Space experimental studies of microgravity fluid science in China

Microgravity fluid physics is an important part of microgravity sciences, which consists of simple fluids of many new systems, gas-liquid two-phase flow and heat transfer, and complex fluid mechanics. In addition to the importance of itself in sciences and applications, microgravity fluid physics closely relates to microgravity combustion, space biotechnology and space materials science, and promotes the developments of interdisciplinary fields. Many space microgravity experiments have been per- formed on board the recoverable satellites and space ships of China and pushed the rapid development of microgravity sciences in China. In the present paper, space experimental studies and the main re- sults of the microgravity fluid science in China in the last 10 years or so are introduced briefly.

Measurements Of In Situ Stress And Mining-Induced Stress In Beiminghe Iron Mine Of China

In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole stress gauge was adopted to measure the mining-induced stress. In the in situ stress measuring, the technique of improved hollow inclusion cells was adopted, which can realize complete temperature compensation. Based on the measuring results, the distribution model of in situ stress was established and analyzed. The in situ stress measuring result shows that the maximum horizontal stress is 1.75-2.45 times of vertical stress and almost 1.83 times of the minimum horizontal stress in this mineral field. And the mining-induced stress measuring result shows that, according to the magnitude of front abutment pressure the stress region can be separated into stress-relaxed area, stress-concentrated area and initial stress area. At the -50 m mining level of this mine, the range of stress-relaxed area is 0-3 m before mining face; the range of stress-concentrated area is 3-55 m before mining face, and the maximum mining-induced stress is 16.5-17.5 MPa, which is 15-20 m from the mining face. The coefficient of stress concentration is 1.85.

MODELING EVOLUTION OF INTERNAL WAVES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA

Internal waves are an important factor in the design of drill operations and production in deep water, because the waves have very large amplitude and may induce large horizontal velocity. How the internal waves occur and propagate over benthal terrain is of great concern for ocean engineers. In the present paper, we have formulated a mathematical model of internal wave propagation in a two-layer deep water, which involves the effects of friction, dissipation and shoaling, and is capable of manifesting the variation of the amplitude and the velocity pattern. After calibration by field data measured at the Continental Slope in the Northern South China Sea, we have applied the model to the South China Sea, investigating the westward propagation of internal waves from the Luzon Strait, where internal waves originate due to the interaction of benthal ridge and tides. We find that the internal wave induced velocity profile is obviously characterized by the opposite flow below and above the pycnocline, which results in a strong shear, threatening safety of ocean structures, such as mooring system of oil platform, risers, etc. When internal waves propagate westwards, the amplitude attenuates due to the effects of friction and dissipation. The preliminary results show that the amplitude is likely to become half of its initial value at Luzon Strait when the internal waves propagate about 400 kilometers westwards.

The Uniform World Model: A Methodology for Predicting the Health Impacts of Air Pollution

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A note on freshwater research in China, with some observations on the algae from Doupe Pool, Guizhou Province

This article provides insights into a particular aspect of freshwater research in China and its wider implications for western researchers. The senior author has collaborated with Professor Zhang Zhaohui from Guizhou Normal University to investigate the travertines of China. Travertines are freshwater carbonate deposits accumulating in hard-water springs and rivers. In some areas they develop rapidly, forming picturesque ascades and magnificent travertine-dammed lakes. Some of China's most famous tourist sites are the result of travertine formation. The travertine-depositing environment is a unique fast-flowing ecosystem inhabited by specialist plants and animals. The authors examine the freshwater algae of the Doupe Pool travertine situated on the Beishuihei River in Guizhou Province and compare their distribution on travertines elsewhere in the world.

A study of the problems associated with Dalangdian reservoir, China

There are over 2,300 lakes over 1 km2 in China (total area 80 000 km2). In addition there are approximately 87 000 reservoirs with a storage capacity of 413 billion m3. These form the main supply of drinking water as well as water for industrial and agricultural production and aquaculture. Because of a lack of understanding of the frailty of lake ecosystems and poor environmental awareness, human activities have greatly affected freshwater systems. This article focuses on the problems of one water supply reservoir, Dalangdian Reservoir, and considers options for improving its management. Dalangdian Reservoir is described and occurrence of algal genera given. The authors conclude with remarks on the future of the Dalangdian Reservoir.

Complexity of rupture propagation in large earthquakes in relation to tectonic environment

Complexity in the earthquake rupture process can result from many factors. This study investigates the origin of such complexity by examining several recent, large earthquakes in detail. In each case the local tectonic environment plays an important role in understanding the source of the complexity.

Several large shallow earthquakes (M_s > 7.0) along the Middle American Trench have similarities and differences between them that may lead to a better understanding of fracture and subduction processes. They are predominantly thrust events consistent with the known subduction of the Cocos plate beneath N. America. Two events occurring along this subduction zone close to triple junctions show considerable complexity. This may be attributable to a more heterogeneous stress environment in these regions and as such has implications for other subduction zone boundaries.

An event which looks complex but is actually rather simple is the 1978 Bermuda earthquake (M_s ~ 6). It is located predominantly in the mantle. Its mechanism is one of pure thrust faulting with a strike N 20°W and dip 42°NE. Its apparent complexity is caused by local crustal structure. This is an important event in terms of understanding and estimating seismic hazard on the eastern seaboard of N. America.

A study of several large strike-slip continental earthquakes identifies characteristics which are common to them and may be useful in determining what to expect from the next great earthquake on the San Andreas fault. The events are the 1976 Guatemala earthquake on the Motagua fault and two events on the Anatolian fault in Turkey (the 1967, Mudurnu Valley and 1976, E. Turkey events). An attempt to model the complex P-waveforms of these events results in good synthetic fits for the Guatemala and Mudurnu Valley events. However, the E. Turkey event proves to be too complex as it may have associated thrust or normal faulting. Several individual sources occurring at intervals of between 5 and 20 seconds characterize the Guatemala and Mudurnu Valley events. The maximum size of an individual source appears to be bounded at about 5 x 10²⁶ dyne-cm. A detailed source study including directivity is performed on the Guatemala event. The source time history of the Mudurnu Valley event illustrates its significance in modeling strong ground motion in the near field. The complex source time series of the 1967 event produces amplitudes greater by a factor of 2.5 than a uniform model scaled to the same size for a station 20 km from the fault.

Three large and important earthquakes demonstrate an important type of complexity --- multiple-fault complexity. The first, the 1976 Philippine earthquake, an oblique thrust event, represents the first seismological evidence for a northeast dipping subduction zone beneath the island of Mindanao. A large event, following the mainshock by 12 hours, occurred outside the aftershock area and apparently resulted from motion on a subsidiary fault since the event had a strike-slip mechanism.

An aftershock of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake on June 6, 1960, proved to be an interesting discovery. It appears to be a large strike-slip event at the main rupture's southern boundary. It most likely occurred on the landward extension of the Chile Rise transform fault, in the subducting plate. The results for this event suggest that a small event triggered a series of slow events; the duration of the whole sequence being longer than 1 hour. This is indeed a "slow earthquake".

Perhaps one of the most complex of events is the recent Tangshan, China event. It began as a large strike-slip event. Within several seconds of the mainshock it may have triggered thrust faulting to the south of the epicenter. There is no doubt, however, that it triggered a large oblique normal event to the northeast, 15 hours after the mainshock. This event certainly contributed to the great loss of life-sustained as a result of the Tangshan earthquake sequence.

What has been learned from these studies has been applied to predict what one might expect from the next great earthquake on the San Andreas. The expectation from this study is that such an event would be a large complex event, not unlike, but perhaps larger than, the Guatemala or Mudurnu Valley events. That is to say, it will most likely consist of a series of individual events in sequence. It is also quite possible that the event could trigger associated faulting on neighboring fault systems such as those occurring in the Transverse Ranges. This has important bearing on the earthquake hazard estimation for the region.

Relaciones comerciales entre China y la Unión Europea

La economía china ha experimentado en las últimas tres décadas una profunda transformación, hasta convertirse en el momento actual en el centro de la actividad manufacturera a escala mundial. Tal evolución no ha sido ajena a la metamorfosis sufrida por la sociedad china, tras un convulso siglo XX bajo los mandatos en la segunda mitad del mismo de Mao Tse Tung y Deng Xiaoping. La Unión Europea (UE) ha tratado de estrechar los lazos mercantiles con el gigante chino, fundamentalmente a través de la firma de acuerdos comerciales, aunque obstaculizados por algunos conflictos que han surgido en los últimos años. El análisis de las relaciones bilaterales entre China y la UE refleja una progresiva intensidad del comercio entre ambas regiones y la tendencia hacia la profundización del saldo negativo para la UE, hecho que ha generado tensiones diplomáticas. En un entorno más conflictivo recientemente en las relaciones bilaterales, la UE debería así mismo introducir reformas para mejorar su competitividad exterior y optimizar el vínculo comercial con China.

Da exclusão a participação internacional na área espacial: o programa de satélites sino-brasileiro como instrumento de poder e desenvolvimento (1999-2009)

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os ganhos geopolíticos do programa sino-brasileiro de satélites de recursos terrestres (CBERS). O codesenvolvimento pelo Brasil e pela China de uma série de satélites de sensoriamento remoto elevou a capacidade de ambos os países de ampliar os meios para zelar pela soberania sobre seus territórios nacionais. Esse programa de cooperação Sul-Sul também impactou positivamente no desenvolvimento desses países, à medida que possibilitou a execução de políticas públicas mais eficazes para áreas de difícil acesso como o deserto de Gobi na China e a floresta amazônica no Brasil. Além disso, o desenvolvimento e lançamento exitoso dos satélites da família CBERS também auferiu ganhos políticos no âmbito internacional. De fato, a aquisição dessa tecnologia permitiu ao Brasil e a China uma atuação mais proativa nos regimes internacionais relacionados ao espaço exterior, como COPUOS, CEOS e GEO/GEOSS. Ela também ensejou a realização de uma política de vanguarda de distribuição de imagens, baseada na premissa de que os dados geoespaciais são bens públicos globais. Esse entendimento levou, enfim, à realização de uma política de distribuição gratuita de imagens CBERS, primeiramente para os territórios nacionais do Brasil e da China e, posteriormente para países da América do Sul e para todo continente africano, culminando, em 2010, com sua globalização. Desse modo, o presente trabalho visa analisar se a aquisição da tecnologia de sensoriamento remoto via satélite efetivamente facultou ao Brasil e a China uma maior capacidade de influência no sistema internacional de poder e, igualmente, se há relação entre o programa CBERS e as políticas externas do Brasil e da China, principalmente no que tange à promoção da cooperação Sul-Sul na política externa solidária do governo Lula e ao conceito de mundo harmonioso da diplomacia chinesa.

Heróis ex-cêntricos, gêneros retorcidos e discursos irreais: fantasia e ficção científica desconstruídos nas obras de Angela Carter e China Miéville

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar pontos de convergência nas obras de dois autores britânicos, Angela Carter (1940-1992) e China Miéville (1972- ). Os romances a serem estudados são Nights at the circus (1984) e The infernal desire machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972), de Angela Carter, e Perdido Street Station (2000) e The city & the city (2009), de China Miéville, e, como ponto de partida, ambos demonstram elos representativos com a ficção de gênero, evidenciados pelas obras escolhidas. Ao esmiuçar paralelos entre os romances, busca-se em especial dissecar as interseções temáticas e estilísticas, bem como as divergências e contradições que despertem interesse. Entre os temas investigados está a alteridade e o hibridismo ambos autores fazem uso de personagens ex-cêntricos e usam o hibridismo de modo a acentuar a Alteridade reservada ao Outro. Também será examinada a abordagem dos autores à ficção de gênero e o tratamento reservado aos tropos e clichês da Ficção Científica e da Fantasia. Por fim, a pesquisa observará o conceito que ambos compartilham de que discursos podem não ser uma mera reflexão da realidade, mas também criar e moldar o que tomamos por real. A todos os temas são aplicadas a teoria e crítica do pós-modernismo, além do material específico que lida com a ficção especulativa, Fantasia e Ficção Científica

La historia a través del cine. China y Japón en el siglo XX

Este volumen presenta ocho películas sobre Japón y China englobadas en siete artículos. Cronológicamente abarcan un espectro amplio, particularmente en el caso japonés, que ya era una potencia cinematográfica desde los inicios del séptimo arte. El caso chino es algo diferente, con películas más bien recientes, aunque en este caso la temática histórica tiene más fuerza que en el caso japonés, en que las películas de corte histórico están casi ausentes. Así, para China, Araceli Rodríguez (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos) nos presenta La Linterna Roja, del genial Zhang Yimou, obra de temática histórica sobre la China rural de los años veinte. Fernando Martínez Rueda (Universidad del País Vasco) comenta la excelente ¡Vivir!, del mismo director, Zhan Yimou, que habla de la vida cotidiana de la China de Mao a través de los ojos de un propietario (afortunadamente para él) arruinado. Por su parte, Ricardo Martín de la Guardia (Universidad de Valladolid) nos presenta, en Juntos, la China actual con su contraste de modernidad y tradición y la difícil relación campo-ciudad que en todos los ámbitos se da hoy día en aquel país. En el caso japonés Carlos Giménez Soria (Film-Historia, Universitat de Barcelona) analiza dos películas de Kurosawa (El Ángel Ebrio y El Perro Rabioso), en las que se muestran aspectos del Japón de posguerra desde el punto de vista del neorrealismo japonés y del cine negro. En cuanto al principal trabajo de Yasujiro Ozu (Cuentos de Tokio), José Mª Tápiz lo analiza desde la perspectiva de la vida personal del gran director de cine. Otras dos películas merecen ser consideradas aparte: una de ellas de temática china (El Imperio del Sol) y la otra de tema japonés (Lost in Translation). Si bien entran dentro de la clasificación inicial, ambas han sido realizadas por directores extranjeros: la primera por Steven Spielberg y la segunda por Sofia Coppola. Podrían definirse como películas de introducción o aproximación, lo cual es de agradecer en dos culturas que, por ser muy diferentes a la nuestra, a veces requieren ser explicadas. Ambas fueron éxitos de taquilla, lo que invita a pensar sobre la utilidad de este tipo de género. A nadie se le escapa la objetiva utilidad de este tipo de cine, a la vez que el peligro que implica si se abusa del tópico. En los trabajos de Juan Vaccaro (Film-Historia, Universitat de Barcelona) y de Igor Barrenechea (Universidad del País Vasco) se nos intenta acercar al ser de ambas películas. El libro presenta también una lista, no exhaustiva, de películas chinas y japonesas que reflejan diversos aspectos de la historia de China y Japón en el siglo XX. Este volumen será de utilidad para aquellos que sientan interés por la cultura, la historia y la cinematografía de ambos países.

PIXE and ICP-AES analysis of early glass unearthed from Xinjiang (China)

Early glasses (about 1066 BC-220 AD) unearthed from Xinjiang of China were chemically characterized by using PIXE and ICP-AES. It was found that these glasses were basically attributed to PbO-BaO-SiO2 system, K2O-SiO2 system, Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system and Na2O-CaO-PbO-SiO2 system. The results from the cluster analysis showed that some glasses had basically similar recipe and technology. The PbO-BaO-SiO2 glass and the K2O-SiO2 glass were thought to come from the central area and the south of ancient China, respectively. The part of the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glass (including the Na2O-CaO-PbO-SiO2 glass) might be imported from Mesopotamia, while the other part might be locally produced. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.