971 resultados para Hemispheric specialization
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RESUMO: Os dados estatísticos evidenciam uma tendência para o aumento de casos de HIV/SIDA em indivíduos com mais de 50 anos (OMS, 2008) e apontam a transmissão por via sexual como uma das causas das novas infecções nesta faixa etária. A inexistência de um tratamento ou de uma vacina para o HIV/SIDA faz com que a alteração de comportamentos de risco seja ainda o único meio disponível e universal de prevenir a doença, independentemente da faixa etária considerada. Reconhecendo a dimensão social do fenómeno, e a função preventiva e educativa inerente à actividade dos assistentes sociais, constitui-se como principal objectivo deste estudo compreender o papel do Serviço Social na prevenção do HIV /SIDA e dos comportamentos de risco nos idosos frequentadores de centros de convívio e academias. Especificamente pretendemos identificar o entendimento dos assistentes sociais face à SIDA, à sexualidade e aos comportamentos de risco da população idosa; compreender o papel do Serviço Social na prevenção do HIV/SIDA por relação a outros profissionais; identificar que acções de âmbito preventivo são utilizadas e em que nível da prevenção se situa a intervenção dos assistentes sociais e perceber se a mesma contribui para a mudança de comportamentos de risco. Situámos o estudo numa abordagem qualitativa, e seguimos uma estratégia indutiva. Os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, aplicadas a oito assistentes sociais que exercem a sua actividade em Centros de Convívio ou Academias Seniores, no concelho de Cascais. Pela análise e interpretação dos discursos das entrevistadas verifica-se que, a maioria, têm conhecimentos acerca da sexualidade dos idosos no geral e nas respectivas instituições. Percepcionam a sexualidade como algo existente nos idosos, embora se tenham identificado, concomitantemente alguns preconceitos, não sendo um assunto comummente abordado nas suas acções quotidianas. O conhecimento que revelam relativamente ao HIV/SIDA e à expressão do problema a nível global ou local tem uma relação muito directa com a existência, ou não, de casos concretos na instituição. Constatámos que as acções preventivas sobre os comportamentos sexuais de risco são feitas por profissionais exteriores à instituição e de outras áreas, como a enfermagem e a psicologia. Face à regularidade e proximidade com os destinatários da intervenção sublinhamos a importância que os assistentes sociais podem ter no âmbito da prevenção primária, promovendo acções que capacitem, eduquem e motivem os idosos para a adopção de comportamentos saudáveis, sendo também condição sine qua non que os profissionais se reposicionem e assumam esse papel investindo na sua qualificação e especialização. ABSTRACT: The statistical data shows that the number of HIV/AIDS cases in individuals over 50 is rising (OMS, 2008), with the sexual transmission being the prime cause of the new infections in this age group. The non-existence of a treatment or a vaccine for HIV/AIDS leads the change in risk behaviors to remain the only available and universal method to prevent the spreading of this disease, regardless of the age group we are considering. Acknowledging the social dimension of the phenomenon and the inherent preventive and educational function of the Social Workers, the main objective of this study is to understand the role of the Social Work in HIV/AIDS prevention and the risk behaviors of the elderly. Specifically we intend to identify the knowledge the social workers have about HIV/AIDS, about the sexuality and risk behaviors of the elderly; understand the role of the social worker in HIV/AIDS prevention by comparison to other professionals; identify which preventive actions are taken in intervention and in which level of prevention the intervention of social workers takes place, and understand if prevention leads to changing the risk behaviors. We based the study in a qualitative approach, and followed an inductive strategy. The data was gathered by semi-structured interviews, applied to eight Social Workers working in Recreational Centers or Seniors Academies in Cascais’ district. By analyzing and interpreting the interviews we see, that the majority, knows about the sexuality of the elderly in general and in their respective institutions. They see sexuality as something that the elderly possess, although we have also identified some prejudices towards it, and it isn’t a theme usually approached in their daily actions. The knowledge that they reveal about HIV/AIDS and the impact of this problem at a global and local level, is directly linked to the existence, or not, of actual cases in the institution they work. We noticed that the preventive actions on sexual risk behaviors are conducted by professionals that don’t belong to the institution and of other areas of expertise, as Nursing and Psychology. Due to the regularity and proximity with whom the intervention is destined to, we emphasize the importance that the social workers may have in primary prevention, promoting actions that enable, educate and encourage the elderly to adopt health promoting behaviors, also being a sine qua non condition the professionals must reposition themselves and take that role investing in their qualification and specialization.
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As Equipas Locais de Intervenção, compostas por técnicos de diferentes áreas, acolhem, avaliam e intervêm numa perspetiva de Intervenção Precoce centrada nas rotinas da família e nos contextos educativos da criança. Sendo este trabalho realizado essencialmente em equipa - cujos objetivos são comuns - parece haver evidencias de possíveis vantagens mas também constrangimentos inerentes a um trabalho transdisciplinar. Assiste-se cada vez mais a uma crescente especialização ao nível da formação e das práticas profissionais de cada um, o que conduz a um conhecimento mais delimitado a determinada especialidade. Por outro lado, o relacionamento entre as áreas dominadas por cada profissional parecem progressivamente reduzir o distanciamento que habitualmente existia na generalidade dos domínios. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para clarificar a realidade da Intervenção Precoce na Infância, bem como avaliar a implementação de um trabalho de natureza transdisciplinar. A investigação será realizada com dados de natureza qualitativa, através da análise documental e complementada com uma parte empírica baseada nas opiniões e sugestões dos elementos constituintes de uma Equipa Local de Intervenção.
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O presente estudo, enquadrado na área de gestão de recursos humanos, tem como principal objectivo identificar os factores motivacionais que orientam a adesão à especialização, no grupo profissional dos enfermeiros. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza exploratória, transversal, descritivo, analítico, comparativo e quantitativo. A população do estudo foi o grupo de enfermeiros portugueses, sendo a sua amostra composta por 150 enfermeiros. Este grupo foi seleccionado a partir de um processo de amostragem probabilística estratificada, sem reposição. O instrumento de recolha de dados foi o inquérito por questionário. Para o efeito usou-se o questionário da motivação para a formação (QMF) de Carré (2001), tendo sido já adaptado para a população portuguesa por Correia (2009). A formação contínua é uma condição importante no desenvolvimento do indivíduo, quer a nível pessoal, quer a nível profissional; assim como no desempenho da organização onde o indivíduo exerce a sua profissão. O presente trabalho pretende, assim, identificar os factores motivacionais na função de enfermeiro, e que conduzem à adesão da especialização, em particular ao Curso de Pós-Licenciatura em Enfermagem. Numa primeira parte, faz-se a definição e avaliação da função, desenhando-se um mapa de competências; identificando-se, em paralelo, os motivos/expectativas que levam estes profissionais da saúde à especialização desta mesma escala. Decorrente dos resultados obtidos, o presente trabalho conclui que as duas principais motivações dos enfermeiros para a frequência do CPLEE são a motivação extrínseca Operacional Pessoal e a motivação extrínseca Operacional Profissional. Foi ainda possível determinar que a idade, o género, o vínculo à instituição e a situação financeira também têm um papel decisivo no que concerne à motivação dos enfermeiros para a frequência do CPLEE. Este estudo permitiu ainda consolidar o questionário da motivação para a formação desenvolvido por Philippe Carré, aplicado à população portuguesa, de forma a analisar a motivação dos enfermeiros portugueses para a frequência do CPLEE. Quanto às implicações práticas, pretende-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento e melhoria das práticas de recursos humanos no sector da saúde. Balança-se aqui, consequentemente, um equilíbrio entre o diagnóstico organizacional, e a prescrição prática. Potencialmente, poderá servir de roadmap para áreas como o recrutamento e selecção, gestão de carreiras, formação e desenvolvimento, desenho de trabalho e de funções; e, adicionalmente, para uma melhor gestão académica do ensino pós-graduado, na carreira da enfermagem.
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Pierre Mayrand is a long-time member of ICTOP and founder of MINOM. He did graduate studies in Montreal and overseas, studying art history with a specialization in architecture and urban planning. In 1970, when the Université du Québec was founded, Pierre entered the teaching profession, participating (as director, professor, and researcher) in the setting up of programs in national heritage, museology and cultural development. He is still active in teaching and project development now as a altermuseologist.
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Estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo avaliar a atuação do enfermeiro como gestor da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Regional do Baixo Amazonas Dr. Waldemar Pena – HRBA, o qual obteve o selo de Acreditado em Nível 1 em 2012. Para a obtenção dos dados utilizou-se um questionário elaborado com 10 perguntas subjetivas e aplicado aos enfermeiros gerentes que atuam nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e CTI do HRBA. Verificou-se nesse estudo que são indivíduos na faixa etária de 25 a 45 anos, com predominância do gênero feminino, com especialização em áreas diversas da enfermagem. Na atuação no setor de gerência, os enfermeiros estabelecem prioridades, direcionando sua equipe para os atendimentos assistenciais complexos aos pacientes, ficando o trabalho burocrático para ser realizado por último. Os entraves relatados são a insatisfação e o desgaste no exercício da função de gerente da unidade devido ao excesso de funcionários sem experiência em UTI, falta de autonomia, dupla jornada de trabalho, excesso de burocracia entre outras situações que se tornam motivos de estresse. Concluiu-se que a atuação do enfermeiro como gerente se respalda na função assistencial ao paciente através de cuidados diretos e indiretos e na organização dos trabalhos burocráticos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.
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El artículo analiza los avances de las negociaciones comerciales del Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas. Se sostiene que Ecuador debe tomar previsiones, principalmente dada la dolarización. Falconí plantea un necesario cambio de perspectiva de la política pública y la gestión microeconómica para así generar un régimen especial para los países menores. Se propone también algunas líneas generales de un Programa de Cooperación Hemisférica. Dado que el ALCA podría implicar riesgos para la región, se enfatiza la necesidad de una estrategia a largo plazo.
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The aim of this paper is essentially twofold: first, to describe the use of spherical nonparametric estimators for determining statistical diagnostic fields from ensembles of feature tracks on a global domain, and second, to report the application of these techniques to data derived from a modern general circulation model. New spherical kernel functions are introduced that are more efficiently computed than the traditional exponential kernels. The data-driven techniques of cross-validation to determine the amount elf smoothing objectively, and adaptive smoothing to vary the smoothing locally, are also considered. Also introduced are techniques for combining seasonal statistical distributions to produce longer-term statistical distributions. Although all calculations are performed globally, only the results for the Northern Hemisphere winter (December, January, February) and Southern Hemisphere winter (June, July, August) cyclonic activity are presented, discussed, and compared with previous studies. Overall, results for the two hemispheric winters are in good agreement with previous studies, both for model-based studies and observational studies.
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Ventilation of the boundary layer has an important effect on local and regional air quality and is a prerequisite for long-range pollution transport. Once in the free troposphere, pollutants can alter the chemical composition of the troposphere and impact on the Earth's radiative forcing. Idealised baroclinic life cycles, LC1 and LC2, have been simulated in a three-dimensional dry hemispheric model in the presence of boundary-layer turbulent fluxes. A passive tracer is added to the simulations to represent pollution emitted at, or near, the surface. A simple conveyor-belt diagnostic is developed to objectively identify regions of the boundary layer that can be ventilated by either warm or cold conveyor belts. Transport of pollutants within and above the boundary layer is examined on synoptic scales. Three different physical mechanisms are found to interact with each other to ventilate pollutants out of the boundary layer. These mechanisms are turbulent mixing within the boundary layer, horizontal advection due to Ekman convergence and divergence within the boundary layer, and advection by the warm conveyor belt. The mass of tracer ventilated by the two life cycles is remarkably similar given the differences in frontal structure, suggesting that the large-scale baroclinicity is an effective constraint on ventilation.
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A number of recent papers in the atmospheric science literature have suggested that a dynamical link exists between the stratosphere and troposphere. Numerical modelling studies have shown that the troposphere has a time-mean response to changes to the stratospheric climatological state. In this study the response of the troposphere to an imposed transient stratospheric change is examined. The study uses a high horizontal and vertical resolution numerical weather-prediction model. Experiments compare the tropospheric forecasts of two medium-range forecast ensembles which have identical tropospheric initial conditions and different stratospheric initial conditions. In three case studies described here, stratospheric initial conditions have a statistically significant impact on the tropospheric flow. The mechanism for this change involves, in its most basic step, a change to tropospheric synoptic-scale systems. A consistent change to the tropospheric synoptic-scale systems occurs in response to the stratospheric initial conditions. The aggregated impact of changes to individual synoptic systems maps strongly onto the structure of the Arctic Oscillation, particularly over the North Atlantic storm track. The relationship between the stratosphere and troposphere, while apparent in Arctic Oscillation diagnostics, does not occur on coherent, hemispheric scales.
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A new spectral-based approach is presented to find orthogonal patterns from gridded weather/climate data. The method is based on optimizing the interpolation error variance. The optimally interpolated patterns (OIP) are then given by the eigenvectors of the interpolation error covariance matrix, obtained using the cross-spectral matrix. The formulation of the approach is presented, and the application to low-dimension stochastic toy models and to various reanalyses datasets is performed. In particular, it is found that the lowest-frequency patterns correspond to largest eigenvalues, that is, variances, of the interpolation error matrix. The approach has been applied to the Northern Hemispheric (NH) and tropical sea level pressure (SLP) and to the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST). Two main OIP patterns are found for the NH SLP representing respectively the North Atlantic Oscillation and the North Pacific pattern. The leading tropical SLP OIP represents the Southern Oscillation. For the Indian Ocean SST, the leading OIP pattern shows a tripole-like structure having one sign over the eastern and north- and southwestern parts and an opposite sign in the remaining parts of the basin. The pattern is also found to have a high lagged correlation with the Niño-3 index with 6-months lag.
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Anatomically segregated systems linking the frontal cortex and the striatum are involved in various aspects of cognitive, affective, and motor processing. In this study, we examined the effects of combined unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (AcbC) in opposite hemispheres (disconnection) on a continuous performance, visual attention test [five-choice serial reaction-time task (5CSRTT)]. The disconnection lesion produced a set of specific changes in performance of the 5CSRTT, resembling changes that followed bilateral AcbC lesions while, in addition, comprising a subset of the behavioral changes after bilateral mPFC lesions previously reported using the same task. Specifically, both mPFC/AcbC disconnection and bilateral AcbC lesions markedly affected aspects of response control related to affective feedback, as indexed by perseverative responding in the 5CSRTT. These effects were comparable, although not identical, to those in animals with either bilateral AcbC or mPFC/AcbC disconnection lesions. The mPFC/AcbC disconnection resulted in a behavioral profile largely distinct from that produced by disconnection of a similar circuit described previously, between the mPFC and the dorsomedial striatum, which were shown to form a functional network underlying aspects of visual attention and attention to action. This distinction provides an insight into the functional specialization of corticostriatal circuits in similar behavioral contexts.
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Solar activity during the current sunspot minimum has fallen to levels unknown since the start of the 20th century. The Maunder minimum (about 1650–1700) was a prolonged episode of low solar activity which coincided with more severe winters in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. Motivated by recent relatively cold winters in the UK, we investigate the possible connection with solar activity. We identify regionally anomalous cold winters by detrending the Central England temperature (CET) record using reconstructions of the northern hemisphere mean temperature. We show that cold winter excursions from the hemispheric trend occur more commonly in the UK during low solar activity, consistent with the solar influence on the occurrence of persistent blocking events in the eastern Atlantic. We stress that this is a regional and seasonal effect relating to European winters and not a global effect. Average solar activity has declined rapidly since 1985 and cosmogenic isotopes suggest an 8% chance of a return to Maunder minimum conditions within the next 50 years (Lockwood 2010 Proc. R. Soc. A 466 303–29): the results presented here indicate that, despite hemispheric warming, the UK and Europe could experience more cold winters than during recent decades.
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Habitat loss poses a major threat to biodiversity, and species-specific extinction risks are inextricably linked to life-history characteristics. This relationship is still poorly documented for many functionally important taxa, and at larger continental scales. With data from five replicated field studies from three countries, we examined how species richness of wild bees varies with habitat patch size. We hypothesized that the form of this relationship is affected by body size, degree of host plant specialization and sociality. Across all species, we found a positive species–area slope (z ¼ 0.19), and species traits modified this relationship. Large-bodied generalists had a lower z value than small generalists. Contrary to predictions, small specialists had similar or slightly lower z value compared with large specialists, and small generalists also tended to be more strongly affected by habitat loss as compared with small specialists. Social bees were negatively affected by habitat loss (z ¼ 0.11) irrespective of body size. We conclude that habitat loss leads to clear shifts in the species composition of wild bee communities.
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It has been previously demonstrated that extensive activation in the dorsolateral temporal lobes associated with masking a speech target with a speech masker, consistent with the hypothesis that competition for central auditory processes is an important factor in informational masking. Here, masking from speech and two additional maskers derived from the original speech were investigated. One of these is spectrally rotated speech, which is unintelligible and has a similar (inverted) spectrotemporal profile to speech. The authors also controlled for the possibility of “glimpsing” of the target signal during modulated masking sounds by using speech-modulated noise as a masker in a baseline condition. Functional imaging results reveal that masking speech with speech leads to bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) activation relative to a speech-in-noise baseline, while masking speech with spectrally rotated speech leads solely to right STG activation relative to the baseline. This result is discussed in terms of hemispheric asymmetries for speech perception, and interpreted as showing that masking effects can arise through two parallel neural systems, in the left and right temporal lobes. This has implications for the competition for resources caused by speech and rotated speech maskers, and may illuminate some of the mechanisms involved in informational masking.