of creation” for innovative financial firms.

The Extensive (but Fragile) Authority of the WTO Appellate Body

The authority of an international court (IC) is not necessarily evolutionary and its development unidirectional. This article addresses the authority of the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and shows how it rapidly and almost immediately became extensive, but has since exhibited signs of becoming more fragile. The article applies a typology of IC authority developed by Alter, Helfer and Madsen (2014) and explains the transformation from narrow authority (a dispute resolution venue under the GATT based on political negotiations) to extensive authority (a judicialized WTO dispute settlement system with a sophisticated case law) and presents empirical indicators of the rise of the AB’s authority. Such rapid development of extensive authority is arguably a unique case in international politics at the multilateral level. That authority nonetheless remains fragile, and shows signs that it could decline significantly for reasons we explain.

The U.S. trade finance agencies : a special report by the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee.

"Export-Import Bank of the United States, The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) are small, highly specialized government agencies which ensure that U.S. firms have access to trade and investment finance."--P.1.

Housing finance institutions abroad : a directory.

"HUD-548-1A"--P. [4] of cover.

Farms are growing larger : some relationships to individual farm planning, community development, national farm policies /

Cover title.

The oat plant : its histology and development /

Bibliography: p. 111-112.

The economic development of post-war France;

Bibliography: p. 599-610.

Atlas of Illinois Resources.

Succeeds Illinois resources, published in 1944 by the Illinois Post-War Planning Commission.

Technical development report /

Some nos. are reprints from other publications.

Development of a systems risk methodology for single and multi-modal transportation systems. Final report.

Transportation Department, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, D.C.

The development of a classification scheme for brake linings. Volume I. Summary report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

The development of a classification scheme for brake linings. Volume II. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Maglev demonstration, design and development plan /

"August 1994."

Mass transit management: a handbook for small cities. Part 1: goals, support and finance. Third edition.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

Mass transit grants: UMTA needs to improve procurement monitoring at local transit authority.

Mode of access: Internet.