Energy resources management in three distinct time horizons considering a large variation in wind power

The intensive use of distributed generation based on renewable resources increases the complexity of power systems management, particularly the short-term scheduling. Demand response, storage units and electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles also pose new challenges to the short-term scheduling. However, these distributed energy resources can contribute significantly to turn the shortterm scheduling more efficient and effective improving the power system reliability. This paper proposes a short-term scheduling methodology based on two distinct time horizons: hour-ahead scheduling, and real-time scheduling considering the point of view of one aggregator agent. In each scheduling process, it is necessary to update the generation and consumption operation, and the storage and electric vehicles status. Besides the new operation condition, more accurate forecast values of wind generation and consumption are available, for the resulting of short-term and very short-term methods. In this paper, the aggregator has the main goal of maximizing his profits while, fulfilling the established contracts with the aggregated and external players.

Decision support tool for Virtual Power Players: Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization applied to Day-ahead Vehicle-To-Grid Scheduling

This paper presents a decision support tool methodology to help virtual power players (VPPs) in the Smart Grid (SGs) context to solve the day-ahead energy resource scheduling considering the intensive use of Distributed Generation (DG) and Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G). The main focus is the application of a new hybrid method combing a particle swarm approach and a deterministic technique based on mixedinteger linear programming (MILP) to solve the day-ahead scheduling minimizing total operation costs from the aggregator point of view. A realistic mathematical formulation, considering the electric network constraints and V2G charging and discharging efficiencies is presented. Full AC power flow calculation is included in the hybrid method to allow taking into account the network constraints. A case study with a 33-bus distribution network and 1800 V2G resources is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.

Status of Non-Technical Losses of Electricity in Brazil

The electricity demand in Brazil has been growing. Some studies estimate that through 2035 the energy consumption (the power consumption) should increase 78%. Two distinct actions are necessary to meet this growth: the construction of new generating plants and to reduce electrical losses in the country. As the construction of power plants have a high price, coupled with the growth of (current) environmental concern, electric utilities are investing in reducing losses, both technical and non-technical. In this context, this paper aims to present an overview of nontechnical losses in Brazil and to raise a discussion on the reasons that contribute to energy fraud.

Distributed Energy Resources Management using Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles as a Fuel-Shifting Demand Response Resource

In the smart grids context, distributed energy resources management plays an important role in the power systems’ operation. Battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles should be important resources in the future distribution networks operation. Therefore, it is important to develop adequate methodologies to schedule the electric vehicles’ charge and discharge processes, avoiding network congestions and providing ancillary services. This paper proposes the participation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in fuel shifting demand response programs. Two services are proposed, namely the fuel shifting and the fuel discharging. The fuel shifting program consists in replacing the electric energy by fossil fuels in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles daily trips, and the fuel discharge program consists in use of their internal combustion engine to generate electricity injecting into the network. These programs are included in an energy resources management algorithm which integrates the management of other resources. The paper presents a case study considering a 37-bus distribution network with 25 distributed generators, 1908 consumers, and 2430 plug-in vehicles. Two scenarios are tested, namely a scenario with high photovoltaic generation, and a scenario without photovoltaic generation. A sensitivity analyses is performed in order to evaluate when each energy resource is required.

IL-2 AND IFN-g, BUT NOT IL-4 SECRETION BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) ARE RELATED TO CD4+ T CELLS AND CLINICAL STATUS IN BRAZILIAN HIV-1-INFECTED SUBJECTS

It has been reported that production of IL-2 and IFN-g, known as T-helper type 1 cytokines, by peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) decreases with progression of HIV infection. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 production, Th2 cytokine profile, increases with HIV disease progression. PBMC were evaluated from 55 HIV-infected subjects from Divisão de Imunologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, to "in vitro" cytokines production after 24 hours of stimulation with PHA. Low levels of IL-4 production in both HIV- infected patients and normal subjects, were detected. The patients with CD4+ T cell counts <200 showed a significant decrease of IL-2 and IFN-g production compared to controls. Patients with higher counts of CD4+ T cells (either between 200-500 or >500 cells/mm3) also showed decreased production of IL-2 that was not statistically significant. There was a correlation between IL-2 and IFN-g release with CD4+ T cells counts. HIV-1-infected individuals with CD4+ T cells >500 cells/mm3 showed increased levels of IL-2 and IFN-g, than individuals with CD4+ T cells <500 cells/mm3. In conclusion, we observed a decline of IL-2 and IFN-g production at advanced HIV disease. IL-4 production was not affected during HIV infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that the cytokine profile might be influenced by the HIV infection rather than the cause of disease progression.

UMA ABORDAGEM YEAST TWO-HYBRID PARA O ESTUDO DA REPLICAÇÃO E PATOGÉNESE DO VÍRUS DA HEPATITE DELTA

O vírus da hepatite delta (HDV) é o agente etiológico de uma das formas mais graves de hepatite viral e é ainda endémico em diversas regiões do globo, nomeadamente em África, na Amazónia e no Extremo Oriente. O HDV co-infecta ou super-infecta hepatócitos infectados com o vírus da hepatite B (HBV) aumentando em cerca de 10 vezes o risco de cirrose e hepatite fulminante. A associação clínica entre os dois vírus deve-se ao facto do invólucro do HDV ser constituído pelos antigénios de superfície do HBV (HBsAgs) que são necessários para a propagação da infecção. O genoma do HDV é constituído por uma molécula de RNA de cadeia simples, circular, com cerca de 1.7 Kb, que possui cerca de 70% de emparelhamento interno. Foi identificada uma única grelha de leitura aberta (ORF) no RNA viral que codifica para o antigénio delta (HDAg). A ocorrência de um mecanismo de editing do RNA, resulta na expressão de duas formas do HDAg, a pequena (S-HDAg) e a grande (L-HDAg). Várias funções essenciais para a replicação do HDV têm sido atribuídas a ambas as formas do HDAg, sendo a S-HDAg essencial para a acumulação de RNA viral e a L-HDAg responsável pela interacção com os HBsAgs para formar partículas virais. No entanto, dada a simplicidade dos seus componentes, admite-se que a replicação viral depende das interacções estabelecidas entre os HDAgs e factores celulares do hospedeiro. Apesar do número considerável de factores celulares descritos como interactores dos HDAgs ou RNA virais, a importância de muitas destas interacções não foi elucidada e muitas etapas do ciclo de replicação do HDV permanecem pouco claras. Para além disso, dado o número limitado de factores do hospedeiro que estão envolvidos na sua replicação, é muito provável que um número elevado de interactores do HDV permaneça por identificar. Este trabalho teve como objectivo a identificação de proteínas de fígado humano capazes de interagir com os HDAgs, utilizando o sistema yeast Two-Hybrid (YTH). Identificaram-se trinta proteínas com capacidade de interagir com a S-HDAg no sistema YTH, sendo que estas proteínas se encontram envolvidas em diferentes processos celulares. Com base nas características funcionais, foram seleccionadas três destas proteínas e as suas interacções com a S-HDAg foram investigadas com maior detalhe. As três proteínas seleccionadas foram a ribonucleoproteína nuclear heterogénea C (hnRNPC), a embryonic lethal abnormal vision like1 (ELAVL1/HuR) e a proteína 2 de ligação a EBNA1 (EBP2). As duas primeiras são proteínas de ligação a RNA, previamente descritas como envolvidas em processos de replicações de outros vírus com genoma RNA, enquanto a EBP2, é uma proteína de localização preferencialmente nucleolar, tal como por vezes acontece com os HDAgs. As interacções foram analisadas recorrendo a vários ensaios bioquímicos. No caso da hnRNPC e da HuR, após validação no sistema YTH, a capacidade de interacção com a S-HDAg foi confirmada quer in vitro por blot overlay quer in vivo por co-imunoprecipitação em células de hepatoma humano. Nas mesmas células, observou-se uma co-localização considerável entre os HDAgs e os RNAs virais. Finalmente, de modo a investigar a contribuição das proteínas hnRNPC e HuR na replicação do HDV, procedeu-se ao silenciamento destas proteínas pela utilização de short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) específicos para os mRNAs correspondentes Observou-se que o silenciamento de ambas as proteínas hnRNPC e HuR endógenas, individualmente resultou numa diminuição acentuada nos níveis de expressão dos HDAgs. No que respeita à EBP2, a interacção com a S-HDAg foi confirmada em condições in vitro com recurso a ensaios de blot overlay e de cromatografia de afinidade. A análise por imunofluorescência indirecta e microscopia confocal revelou co-localização elevada entre os HDAgs e a EBP2, principalmente nos nucléolos de células de hepatoma humano. Finalmente, foi ainda utilizado o sistema YTH para estudar os mecanismos de importação dos HDAgs. Assim, este sistema foi utilizado com o propósito de identificar proteínas celulares capazes de interagir com um domínio específico dos HDAgs, o sinal de localização nuclear (NLS). Na pesquisa YTH realizada obtiveram-se 161 clones positivos, sendo que um deles mostrou codificar para a carioferina α4 (KPNA4). A interacção da KPNA4 com a S-HDAg foi reproduzida em condições in vitro através de um ensaio de cromatografia de afinidade tendo sido utilizadas formas recombinantes das duas proteínas. Este trabalho permitiu identificar várias proteínas celulares que interagem com a S-HDAg. Obtiveram-se evidências sugestivas de que algumas das proteínas identificadas podem desempenhar funções importantes no ciclo de replicação do HDV e que abrem novas perspectivas para o estudo do ciclo de replicação do vírus.

Hybrid systems biology: application to Escherichia coli

Dissertation presented to obtain a Master degree in Biotechnology

Nutritional status in relation to the efficacy of the rhesus-human reassortant, tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) in infants from Belém, Pará State, Brazil

The rhesus-human reassortant, tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) was licensed for routine use in the United States of America but it was recently withdrawn from the market because of its possible association with intussusception as an adverse event. The protective efficacy of 3 doses of RRV-TV, in its lower-titer (4 x 10(4) pfu/dose) formulation, was evaluated according to the nutritional status of infants who participated in a phase III trial in Belém, Northern Brazil. A moderate protection conferred by RRV-TV was related to weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) greater than -1 only, with rates of 38% (p = 0.04) and 40% (p = 0.04) for all- and- pure rotavirus diarrhoeal cases, respectively. In addition, there was a trend for greater efficacy (43%, p = 0.05) among infants reaching an height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) of > -1. Taking WAZ, HAZ and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) indices <= -1 together, there was no significant protection (p > 0.05) if both placebo and vaccine groups are compared. There was no significant difference if rates of mixed and pure rotavirus diarrhoeal cases are compared in relation to HAZ, WAZ and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) indices. Although a low number of malnourished infants could be identified in the present study, our data show some evidence that malnutrition may interfere with the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries.

Reflections on the legal framework for relations between cooperatives and subsidiaries.

In the light of Portuguese legal system, cooperative enterprises may include an enterprise carried out by a subsidiary, provided they conform to certain requirements. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the issue of the legal framework of the relationship between the cooperative and the subsidiary. There are several problems to be addressed in this paper: (i) How to qualify such a relationship since corresponding to mere investments made by the cooperative? Should it be classified as non-member cooperative transactions or as extraordinary activities? (ii) How to qualify such a relationship when related to the development of preparatory or complementary activities for the economic activity developed between the cooperative and its members? May we speak, in this situation, of a concept of “indirect mutuality”, as provided in other legal systems? (iii) How should we classify and what is the regime of the economic results from the activity developed by the subsidiary? We will conclude, advocating: (i) That the cooperative enterprise may include an enterprise carried out by a subsidiary if this is deemed necessary to satisfy the interests of the members; (ii) The inadmissibility of the concept of “indirect mutuality”; (iii) The inadequacy of qualifying the legal relationship between the cooperative partner (iv) The application, to the economic results coming from the activity developed by the subsidiary, of the regime provided for in the Portuguese Cooperative Code to the results from non-member cooperative transactions; (v) The economic results coming from the activity developed by the subsidiary cannot be appropriated by individual co-operators members, and so should be allocated to indivisible reserves.

A reserva legal nas cooperativas: um estudo de caso de uma cooperativa centenária portuense

O objetivo da presente comunicação consiste em refletir sobre as principais diferenças entre o tratamento jurídico e contabilístico da reserva legal nas cooperativas e nas sociedades comerciais. Assim, partindo de uma análise crítica do regime previsto no Código Cooperativo Português, e tendo por referência os documentos contabilísticos da Cooperativa dos Pedreiros, esta comunicação procura responder a questões pertinentes no que concerne à constituição e utilização da reserva legal e à sua finalidade quer durante a vida das cooperativas quer no momento da dissolução e liquidação do seu património. Os resultados do estudo confirmam que a reserva legal nas cooperativas tem um regime jurídico diferente face ao das sociedades comerciais, nomeadamente quanto ao destino da reserva legal, que nas cooperativas se circunscreve à cobertura de perdas, bem como a sua irrepartibilidade. Tendo em conta o caráter variável do capital social cooperativo, a reserva legal apresentase como o recurso financeiro de melhor qualidade nas cooperativas. Impõe-se, no entanto, uma alteração ao normativo jurídico português aplicável às cooperativas quanto a aspetos particulares do regime jurídico das cooperativas, destacando-se a necessidade do estabelecimento de uma hierarquia entre as diferentes reservas, no sentido de que, para efeitos de cobertura de prejuízos, a reserva legal só seja movimentada depois de esgotadas as outras reservas.

Design of the ISePorto robocup Middle-Size League Robotic Soccer Team: Control, Localisation and Coordination

Proceedings of the 10th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation - MED2002 Lisbon, Portugal, July 9-12, 2002

Control and Localisation for the ISePorto Robotic Soccer Team

International Conference on Advanced Robotics, Coimbra, Portugal, Julho 2003

Hybrid Maneuver for Gradient Search with Multiple Coordinated AUVs

This work presents a hybrid maneuver for gradient search with multiple AUV's. The mission consists in following a gradient field in order to locate the source of a hydrothermal vent or underwater freshwater source. The formation gradient search exploits the environment structuring by the phenomena to be studied. The ingredients for coordination are the payload data collected by each vehicle and their knowledge of the behaviour of other vehicles and detected formation distortions.

Life Cycle Assessment of the Hybrid Vehicle – Toyota Prius

Die Luftverschmutzung, die globale Erwärmung sowie die Verknappung der endlichen Ressourcen sind die größten Bedenken der vergangenen Jahrzehnte. Die Nachfrage nach jeglicher Mobilität steigt rapide. Dementsprechend bemüht ist die Automobilindustrie Lösungen für Mobilität unter dem Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit und dem Umweltschutz anzubieten. Die Elektrifizierung hat sich hierbei als der beste Weg herausgestellt, um die Umweltprobleme sowie die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen zu lösen. Diese Arbeit soll einen Einblick über die Umweltauswirkungen des Hybridfahrzeuges Toyota Prius geben. Hierbei findet eine Gliederung in vier verschiedene Lebensphasen statt. Im Anschluss bietet die Sachbilanz die Möglichkeit die Umweltauswirkungen mit verschiedenen Antriebsmöglichkeiten und Brennstoffen zu vergleichen. Das Modell hat gezeigt, dass der Toyota Prius während der Nutzung einen hohen Einfluss auf das Treibhauspotenzial aufweist. Durch die Nutzung anderer Brennstoffe, wie beispielsweise Ethanol oder Methanol lassen sich die Auswirkungen am Treibhauspotenzial sowie der Verbrauch an abiotischen Ressourcen reduzieren. Vergleicht man die Elektromobilität mit der konventionellen, so ist festzustellen, dass diese Art der Mobilität die derzeit beste Möglichkeit zur Reduzierung der Umweltbelastungen bietet. Die Auswirkungen der Elektromobilität sind im hohen Maße abhängig von der Art des verwendeten Strommixes.

On the unknown ecological niche of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: our hypothesis of 1989: present status and perspectives

In 1989, CONTI DÍAZ & RILLA published a hypothesis concerning the as yet unknown ecological niche of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The hypothesis proposed a highly efficient paracoccidioidal ecological strategy based on an important natural reservoir of the parasite, probably in heterothermic animals from fresh water environments. Further, the hypothesis proposed, a transient and variable residence in the soil with a wide aleuriospore dispersion throughout the environment together with an elevated capability of infecting humans, and domestic and wild animals. This paper analyzes scientific publications from the IX International Meeting on Paracoccidioidomycosis held in Águas de Lindoia, São Paulo, Brazil from 2-5 October 2005, providing a comparative study among this articles and with other recently published papers and the hypothesis' postulates. Since various findings and observations appear to agree with the postulates, the pursuit of novel, specific research projects in the supposed reservoirs is recommended partially or fully to confirm the hypothesis using classical laboratorial methods and modern molecular biology techniques.