Pseudo-outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) in a tertiary-care hospital

The objective of this study was to describe a pseudo-outbreak of C. difficile in a hospital, following a change in the method used to detect the toxin. In February 2002, there were two cases of CDAD and in March 7 occurred, coinciding with a change of the test (from detection of toxin A to toxin A/B). An outbreak was suspected. Active surveillance and education of staff were started. A CDAD case was defined as a patient with acute onset of diarrhea (³ three episodes of liquid stools) and a positive stool test. They were classified as hospital or community-acquired. Stool samples were also collected for C. difficile culture and isolates were typed using AP-PCR. From March 2002 through December 2003 there were 138 cases of CDAD: 70% were hospital-acquired and among the 30% with CDAD present on admission, most (81%) came directly from the community (50% had no history of hospitalization). Fifty-two percent of hospital-acquired CDAD and 94% of cases on admission had already used antibiotics. The incidence of CDAD in hospitalized patients during surveillance was 3.3 per 1000 patient-admissions. The incidence of CDAD present on admission was 6.1/1000 patients. Sixteen isolates were typed and presented 13 different profiles. In conclusion, the CDAD increase in our study occurred due to change in diagnostic methods and not due to an outbreak, as suspected initially. The incidence in hospitalized patients was much lower than in reported outbreaks. There were 13 molecular types suggesting that an outbreak did not occur. CDAD was largely community-acquired.

Attitudes towards mentally ill in professionals working in Ndera neuropsychiatric hospital in Rwanda

ABSTRACT: This quantitative study investigated the attitudes toward the mentally ill in professionals working in Ndera neuropsychiatric hospital. The research questions explored were centered on the attitudes of directly involved and supportive professionals toward mentally ill clients and also on the difference between the attitudes of directly involved and supportive professionals toward mentally ill clients and demographic variables. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in attitude between direct care providers and supportive professionals toward the mentally ill clients. The Community Attitudes towards Mentally Ill (CAMI) scale (Dear & Taylor, 1982; Taylor, Dear & Hall, 1979; Taylor & Dear, 1981) was used. A total of 72 members of the staff, including 55 directly involved staff and 17 supportive staff members, participated in the survey. A summary interpretation of the main findings in this thesis reinforces the assumption that negative attitudes towards people with mental illness received in Ndera neuropsychiatric hospital are in existence, even though the majority have favorable attitudes towards the mentally ill. This suggests that persons with mental illness may encounter stigmatizing attitudes from mental health professionals. This study represents one of the first to explore professionals’ attitudes towards the mentally ill. It is hoped that this work will highlight the need to explore the influence of attitudes in the delivery of high quality healthcare. The provider–patient relationship is at the heart of effective treatment and the detrimental impact of prejudicial judgments on this relationship should not be ignored. This study also demonstrates that professionals with different roles report different attitudes and this suggest that they would behave differently towards patients with mental illness. The directly involved professionals have been found to have more positive attitudes than the supportive professional and this seems to show that as individuals improve their ability to interact with persons with mental illness, they become more tolerant. The present study demonstrates that the sociodemographic variables tested have no impact on the attitudes of the professionals working in Ndera neuropsychiatric hospital. The extent of mental health training (as part of general health training) and duration of experience of working in mental health settings did not influence attitudes. Finally, this study demonstrates that there is no correlation between the attitudes towards mentally ill patients and their inclusion in the process of decision-making.

Epidemiological investigation of an acute case of Chagas disease in an area of active transmission in Peruvian Amazon region

The study objective was to investigate an acute case of Chagas disease in the San Pedro de Shishita community, Pebas District, in the Peruvian Amazon basin, a non-endemic area. Both parents of the index case (acute case) were thoroughly interviewed, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the community, parasitological exams were carried out only in relatives of the index case, and triatomine bugs were searched for inside houses, peridomiciliary, and in wild environments. Seroprevalence for IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies was 1/104 (0.96%), using an ELISA test and an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes adults were found. The index case is autochthonous from San Pedro de Shishita, but the source of transmission is unknown.

Vigilância Epidemiológica da Infecção. Resultados de Inquéritos de Prevalência num Hospital Pediátrico

Introdução: Os Inquéritos de prevalência são estudos transversais que medem o número de doentes com infecção um determinado dia. Enquadramento: foram realizados dois inquéritos de prevalência em Portugal em anos sequenciais – 2009 e 2010. O hospital de Dona Estefânia participou em ambos. O objectivo deste estudo foi mostrar os resultados obtidos num hospital pediátrico e compará-los com resultados nacionais e do CHLC. População: Para efeitos do estudo foram excluídas grávidas e puérperas e mulheres internadas em enfermaria de ginecologia e as crianças transferidas de outros hospitais para tratarem infecções adquiridas nesses hospitais. Foram incluídos no estudo 121 doentes no primeiro ano e 126 no segundo. Resultados: A percentagem de RN foi semelhante nos dois anos (19% e 20,6%) assim como a de lactentes (24,8% e 27,8%). A taxa de infecção hospitalar foi de 11,6% em 2009 e 4,8% em 2010. A grande prematuridade (IG<28s) e o muito baixo peso (PN<1500g) como risco intrínseco e a punção venosa periférica e a cirurgia como risco extrínseco sobressaíram como os mais importantes nos dois anos. No que respeita a exposição a dispositivos invasivos, procedimentos e intervenções sobressaíram a NPT, a ventilação mecânica e os CVC. A infecção da corrente sanguínea e a pneumonia foram as localizações mais frequentes da infecção. Em 2009 houve 14,2% de infecções de órgão/espaço e 7,1% de infecção incisional/superficial em doentes operados mas em 2010 não foram registadas infecções em doentes cirúrgicos. A infecção hospitalar foi mais prevalente em unidades de cuidados intensivos, enfermaria de urologia e de queimados. Foram isolados 10 agentes infecciosos - Candida, Klebsiella, Staph aureus, E. coli e rotavirus. Os antimicrobianos mais utilizados foram cefotaxime, gentamicina, ampicilina/amoxicilina e metronidazol. Comparando com dados nacionais e do CHLC verifica-se que a percentagem de doentes com infecção hospitalar em 2010 foi superior na população pediátrica nacional excluindo o HDE e que nos dois anos foi muito superior nos adultos, sobretudo nos do Centro Hospitalar, a localização da infecção foi diferente assim como os agentes isolados e os antimicrobianos utilizados podendo concluir-se que um hospital pediátrico continua a ser uma ilha no panorama da infecção hospitalar.

Insuficiência Renal Crónica – Casuística de 16 Anos (1986-2001) da Unidade de Nefrologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia

Entre Janeiro 1986 e Dezembro de 2001 foram seguidos na nossa Unidade 100 doentes com Insuficiência Renal Crónica com idade igual ou inferior a 15 anos (M:F = 54:46; idade ≥ 0 ≤15 anos). A idade de detecção da doença foi inferior aos dois anos em 35% dos casos. Cinquenta e nove doentes (59%) atingiram a fase de Insuficiência Renal Terminal no decurso destes 16 anos, tendo sido transplantados 41 (69,5%), encontrando-se no final do estudo 12 (20,3%) doentes em hemodiálise, três (5,1%) em diálise peritoneal e um em preparação para indução de diálise peritoneal. Registaram-se cinco óbitos, dois dos quais ocorreram após transplantação renal. Durante o período em estudo a hemodiálise foi a primeira forma de terapêutica de substituição da função renal em 33 casos (55,9%) dos doentes que atingiram a insuficiência renal terminal. Contudo a diálise peritoneal, instituida em 24 doentes (42,1%) foi a primeira escolha em 10 ( 100%) das crianças com menos de seis anos , submetidas a terapêutica de substituição da função renal. Dos 41 doentes transplantados registaramse dois óbitos e oito rejeições, com necessidade de instituição de hemodiálise em dois casos, de diálise peritoneal noutro e de duas retransplantações.

Divertículo da Uretra no Serviço de Cirurgia Pediátrica do Hospital D. Estefânia

Os autores apresentam uma revisão de casos clínicos de crianças, do Serviço de Cirurgia Pediátrica do Hospital D. Estefânia (HDE), com o diagnóstico de divertículo da uretra (DU) num período compreendido entre 1999 e 2005. Foram encontradas 5 crianças com este diagnóstico, 4 do sexo masculino e uma do sexo feminino, com idades (na altura do diagn óstico) compreendidas entre 6º dia de vida e os 11 anos. As primeiras manifestações clínicas incluíam infecções urinárias de repetição, hidronefrose bilateral com alterações da função renal, diminuição da força e calibre do jacto urinário e hematúria total. O diagnóstico foi feito por uretrocistografia permiccional (UCGPM) em três casos e uretroscopiaemdois. Em três casos optou-se por ressecção da porção distal do divertículo. Noutra criança optou-se por espera vigilante, tendo-se efectuado uretrografias periódicas para verificar a variação de volume do díverticulo. A uretroplastia com retalho perineal foi opção terapêutica para uma criança com DU congénito volumoso e obstrução ao esvaziamento vesical muito grave. Quer nas crianças em que se optou pela espera vigilante, quer nas que foram submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico, os resultados foram, globalmente bons: todas as crianças foram capazes de urinar com jacto normal no pós-operatório imediato, a função renal retomou a normalidade nas crianças em que se verificava elevação pré-operatória dos níveis séricos de creatinina e todas as crianças se encontram assintomáticas desde há nove meses.

Discrepancies and consequences of indirect hemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence and Elisa tests for the diagnosis of Chagas disease

Using the indirect hemagglutination (IH), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for the diagnosis of Chagas disease, 4000 serum samples were examined. This study was conducted with different purposes: clinical interest, research support and parasitological monitoring of those patients with Chagas disease who were treated with heart transplantations. The tests occurred without patient selection and in accordance with the medical requests. The results showed discrepancies and brought about several questions, considering the different results that all three methods showed when considered together. What was found brought about concerns and we suggest the adoption of different measures, aiming to avoid these mismatches in the context of this disease.

Scientific authorships and collaboration network analysis on Chagas disease: papers indexed in PubMed (1940-2009)

Chagas disease is a chronic, tropical, parasitic disease, endemic throughout Latin America. The large-scale migration of populations has increased the geographic distribution of the disease and cases have been observed in many other countries around the world. To strengthen the critical mass of knowledge generated in different countries, it is essential to promote cooperative and translational research initiatives. We analyzed authorship of scientific documents on Chagas disease indexed in the Medline database from 1940 to 2009. Bibliometrics was used to analyze the evolution of collaboration patterns. A Social Network Analysis was carried out to identify the main research groups in the area by applying clustering methods. We then analyzed 13,989 papers produced by 21,350 authors. Collaboration among authors dramatically increased over the study period, reaching an average of 6.2 authors per paper in the last five-year period. Applying a threshold of collaboration of five or more papers signed in co-authorship, we identified 148 consolidated research groups made up of 1,750 authors. The Chagas disease network identified constitutes a "small world," characterized by a high degree of clustering and a notably high number of Brazilian researchers.

O Hospital de Dona Estefânia e a História da Cirurgia Pediátrica em Portugal

Em 1914,0 Prof. Francisco Gentil, então Enfermeiro-Mor dos Hospitais Civis de Lisboa, propos que fossem criadas no Hospital de D. Estefânia duas Enfermarias independentes, uma para doenças pediátricas médicas e outra para doenças pediátricas Cirúrgicas/Ortopédicas. Isto tornou-se realidade em 9 de Julho de 1918, através do Decreto 4.563, ficando a direcção dos dois Serviços a cargo de Jaime Ernesto Salazar de Sousa. Após a sua morte, em 1940, Abel Pereira da Cunha tornou-se o novo Director, seguindo-se-lhe Eduardo Rosado Pinto, em 1959. É então que o único Serviço existente, o Serviço 5, se divide em dois, o 3 e o 4, sob a Direcção rcspectivamente de José Rosado Pinto e Luciano José de Carvalho. Em 1983 Fernando Gabriel Pinto Coelho Afonso torna-se Director do Serviço 3 e em 1986 Antonio Genlil do Silva Martins torna-se Director do Serviço 4. Em 1994 Fernando Afonso torna-se Director do Departamento de Cirurgia (durante 1 mês, até aposentação) seguindo-se-lhe António Gentil Martins, jubilado em 2000. Em 29 de Junho de 1974, no Hospital de D. Estefânia, é fundada a Sociedade Portuguesa de Cirurgiões Pediatras, realizando-se os primeiros Congressos Internacioais em 1971 e 1972 (Luso-Brasileiro e Luso-Espanhol). Em 1986 o Hospital associa-se a Faculdade das Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, para o ensino pré-graduado de Cirurgia Pediátrica, sendo António Gentil Martins nomeado Professor Associado Convidado. Mais de 50% de todos os Cirurgiões Pediatras Portugueses fizeram o seu treino no Hospital dc D. Esteffinia e através deles a Especialidade estendeu-se a Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, Setúbal,Almada, Sintra, Montemor-o-Novo e Funchal (assim cobrindo cerca de 3/4 de toda a populacao portuguesa).

Effects of vitamin C supplementation on acute phase Chagas disease in experimentally infected mice with Trypanosoma cruzi QM1 strain

The tissue changes that occur in Chagas disease are related to the degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity of affected tissue. Studies with vitamin C supplementation did not develop oxidative damage caused by Chagas disease in the host, but other studies cite the use of peroxiredoxins ascorbate - dependent on T. cruzi to offer protection against immune reaction. Based on these propositions, thirty "Swiss" mice were infected with T. cruzi QM1 strain and treated with two different vitamin C doses in order to study the parasitemia evolution, histopathological changes and lipid peroxidation biomarkers during the acute phase of Chagas disease. The results showed that the parasite clearance was greater in animals fed with vitamin C overdose. There were no significant differences regarding the biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and inflammatory process or the increase of myocardium in animals treated with the recommended dosage. The largest amount of parasite growth towards the end of the acute phase suggests the benefit of high doses of vitamin C for trypomastigotes. The supplementation doesn't influence the production of free radicals or the number of amastigote nests in the acute phase of Chagas disease.

Do Brazilian scientific journals promote the adherence of Chagas disease researchers to internacional ethical principals?

The ethical aspects of the Brazilian publications about human Chagas disease (CD) developed between 1996 and 2010 and the policy adopted by Brazilian medical journals were analyzed. Articles were selected on the SciELO Brazil data basis, and the evaluation of ethical aspects was based on the normative contents about ethics in research involving human experimentation according to the Brazilian resolution of the National Health Council no. 196/1996. The editorial policies of the section "Instructions to authors" were analyzed. In the period of 1996-2012, 58.9% of articles involving human Chagas disease did not refer to the fulfillment of the ethical aspects concerning research with human beings. In 80% of the journals, the requirements and confirmation of the information about ethical aspects in the studies of human CD were not observed. Although a failure in this type of service is still observed, awareness has been raised in federal agencies, educational institutions/research and publishing groups to standardize the procedures and ethical requirements for the Brazilian journals, reinforcing the fulfillment of the ethical parameters, according to the resolution of NHC no. 196/1996.

Evaluation of the ELISA-F29 test as an early marker of therapeutic efficacy in adults with chronic Chagas disease

This work compared the time at which negative seroconversion was detected by conventional serology (CS) and by the ELISA-F29 test on a cohort of chronic chagasic patients treated with nifurtimox or benznidazole. A retrospective study was performed using preserved serum from 66 asymptomatic chagasic adults under clinical supervision, and bi-annual serological examinations over a mean follow-up of 23 years. Twenty nine patients received trypanocide treatment and 37 remained untreated. The ELISA-F29 test used a recombinant antigen which was obtained by expressing the Trypanosoma cruzi flagellar calcium-binding protein gene in Escherichia coli. Among the untreated patients, 36 maintained CS titers. One patient showed a doubtful serology in some check-ups. ELISA-F29 showed constant reactivity in 35 out of 37 patients and was negative for the patient with fluctuating CS. The treated patients were divided into three groups according to the CS titers: in 13 they became negative; in 12 they decreased and in four they remained unchanged. ELISA-F29 was negative for the first two groups. The time at which negativization was detected was significantly lower for the ELISA-F29 test than for CS, 14.5 ± 5.7 and 22 ± 4.9 years respectively. Negative seroconversion was observed in treated patients only. The results obtained confirm that the ELISA-F29 test is useful as an early indicator of negative seroconversion in treated chronic patients.